中国海洋环境污染监测的回顾与展望

海洋环境污染监测是海洋环境管理的“耳目”和“哨兵”．离开海洋环境污染监测．海洋环境管理将寸步难行。在过去１５年中,中国海洋环境污染监测工作取得了长足的进步,集中表现在三个方面：一是形成了从国家海洋环境监测中心一海区监测中心－管区－监察站的四级海洋环境监测体系;组建了由国务院有关部委、沿海１１个省（市）、自治区等有关部门１００多个单位２５００人参加的全国海洋环境污染监测网;每年获取各类海洋环境污染监测数据十万余个,提供了估计全国海洋环境形势的基础。二是海洋环境污染监测工作有中国的特色。组织上实行了优化布点、分级管理,初步形成了有特色的监测网络体系;技术上推行站点网络化、布点采样规范化、分析方法标准化、数据处理计算机化、质量保证工作系统化规范化,具有自己特色的技术路线正在形成;管理上逐渐走上科学管理的道路。三是为海洋环境管理服务的能力有了明显提高。该文概略地介绍了中国海洋环境污染监测工作的全貌,全面地总结了中国海洋环境１５年来的十条宝贵经验,宏观地描述了未来中国海洋环境污染监测的发展方向。     

海水化学污染的监测

1、海水污染的特性 苏联在大西洋进行的海水化学污染调查的第一阶段踏勘调查已于1975年结束。由于这些调查,做出了关于海洋环境污染性质的一些共同性结论,这些结论在许多方面有助于确定水质污染的监测问题。 曾认为污染,尤其是石油烃类污染,具有全球性。目前,在沿岸的污染场已经远远超出岸区范围传播到远方,包括了许多整个海域和洋区。这些污染场在时间和空间上     

中国沿海海平面为近10年最高

2009年1月16日，国家海洋局发布了2008年中国海洋环境公报。该公报由《2008年中国海洋环境质量公报》、《2008年中国海洋灾害公报》、《2008年中国海平面公报》构成，对中国2008年的海洋环境情况作出了详细说明。     

京杭大运河地区性水污染事故的应急监测工作

京杭大运河宿迁段，曾发生过氨氮、氟化物和砷的两起突发性的水污染事故，在对发生突发性水环境污染事故的污染来源，进行调查和应急监测工作总结的基础上，提出了在环境监测工作中，应对突发性水环境污染事故的工作原则和建议。     

论县级市环境应急监测的管理

环境污染突发事件的发生，其影响广，危害大，迫切需要该地的环境监测部门迅速反应，进行快速监测，并报出监测结果，为污染物的控制提供科学依据。因此对环境应急监测的管理就显得非常重要，不仅要对技术人员进行培训，还要准备仪器设备；不仅要准备应急监测预案，还要准备查询、应用工具，包括查询应用软件，只有进行充分的环境应急监测管理，才能有效地进行环境应急监测响应，为污染物应急控制决策、保护环境质量、保护人民的生命财产安全作出贡献。     

植物监测在环评和环境管理中的应用

植物监测在某些方面具有理化监测不可替代的优势，利用植物监测来评价环境污染状况和处理环境污染纠纷已取得了明显效果。但植物监测与评价的方法尚需标准化和规范化，有待进一步研究和完善。     

徐州市辐射环境质量调查

依据徐州市的辐射环境质量监测方案，对各个点位进行了监测。通过分析辐射环境的监测数据，反应出徐州市的整体辐射环境质量状况良好。     

全国污染生态学术会议在昆明市召开

由中国科学院环委会、中国环境科学学会和中国海洋湖沼学会联合召开的全国污染生态学术会议于1983年12月27日至1984年元月2日在云南省昆明市召开。来自全国22个省、市、自治区包括中国科学院有关研究所、各部属研究院、所、大专院校和地方环境科研、监测、     

环境保护设施竣工验收监测的一些体会

环境监测站对环境保护设施竣工验收进行验收监测，出具的监测报告是环保管理部门环境保护设施竣工验收的重要依据，验收监测结果是否真实反映治理工程的治理质量，对环境保护设施的竣工验收是至关重要的。国家环保局１９９５年下发了《建设项目环境保护设施竣工验收监测办法》（试行），联系几年来对《办法》的执行情况，谈一些体会，供同行参考。１制订正确的竣工验收监测实施方案竣工验收监测实施方案在整个竣工验收监测过程中起着指导作用，在制订方案前必须对被验收单位的生产状况和环保治理设施的具体工艺作全面了解，根据不同污染源不…     

