海口市PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)来源解析

以海口市为例,研究了我国典型热带沿海城市——海口市环境空气颗粒物的污染特征和主要来源.2012年春季和冬季在海口市区4个采样点同步采集了环境空气中PM10和PM2.5样品,同时采集了多种颗粒物源样品,并使用多种仪器分析方法分析了源与受体样品的化学组成,建立了源化学成分谱.使用CMB(化学质量平衡)模型对海口市大气颗粒物进行源解析.结果表明:污染源贡献具有明显的季节特点,并存在一定的空间变化.冬季城市扬尘、机动车尾气尘、二次硫酸盐和煤烟尘是海口市PM10和PM2.5中贡献较大的源,在PM10和PM2.5中贡献率分别为23.6%、16.7%,17.5%、29.8%,13.3%、15.7%和13.0%、15.3%;春季机动车尾气尘、城市扬尘、建筑水泥尘和二次硫酸盐是海口市PM10和PM2.5中贡献较大的源,在PM10和PM2.5中贡献率分别为27.5%、35.0%,20.2%、14.9%,12.8%、6.0%和9.5%、10.5%.冬季较重的颗粒物污染可能来自于华南内陆地区的区域输送,特别是,本地排放极少的煤烟尘和二次硫酸盐受区域输送的影响更为显著.     

交通与气象因子对不同粒径大气颗粒物的影响机制研究

为了研究北京市气象因子与车流量、车速等交通因子对PM2.5、PM10浓度水平的影响,在市区三环主路及居民区选取了28个采样点,采集滞尘量,PM2.5、PM10浓度、车速、车流量、温度、湿度、风速等数据.通过3个月的滞尘质量分析,得出交通源对空气质量的影响是显著的,其中三环主道路两侧采样点和远离交通源对照点滞尘均值分别为0.284 g和0.016 g.再由道路口与居民区对比实验(局部实验)得出,居民区采样点测得的PM2.5和PM10浓度均低于道路口颗粒物浓度,差值均值分别为101 074 n·(cf)-1和15 386 n·(cf)-1,同时PM2.5白天浓度一般低于夜间.最后结合最佳子集预测模型分析得出,PM2.5和PM10受到湿度和温度的影响最大,车速、车流量、风速次之,其中车速、车流量、低风速对颗粒物PM2.5的影响比对PM10的影响更为显著.     

宁波市环境空气中PM10和PM2.5来源解析

2010年在宁波3个环境受体点采集不同季节的PM10和PM2.5样品,同时采集颗粒物源类样品,分析它们的质量浓度及多种无机元素、水溶性离子和碳等组分的含量.采用OC/EC最小比值法确定了SOC(二次有机碳)对PM10和PM2.5的贡献,据此重新构建了受体化学成分谱.使用化学质量平衡模型对宁波市区的PM10和PM2.5来源进行了解析.结果表明:城市扬尘、煤烟尘、二次硫酸盐和机动车尾气尘是环境空气中PM10的主要来源,其分担率分别为23.0%、15.9%、13.3%和12.3%;对PM2.5有重要贡献的源类是城市扬尘、煤烟尘、二次硫酸盐、机动车尾气尘、二次硝酸盐和SOC,其分担率分别为19.9%、14.4%、16.9%、15.2%、9.78%和8.85%.      

元宵节期间北京PM_(2.5)单颗粒的物理化学特征

采集2014年元宵节期间北京PM2.5样品,使用场发射扫锚电镜-能谱仪观察北京PM2.5单颗粒的显微形貌和元素组成,并利用图像分析系统对PM2.5的粒径进行分析.结果表明:PM2.5的单颗粒类型以烟尘集合体、矿物颗粒和飞灰为主;烟花爆竹燃放产生的PM2.5是造成元宵节期间北京PM2.5浓度升高的主要原因;PM2.5中总颗粒物个数呈现先升高后降低的趋势;元宵节期间北京PM2.5中大部分颗粒物的粒径小于0.7μm;然而,重污染天气PM2.5中粒径大于0.7μm颗粒物的数量明显高于轻污染天气.     

