降酚菌株的固定化细胞处理含酚废水的性能研究

用海藻酸钠作为载体将一株降酚菌株进行固定化包埋.利用正交实验确定了该菌株固定化细胞制备的最优条件.研究表明,该降酚菌株的固定化细胞对苯酚的降解能力和耐受能力均大于游离细胞.降酚菌株固定化细胞降解苯酚的最适温度范围是30～35℃,最适pH值范围为6～8.该菌株的固定化细胞对废水中的COD也具有良好的降解效果.     

一株高效降酚菌的分离鉴定及降酚特性研究

以苯酚为唯一碳源,采用逐量分批的方法从被酚类物质污染的土壤中驯化、筛选、分离降酚菌,利用形态学、培养特性、生理生化反应以及分子手段鉴定所得菌株,研究了该菌株生长与降酚的关系以及其降酚能力,并设计引物检测降酚酶基因。结果表明,获得的一株高效降酚菌GDYW-0027经鉴定为不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter),它的生长速率与苯酚的降解速率基本同步,48h内对高质量浓度(2.2g/L)苯酚的降解率为86.73%;在菌株GDYW-0027中检测到苯酚羟化酶及邻苯二酚2,3双加氧酶基因片段,推测其采用间位开环方式打开苯环。     

嗜联苯红球菌B403对酚类污染物的降解特性及动力学分析

为提高降酚菌株的降酚能力,实验测定了嗜联苯红球菌B403对6种酚的最小抑菌浓度,考察了该菌在不同碳源条件下的生长与降酚特性及其关联,进而研究其降解动力学规律。结果表明,菌株B403对苯酚、间甲酚、邻苯二酚、对硝基苯酚、2,4-二氯苯酚和2,4,6-三氯苯酚的最小抑菌浓度分别为1 190、630、700、140、70、48 mg·L~(-1),菌株B403对苯酚、间甲酚、邻苯二酚表现出较强的耐受性。分别以这3种酚为唯一碳源,该菌株能有效降解苯酚和间甲酚,无机盐培养基中处理30h后,苯酚、间甲酚、邻苯二酚的降解率分别为97.85%、100%、56.54%;当有其他有机碳源存在时,菌株B403的生物量大幅度提高,3种酚的降解效率也显著提高,处理15 h后LB-无机盐混合培养基中苯酚、间甲酚、邻苯二酚的降解率分别为98.92%、99.93%、94.35%。菌株B403的降酚动力学过程符合Haldane模型,菌株B403降解苯酚的动力学参数为q_m=0.503 h~(-1),K_s=270.9 mg·L~(-1),K_I=69 mg·L~(-1);降解间甲酚时,q_m=0.672 h~(-1),K_s=171.9 mg·L~(-1),K_I=23.74 mg·L~(-1);降解邻苯二酚时,q_m=1.749 h~(-1),K_s=541.9 mg·L~(-1),K_I=42.61 mg·L~(-1)。根据动力学方程,推论降解苯酚、间甲酚、邻苯二酚的最佳浓度分别为136.4、87.4、116.1 mg·L~(-1)。综合上述结果,其他有机碳源的存在可以显著提高该菌株降酚能力和降解效率,在工业含酚废水治理及有机质丰富的酚类污染土壤修复领域具有一定的应用潜力。     

电强化磁固定化菌株Cupriavidus sp.JS耦合体系治理含苯酚废水

为进一步提高含苯酚废水处理效果,从活性污泥中分离纯化得到1株具有高效苯酚降解能力的菌株Cupriavidus sp.JS,并构建了电强化磁固定化菌株Cupriavidus sp.JS耦合体系(以下简称耦合体系)。在好氧条件下比较耦合体系、磁固定化细胞及电极体系中的苯酚降解率及苯酚羟化酶活性,同时,考察重复利用中耦合体系的苯酚降解率、苯酚羟化酶活性及菌株Cupriavidus sp.JS浓度的变化。结果表明,耦合体系的最佳降解电压为1.0 V,此时的苯酚羟化酶活性最大,耦合体系对苯酚的降解率(100.0%)明显高于磁固定化细胞(90.6%)和电极体系(2.1%)之和,表明在耦合体系中生物降解和电极降解间存在耦合协同作用。同时,耦合体系中苯酚降解率、苯酚羟化酶活性及菌株Cupriavidus sp.JS浓度随着重复利用次数的增加而逐渐升高。     

