苏中热电厂环保氨法脱硫实例分析

通过对苏中热电厂环保氨法脱硫处理实例的详细分析,介绍了氨法脱硫的调试运行情况,并对运行结果进行了一定的归纳和讨论。     

双氧水法和氨法在铜冶炼制酸尾气脱硫工程应用中的比较

随着社会经济的发展和环保要求的日益严格,铜冶炼制酸尾气中二氧化硫的有效治理和资源化利用变得十分必要。某铜业公司最初使用氨法脱除铜冶炼制酸尾气中的二氧化硫,但存在脱硫不稳定、设备腐蚀、氨逃逸等问题,为更有效地治理制酸尾气中的二氧化硫,将原氨法脱硫改造为双氧水法脱硫工艺,改进后脱硫效果显著,同时结合该公司的脱硫改造工艺比较了氨法脱硫和双氧水法脱硫技术。结果表明:氨法脱硫中的氨水腐蚀性强,脱硫效率为90%～93%,改进后的双氧水法的脱硫效率可达97%～98%;相较于氨法脱硫,双氧水脱硫具有流程简易、脱硫效率高、投资小、无二次污染、不结晶堵塞等优势,是一种典型的清洁生产工艺。以上结果可为其他行业及企业尾气脱硫提供一定的技术参考。     

基于气液悬浮旋切掺混的气动旋流塔脱硫性能测试与分析

为了研制低运行能耗和高脱硫效率的新型脱硫塔,以满足国家最新环保超低排放标准,采用基于气液悬浮旋切掺混的气动旋流塔脱除燃煤烟气中的SO_2污染物,对其内部气动旋流单元的强化传质脱硫性能进行探究,考察了空塔喷淋段和气动旋流段的喷淋层位置和液气比对脱硫效率及系统阻力的影响,并对气动旋流单元的脱硫效率进行了理论计算模拟。结果表明:喷淋层距浆液池高度越高,液滴在吸收区停留的时间越长,脱硫效率越高,系统运行阻力也越大;增加液气比,可显著提高系统的脱硫效率,单层喷淋层阻力约为150 Pa;在低pH工况下,SO_2吸收过程为液膜控制,气动旋流单元的脱硫效率较低;随着pH的增大,SO_2吸收过程逐渐由液膜控制转变为双膜甚至气膜控制,气动旋流单元的脱硫效率逐渐增强;当pH=5时,液气比=25 L·m~(-3),5层喷淋层运行工况下的脱硫效率高达99.82%。气动旋流单元的脱硫效率模拟计算结果表明:在高pH下,气动旋流单元的脱硫效率更高;当pH=5.5时,气动脱硫单元的脱硫效率为62.56%,阻力为360 Pa,实验数据与理论计算曲线吻合较好。以上研究结果可为新型高效燃煤机组脱硫超低排放改造技术的开发及其在环境污染控制领域的应用提供参考。     

均匀设计法处理含硫废水的研究

对钠盐型和铵盐型含硫工业废水进行脱硫处理,采用均匀设计法设计试验,得到定量描述试验内在规律的多元非线性回归方程.用该回归方程计算的预测值与试验结果一致.对影响脱硫效果和脱硫效率的影响因素--絮凝剂投加量、pH以及废水含硫量进行了考察.利用回归方程,对反应体系进行了模拟优化处理.研究表明,在试验条件下,用聚合氯化铝作为絮凝剂、pH=7的条件下,采用两段工艺,可以使脱硫后废水含硫量降至40 mg/L以下,满足下游污水处理装置对含硫量的要求.     

氨法脱硫工艺硫酸铵颗粒生成与排放的影响因素分析

针对氨法脱硫工艺实践过程中出口硫酸铵颗粒物浓度高的现象,通过测试某氨法脱硫塔结构优化前、后不同运行条件下净烟气硫酸铵浓度,分析烟气处理量、浆液含固量、烟气温度、工艺水淋洗等因素对其浓度变化的影响规律,提出了氨法脱硫工艺改造的新思路。结果表明:硫酸铵能穿透采样的滤膜与滤筒;优化前、后出口硫酸铵浓度随锅炉负荷的增长而加速增长,随浆液含固量的增加(由5%增加至45%)先加速增长,然后(由45%增加至55%)增长速度逐渐减小,随喷淋水量的增加而降低;浆液含固量与烟气温度是影响硫酸铵析出量,导致出口硫酸铵逃逸的关键因素。因此,降低烟气温度与缩短浆液含固量高条件下的运行时间能是氨法脱硫改造的新思路。     