天津市大气中PM10、PM2.5及其碳组分污染特征分析

2007年12月~2008年10月期间,分3个时段,设置2个点位,采集了天津市大气环境中PM10和PM2.5样品.用热光反射分析仪测定样品中的碳组分含量,并用OC/EC最小比值法估算二次有机碳(SOC)的浓度.结果表明,市区采样点颗粒物浓度高于郊区,2个采样点的颗粒物浓度变化趋势一致.5月份 PM2.5/PM10比值最小,主要由于土壤风沙尘对PM10的贡献较大.PM10和PM2.5中的有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)浓度12月份最高,且变化趋势相同.OC占总碳(TC)比例较高,PM10中OC/TC为0.60~0.83,PM2.5中OC/TC为0.55~0.81.碳组分主要集中在PM2.5中,PM10中约有76%的OC存在于PM2.5中.12月份的SOC浓度最高,与12月份的气象条件和污染源排放等因素有关.     

甘肃白银市大气颗粒物PM2.5的地球化学特征研究

2011年8月,横跨白银市区东西向布设12个采样点,间距约1km,采集1.5m高大气颗粒物PM2.5样品,获得了白银市区大气中PM2.5浓度,并测定了大气颗粒物PM2.5中Ag、As、B、Ba、Be、Bi等几十种元素含量。结果发现12个采样点大气颗粒物PM2.5浓度范围为91～277μg/m3,均超过中国环境空气质量二级标准(GB 3095-2012),达二级标准限值(24小时平均值)的1.21～3.69倍。受尾矿堆放及选矿、冶炼企业集中分布的影响,东城区大气颗粒物PM2.5浓度高于工矿企业较少的西城区,污染较为严重。大气颗粒物PM2.5中微量元素浓度与污染源间具有良好的空间对应关系。采用富集系数法和主因子分析法研究大气颗粒物PM2.5元素组成特征,结果表明,白银市大气中PM2.5主要来源为工业废气、矿山与尾矿扬尘及土壤扬尘,三者的贡献率分别为31.2%、28.6%、26.4%。     

我国大气颗粒物来源及特征分析

我国大气颗粒物来源复杂,呈现大气复合型污染特征,对主要污染源进行识别和定量,是制定城市空气质量改善措施的基础。本研究总结了2000年以来我国近30个城市大气可吸入颗粒物PM10源解析研究,结果表明我国大气颗粒物PM10主要来自六类源:扬尘(土壤尘、道路尘、建筑尘);燃煤;工业排放;机动车排放;生物质燃烧;SO2、NOx、VOCs氧化产生的二次颗粒物。研究还表明,不同地区不同季节大气颗粒物主要来源和相对贡献存在差异。近年来随着大气颗粒物控制措施的实施,城市PM10污染状况已明显改善,大气细颗粒物PM2.5越来越受关注,在制定空气质量达标方案时,各类燃烧源和二次颗粒物的重要性将进一步上升。     

使用道路抑尘剂控制北京PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_x污染的应用及评价研究

使用道路抑尘剂对北京市丰台区看丹桥附近区域进行了道路抑尘处理,总共喷洒路面40万m2,在喷洒路面及对照路面分别设置了采样点,监测喷洒前后空气中PM2.5、PM10、NOx浓度情况,并对收集的颗粒物中水溶性阴离子成分和元素成分进行了分析。结果表明,通过喷洒道路抑尘剂可以在一定范围内改善大气污染状况,其对PM10的控制作用最为明显,PM10去除率达到25.0%;PM2.5次之,去除率为12.0%;对NOx则在短期内较为有效,去除率为20.1%。道路抑尘剂也能对大气中的某些特定阴离子成分及无机元素成分具有较好的控制作用。     

上海市冬季PM_(2.5)无机元素污染特征及来源分析

为了解高污染季节上海市细颗粒物PM2.5及其无机元素的污染特征和来源,于2013年1月4日至2月1日在上海3个点位采集PM2.5样品,并采用电感耦合等离子光谱仪(ICP-OES)测定样品中19种元素含量.结果表明,采样期间PM2.5污染水平较高,均值达(90.5±41.2)μg·m-3,且郊区明显高于市区和背景参照点.所测无机元素的空间分布规律与PM2.5一致,但背景参照点元素Zn的浓度较高.采样期间Cd、As、Zn、Pb、S和Cu等人为污染元素的富集因子较高.因子分析结果表明冬季上海市PM2.5具有多源性,主要来源于燃煤、自然尘、燃油以及机动车.     

南京市大气气溶胶颗粒物污染特点

介绍了南京市气溶胶PM2.5和不同粒径气溶胶样品的采集,分析了PM10和PM2.5的污染状况、比例关系,以及不同粒径气溶颗粒物的污染特点.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.