江苏省环境应急监测核心能力建设与评述

从污染事故的环境应急预警工作需要出发，结合江苏省突发性环境事故应急处置项目建设规划，分析了省级应急监测能力、应急监测决策指挥能力建设的要素和功能，并分析了江苏省的市县级环境监测骨干网络架构及其实践应对。并建议各级环境监测部门今后应当从风险源排查、应急预案、应急监测、应急处置、综合分析、后勤保障六个方面进行优化整合，为今后更系统和更针对性地防治区域的突发性环境污染。     

The Potential of Current- and Wind-Driven Transport for Environmental Management of the Baltic Sea

The ever increasing impact of the marine industry and transport on vulnerable sea areas puts the marine environment under exceptional pressure and calls for inspired methods for mitigating the impact of the related risks. We describe a method for preventive reduction of remote environmental risks caused by the shipping and maritime industry that are transported by surface currents and wind impact to the coasts. This method is based on characterizing systematically the damaging potential of the offshore areas in terms of potential transport to vulnerable regions of an oil spill or other pollution that has occurred in a particular area. The resulting maps of probabilities of pollution to be transported to the nearshore and the time it takes for the pollution to reach the nearshore are used to design environmentally optimized fairways for the Gulf of Finland, Baltic Proper, and south-western Baltic Sea.     

Biomonitoring aquatic environmental quality in a marine protected area: a biomarker approach

The main aims of the present study, conducted in the framework of the MONIQUA-Egadi Scientific Project, were twofold: first, to make the first step in the development and validation of an ecotoxicological approach for the assessment of marine pollution in coastal environments on the basis of a set of biomarker responses in new sentinel species; and second, to obtain preliminary information on environmental quality in an Italian marine protected area, the Egadi Islands (Sicily). Several cytochrome P450-dependent mixed-function oxidase activities were measured in the following sentinel species: rainbow wrasse Coris julis, gastropod limpet Patella caerulea, and sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The results suggest that specimens from the Favignana Harbor may be exposed to P450 inducers, whereas most of the other sites seem to share similar environmental quality. The proposed approach has potential for assessment of environmental quality in marine protected areas.     

Using multi-integrated biomarker indexes approach to assess marine quality and health status of marine organism: a case study of Ruditapes philippinarum in Laizhou Bay,China

With the progress of technology and the deepening of understanding of biological monitoring, much more attention has been paid to the multiple evaluation of marine pollution monitoring. In view of this, our study aimed at establishing a multi-integrated biomarker indexes approach to evaluate marine condition systematically and comprehensively. In the current study, sampling was conducted in Laizhou Bay, China (S1, S2, and S3) in May, August, and October of 2015. And then, multi-integrated biomarker indexes approach was applied to assess marine PAHs pollution, select appropriate biomarkers, and evaluate marine environmental quality and health status of the clams of Ruditapes philippinarum. As the results showed, S2 was the most PAHs-polluted site while S1 was the least polluted site, and the levels of tPAHs in seawater and sediments ranged from 69.78 to 315.30 ng/L and 163.19 to 565.17 ng/g d.w., respectively. And all three sampling sites had different sources of PAHs. IBR represented DNA damage (F value), the expression of SOD, EROD activity, GST activity, and LPO could be served as biomarkers to monitor the PAHs pollution in Laizhou Bay. And MPI suggested the quality of all three sites: S1 was generally favorable, S2 was moderately polluted, and S3 was lightly polluted. BRI values showed that the order of health status of R. philippinarum was S1?>?S3?>?S2.

     

农药优先监测品种的筛选研究

本文对我国目前正在广泛使用的几百个农药品种,从其产量,田间的施用量以及环境毒理学,环境化学,环境生物学的角度进行了系统的研究。在对各种农药进行环境风险性评价的基础上,筛选出目前在我国使用量大,毒性高,环境危害严重的10个农药品种,作为我国近期内应执行的环境优先监测品种。可以认为,若能控制了这些优先监测农药的环境污染,那么,也就在总体上控制了农药的污染问题。     

Environmental problems in Russia affecting the Black and Baltic Seas

This paper addresses problems of marine environment protection in Russia, with an emphasis on the legislative and institutional basis for protecting the seas from oil pollution. The status of the Black and Baltic Seas is described, together with the relevant technical, organisational, and economic elements. As an example of a comprehensive approach for tackling the problems under consideration, we present briefly the 'Complex programme for the prevention of marine pollution caused by ships and ports activity', recently elaborated by a broad Russian expert group.     