共代谢基质对苯酚降解菌XTT-3降酚作用的影响

采用驯化的方法从活性污泥中分离到一株苯酚降解菌XTT-3,经16SrDNA鉴定为Sphingobiumsp.。对该菌株进行碳饥饿处理,发现其降解苯酚的能力受到抑制。以只含苯酚的M9培养基为参照,添加0.2g/L酵母膏作为共代谢基质,对XTT-3菌株降解苯酚有较明显的促进作用,36h后苯酚降解率为68%。在含0.2g/L酵母膏的M9培养基中,同时添加20mg/L邻苯二酚,XTT-3降解苯酚作用显著增加,24h后苯酚降解率达75%,苯酚降解速度达0.261mg/min。     

一株苯酚降解菌的筛选及降解动力学特性

利用富集驯化的培养方法,从首钢焦化厂废水处理系统中的二沉池出水中,分离筛选出一株能够高效降解苯酚的菌株B3对其16S rDNA序列进行分析,并选择Monod方程和Andrews方程分别研究该菌在不同苯酚浓度条件下的降酚动力学模式。结果表明,B3为蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus);苯酚浓度较低时,苯酚对菌株的生长基本不产生抑制作用,用Monod模型对B3降酚动力学过程进行拟合,其动力学参数V max=0.03 h-1,K s=25.53 mg/L;苯酚浓度较高时,按照Andrews模型对B3降酚动力学过程进行非线性最小二乘曲线拟合,其动力学参数V max=0.08 h-1,K s=147.52 mg/L,K i=384.96 mg/L。根据动力学方程,推论菌株B3降解对于浓度238.30 mg/L的苯酚具有最佳降解效果。     

高效降酚菌株JY03的筛选及其降解特性研究

从绝缘材料厂排放的工业废水中分离得到一株能高效降解苯酚的菌株JY03,最高可耐受1.5 g/L的苯酚。通过形态观察、生理生化分析和16S rRNA序列分析,初步鉴定该菌属于棒状杆菌属（Corynebacterium sp.JY03）。JY03对苯酚降解最适条件为pH 7.5,温度32℃,苯酚浓度为0.6 g/L,时间为...     

盐单胞菌H17降解苯酚的响应面法优化及动力学

为获得盐单胞菌(Halomonas sp.)H17降解苯酚的最优条件,在单因素试验的基础上,通过Box-Behnken设计试验与响应面法,考察温度、pH、葡萄糖浓度对H17降解苯酚的影响,并通过动力学模型探究该菌株的生长和苯酚降解特性。结果表明,H17降解苯酚的最优条件为30℃、pH=8.0、葡萄糖质量浓度0.8g/L,在此条件下,苯酚降解率预测值为74.39%,实际值为73.92%,表明该模型可靠。该菌株降解苯酚动力学模型符合Haldane模型,其最大比降解速率、饱和常数和抑制常数分别为0.35h~(-1)、165.91mg/L和460.13mg/L。响应面法优化得到的生物降解条件准确,可为高盐含酚废水处理提供依据。     

固定化微生物法处理对氯苯酚废水的研究

采用聚乙烯醇(PVA)-硼酸法制作固定化活性污泥小球,用正交试验确定降解对氯苯酚的固定化活性污泥的最优化条件.从温度、浓度和pH 3方面比较了固定化活性污泥和游离活性污泥对对氯苯酚降解效果的影响.研究表明:固定化活性污泥降解对氯苯酚的最适宜温度为25～35℃,最适pH为6～8;固定化活性污泥对对氯苯酚的降解速度大于游离活性污泥.     

好氧反硝化苯酚降解菌的分离鉴定及动力学

从驯化菌群中分离筛选出一株好氧反硝化苯酚降解细菌,经生理生化反应及16S rDNA测序,鉴定为Diaphorobacter属细菌。在好氧条件下,该菌株以苯酚为唯一碳源和能源,利用NO-3-N作为反硝化电子受体,其生长与反硝化特性研究表明:在接种量5%(体积分数),30℃,180 r/min振荡培养条件下,菌株降酚能力可达1 400 mg/L,同时,能有效去除初始浓度为165 mg/L的硝酸盐氮,60 h其去除率为91.5%,高含量苯酚对菌体生长有一定的抑制作用。应用Haldane方程对其生长过程进行动力学模拟,拟合曲线与实验测定值相关性良好,各参数分别为μmax(最大比增长率)0.324 h-1,Ks(半饱和常数)9.36 mg/L,Ki(抑制常数)146.72 mg/L,通过理论分析及实验验证得,该菌株苯酚降解动力学与其生长动力学表现出相似的趋势。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.