ASPEN PLUS软件模拟烟气氨法脱硫

运用流程模拟软件ASPEN PLUS，模拟了氨法湿法脱除燃煤烟气中的二氧化硫工艺，介绍了建立模型过程中的模块选取、物性方法的选择、工艺参数的输入以及灵敏度分析功能，考察了吸收剂浓度、原烟气流量、液气比等工艺参数对脱硫效果的影响。     

嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌脱煤矸石中硫影响因素的筛选及条件优化

采用Plackett-Burma(P-B)和Box-Behnken(B-B)设计相结合的方法筛选和优化嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌(A.ferrooxidans)脱除煤矸石中硫的主要影响因素和实验条件。首先,通过P-B设计从pH、煤矸石粒度、煤矸石添加量、Ag+浓度和煤矸石类型等因素中筛选影响脱硫率的主要因素。然后,在确定使用新鲜矸石条件下,对另外4个主要因素采用BB设计和响应面分析进行脱硫条件优化。研究结果表明,pH、煤矸石粒度和Ag+浓度对脱硫率具有显著影响,其影响程度为煤矸石粒度pHAg+浓度。利用Design Expert软件建立起脱硫率与影响因素之间的二次回归方程模型,通过求解方程得到最优脱硫条件为pH(3.0)、煤矸石粒度(124μm)、煤矸石添加量(56 g/L)、Ag+浓度(100 mg/L),在该条件下实际脱硫率达88.62%,与模型预测值接近,说明可以利用该模型来分析和预测矸石的脱硫效果。     

镁基-海水法船舶废气脱硫实船实验

建立了一套中试规模的船舶废气脱硫装置,并通过实船实验对比研究了海水法、镁法和镁基-海水法在船舶废气脱硫系统中的应用。研究结果表明,镁法与镁基-海水法的脱硫效率保持在95%左右;海水法开始时脱硫效率能达到90%,40 min内迅速下降至60%;海水法pH下降迅速,而镁法和镁基-海水法pH下降较平缓,且镁基-海水法的pH较镁法更稳定;镁基-海水法喷淋液中碳酸盐总量不减少,不释放CO2。综合分析认为,镁基-海水法是一种具有广阔应用前景的船舶废气脱硫技术。     

氧化镁FGD脱硫过程的建模及其应用

氧化镁烟气脱硫是以氧化镁为脱硫反应剂的一种湿法烟气脱硫技术,目前国内外应用甚少,但开发前景广阔。以实验室小试为基础,从气液传质入手,利用双膜理论建立脱硫过程的数学模型,从而对中试脱硫效率进行预测并进行参数敏感性分析。结果表明,模型预测的脱硫效率与实际脱硫效率有很高的吻合度,其计算参数能反映出实际运行参数对脱硫效率的影响,对实际工况中操作条件的变更以及运行参数的调试有很高的指导意义。     

一株碱性脱除硫酸盐细菌的筛选及其生长特性研究

生化铁碱溶液催化法气体脱硫方法（简称DDS法）具有良好脱硫效果，但是DDS溶液在脱硫后会导致脱硫能力降低，为了达到使DDS脱硫残液得到再生的目的，从自然环境中筛选能够使DDS脱硫残液得到再生的微生物并对其进行了研究。通过富集培养及纯化，从黑龙江省五大连池火山口附近土样中筛选出一株碱性条件下脱除硫酸盐的菌株WT-1。对该菌株的生长曲线进行了测定，培养4～6 h菌株进入对数期，20 h左右到达稳定期。并研究了温度、pH值和摇床转速对其生长特性和活性的影响，结果表明，该菌株的最适生长条件为：温度35～45℃，pH值8，摇床转速120 r/min。同时，脱硫试验表明WT-1确实具有脱除硫酸盐的能力。     

Sensitivity of modelled sulphate and nitrate aerosol to cloud,pH and ammonia emissions