Modelling and mapping long-term risks due to reactive nitrogen effects: an overview of LRTAP convention activities

Long-range transboundary air pollution has caused severe environmental effects in Europe. European air pollution abatement policy, in the framework of the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP Convention) and the European Union Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) programme, has used critical loads and their exceedances by atmospheric deposition to design emission abatement targets and strategies. The LRTAP Convention International Cooperative Programme on Modelling and Mapping Critical Loads and Levels and Air Pollution Effects, Risks and Trends (ICP M&M) generates European critical loads datasets to enable this work. Developing dynamic nitrogen flux models and using them for a prognosis and assessment of nitrogen effects remains a challenge. Further research is needed on links between nitrogen deposition effects, climate change, and biodiversity.     

Continuing pollution from the Rum Jungle U-Cu project: A critical evaluation of environmental monitoring and rehabilitation

The former Rum Jungle uranium-copper project, Australia, is an internationally important case study on environmental pollution from and rehabilitation of mining. The Rum Jungle mining project is briefly reviewed, followed by a critical evaluation of monitoring data and pollution loads prior to and after rehabilitation - leading to the conclusion that rehabilitation has clearly failed the test of time after just two decades. The most critical findings are the need to understand pollution cycles holistically, and designing monitoring regimes to match, explicit inclusion of radiological criteria (lacking in original planning), and finally the need to set targets based on environmental criteria. Two examples include polluted groundwater which was excluded from rehabilitation and the poor design, construction and/or performance of engineered soil covers - both leading to increasing acid drainage impacts on the Finniss River. The critical review therefore presents a valuable case study of the environmental performance of uranium mine site rehabilitation.     

Cooperation control strategies for China’s cross-region pollution in a lake basin based on green reduction cost

The cross-region water pollution issue has always been the widespread concern around the world. It becomes especially critical for China due to the imbalance relates to environmental costs that have accompanied rapid growth of economy. Though the government makes great efforts to improve it, the potential for water pollution conflict is still great. We consider the problem of determining combined control strategies for China’s cross-region lake pollution based on the environmental green costs. The problem is first formulated as a generalized bilevel mathematical program where the upper level consists in each region that reduces environmental green costs including three parts: the reduction cost, pollution permit trade cost and cost of environment damage, while the lower level is represented by pollution permit equilibrium market. Finally, we take an empirical analysis in Taihu lake. The numerical study shows that the minimum costs of both total and regional are obviously superior to the current processing costs, which provides theoretical basis for the price of emission permits.

Implications: Today, China’s rapid gross domestic product (GDP) growth has come at a very high cost, as real estate prices have skyrocketed, the wealth gap has widened, and environmental pollution has worsened. China’s central government is urged to correct the GDP-oriented performance evaluation system that is used to judge administrative region leaders. The cross-region water pollution issue has become a troubling issue that urgently needs to be resolved in China. This paper will not only actively aid efforts to govern Lake Taihu and other cross-region valleys, but it will also provide a supplement for theoretical research on cross-region pollution issues.     

Does the construction of network infrastructure reduce environmental pollution?—evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in “Broadband China”

This paper discusses the effect of network infrastructure on environmental pollution reduction and the realization mechanism behind it. Based on the panel data of 285 cities in China from 2005 to 2019, this study regards the “Broadband China” pilot policy as a quasi-natural experiment to clarify the pollution emission reduction effect of network infrastructure construction through differences-in-differences method and other methods. The research results show the following: (1) The Broadband China pilot policy has reduced environmental pollution, that is, the construction of network infrastructure has the effect of environmental pollution reduction. The conclusion is still established after a series of robustness tests such as parallel trend test, placebo test, and instrumental variable method. Through the heterogeneity test, it is found that the pollution reduction effect of network infrastructure construction is more obvious in non-resource-based cities, first and second tier cities, and cities in the eastern region (2). The construction of network infrastructure plays a restraining role on local environmental pollution. Due to the insufficient level of regional linkage and the siphon effect of pilot cities, the spatial spillover characteristics of the pollution reduction effect are not obvious (3). The mechanism of action shows that green innovation is an important mediating effect mechanism for network infrastructure construction to reduce environmental pollution. Cities in regions with high degree of marketization and environmental regulation can strengthen the effect of network infrastructure construction on environmental pollution reduction. The research conclusions are conducive to accelerating the development of the digital economy represented by the construction of network infrastructure and provide a useful reference for promoting the level of environmental pollution reduction and achieving high-quality development.