A Lagrangian dispersion model has been used to predict daily sulphate aerosol in 2006 at five UK rural measurement sites and hourly nitrate aerosol in April 2003 at Harwell (UK). The sensitivity of aqueous phase sulphate production to the meteorological input has been investigated. Large differences were found between cloud fraction and cloud liquid water output from the regional and mesoscale Met Office Unified Model. The impact on the sulphate aerosol was relatively small, with the mesoscale meteorology giving better results.Sulphate aerosol production in the aqueous phase was found to be very sensitive to modelled cloud pH. As the cloud becomes acidic sulphate production is greatly limited, conversely if the cloud is basic large amounts of sulphate aerosol are produced. A fixed model pH of 5.8 was found to produce better results than allowing the model to calculate pH which resulted in large over-predictions of measured sulphate aerosol in some episodes.Nitrate aerosol was not sensitive to cloud variables or pH, but showed a slight increase with 30% more ammonia emissions, and a slight decrease with 30% less ammonia.Sulphate production in model runs with fixed pH was not sensitive to changing ammonia emissions, however the sulphate production with modelled pH was very sensitive to plus or minus 30% ammonia. This work suggests that good modelling of ammonia is essential to correct estimation of aqueous phase sulphate aerosol if cloud pH is modelled. It is concluded that modelling to estimate the effect of reduced ammonia emission scenarios on future ambient aerosol levels should also take into account the neutralising effect of ammonia in cloud and hence the effect on aqueous phase production of sulphate.     

Control of ammonia toxicity to Hyalella azteca by sodium, potassium and pH

The toxicity of ammonia to Hyalella azteca at constant pH in artificial media was controlled by sodium and potassium, and not by calcium, magnesium, or anions. Small increases in the LC50 for total ammonia (from 0.15 to 0.5 mM) occurred as sodium was increased from 0.1 to 1 mM and above, but major increases in the LC50 (to over 10 mM total ammonia) required the addition of potassium. Potassium was, however, more effective at reducing ammonia toxicity at high (1 mM) sodium than at low (0.1 mM) sodium. Ammonia toxicity was independent of pH at low sodium and potassium concentrations, when ammonia toxicity appeared to be associated primarily with aqueous ammonium ion concentrations. At high sodium and potassium concentrations, the toxicity of ammonia was reduced to the point where un-ionized ammonia concentrations also affected toxicity, and the LC50 became pH dependent. A mathematical model was produced for predicting ammonia toxicity from sodium and potassium concentrations and pH.     

Factors affecting the degradation of amoxicillin in composting toilet

The biological and non-biological factors that affect the degradation of amoxicillin in the composting process of feces have been investigated. The effect of living bacteria and the enzyme (beta-lactamase) on amoxicillin decay was examined, and our results indicated that the biological effects are likely to be negligible. Consequently, the effect of phosphate, ammonia and pH level as non-biological factors was investigated by monitoring the reduction rate of amoxicillin in phosphate and ammonia buffer solutions with several pH levels. Each reduction rate constant was integrated by a simulation model, and the each calculated amoxicillin reduction profile was compared to the reduction profiles of amoxicillin in the composting process of feces. The calculated results corresponded almost exactly to the experimental profiles. We therefore concluded that the degradation of amoxicillin in a toilet matrix was dependent on the concentration of ammonia, phosphate and hydroxyl ion.     

直接接触式膜蒸馏工艺处理高浓度氨氮模拟废水中操作条件的影响

采用直接接触式膜蒸馏处理高浓度氨氮模拟废水。实验对初始pH值、原料液流量和渗透液流量等3项操作条件进行了比较研究。结果表明,提高原料液的初始pH值可以大幅度地提高氨氮的去除效率、传质系数和分离效率,当初始pH达到12时,30 min内氨氮去除率可达到98%以上;提高料液流量可以得到同样的规律,当初始pH值为11,料液流量由400 L/h提高至800 L/h时,氨氮去除率由79.8%提高至88%;但渗透液流量的提高对处理效果的影响并不明显。     

Relationship between ammonia stomatal compensation point and nitrogen metabolism in arable crops: current status of knowledge and potential modelling approaches

The ammonia stomatal compensation point of plants is determined by leaf temperature, ammonium concentration ([NH4+]apo) and pH of the apoplastic solution. The later two depend on the adjacent cells metabolism and on leaf inputs and outputs through the xylem and phloem. Until now only empirical models have been designed to model the ammonia stomatal compensation point, except the model of Riedo et al. (2002. Coupling soil-plant-atmosphere exchange of ammonia with ecosystem functioning in grasslands. Ecological Modelling 158, 83-110), which represents the exchanges between the plant's nitrogen pools. The first step to model the ammonia stomatal compensation point is to adequately model [NH4+]apo. This [NH4+]apo has been studied experimentally, but there are currently no process-based quantitative models describing its relation to plant metabolism and environmental conditions. This study summarizes the processes involved in determining the ammonia stomatal compensation point at the leaf scale and qualitatively evaluates the ability of existing whole plant N and C models to include a model for [NH4+]apo.     

Impacts of pH and ammonia on the leaching of Cu(II) and Cd(II) from coal fly ash

Many coal-fired power plants are implementing ammonia-based technologies to reduce NO(x) emissions. Excess ammonia in the flue gas often deposits on the coal fly ash. Ammonia can form complexes with many heavy metals and change the leaching characteristics of these metals. This research tends to develop a fundamental understanding of the ammonia impact on the leaching of some heavy metals, exemplified by Cu(II) and Cd(II), under different pH conditions. Batch results indicated that the adsorption is the main mechanism controlling Cu(II) and Cd(II) leaching, and high concentrations of ammonia (>5,000 mg/l) can increase the release of Cu(II) and Cd(II) in the alkaline pH range. Based on the chemical reactions among fly ash, ammonia, and heavy metal ion, a mathematical model was developed to quantify effects of pH and ammonia on metal adsorption. The adsorption constants (logK) of Cu(2+), Cu(OH)(+), Cu(OH)(2), and Cu(NH(3))(m)(2+) for the fly ash under investigation were respectively 6.0, 7.7, 9.6, and 2.9. For Cd(II), these constants were respectively 4.3, 6.9, 8.8, and 2.6. Metal speciation calculations indicated that the formation of less adsorbable metal-ammonia complexes decreased metal adsorption, therefore enhanced metal leaching.     

Global sensitivity analysis of a process-based model for ammonia emissions from manure storage and treatment structures

The development of process-based models to estimate ammonia emissions from animal feeding operations (AFOSs) is sought to replace costly and time-consuming direct measurements. Critical to process-based model development is conducting sensitivity analysis to determine the input parameters and their interactions that contribute most to the variance of the model output. Global and relative sensitivity analyses were applied to a process-based model for predicting ammonia emissions from the surface of anaerobic lagoons for treating and storing manure. The objectives were to compare global sensitivity analysis (GSA) to relative (local) sensitivity analysis (RSA) on a process-based model for ammonia emissions. Based on the first-order coefficient, both GSA and RSA showed the model input parameters in order of importance in process model for ammonia emissions from lagoon surfaces were: (i) pH, (ii) lagoon liquid temperature, (iii) wind speed above the lagoon surface, and (iv) the concentration of ammoniacal nitrogen in the lagoon. The GSA revealed that interactions between model parameters accounted for over two-thirds of the model variance, a result that cannot be achieved using traditional RSA. Also, the GSA showed that parameter interactions involving liquid pH had more impact on the model output variance than the single parameters: (i) temperature, (ii) wind speed, or (iii) total ammoniacal nitrogen. This study demonstrates that GSA provides a more complete analysis of model input parameters and their interactions on the model output compared to RSA. A comprehensive tutorial regarding the application of GSA to a process model is presented.     

低浓度氨氮硝化过程中影响因素的研究

一般来说硝化细菌对环境条件的变化比较敏感,而在低浓度氨氮系统中,硝化细菌对环境条件变化的敏感度比高浓度系统更大,而且其影响规律也有所不同.用富集培养的硝化细菌就温度、pH和碱度对高、低浓度氨氮硝化的影响做了研究.结果表明,低浓度氨氮硝化的温度系数(θ＝1.105)大于高浓度(θ＝1.099),温度对低浓度氨氮硝化的影响较高浓度大;偏碱性的环境更有利于低浓度氨氮硝化的进行,因此低浓度氨氮硝化的最优pH和Alk/N值都较高浓度高.和温度相比,pH和碱度是影响低浓度氨氮硝化过程的主要因素.     

丙烯酸改性壳聚糖磁性颗粒处理模拟废水中氨氮

以去除水产养殖废水中的氨氮，寻找安全快速高效的吸附剂为目的。以壳聚糖为原料制备丙烯酸改性壳聚糖磁性颗粒，采用单因素及正交实验方法优化制备条件，研究振荡吸附条件对吸附量的影响，进行吸附等温模型和吸附动力学研究。结果表明，最佳制备条件，丙烯酸4 mL、磁流体0.75 g、过硫酸铵1 g、戊二醛1.5 mL；最佳吸附条件，废水pH值5~9、吸附剂浓度3 g/L、吸附时间10 min；吸附过程符合二级动力学模型，以化学吸附为主；液膜扩散为限速步骤；氨氮最大吸附量为77.16 mg/g，远高于其他传统吸附剂。研究表明，丙烯酸改性壳聚糖磁性颗粒对模拟水产养殖废水的氨氮去除效果显著，具有很好的应用前景。