滇池宝象河流域氮磷流失空间格局解析

有效控制氮磷流失量是水质持续改善的关键因素,定量解析流域氮磷流失量对于氮磷污染精准控制至关重要.宝象河作为滇池流域最主要的入湖河流之一,对滇池水质的影响极为重要.该研究基于第二次全国污染源普查数据,建立了宝象河流域高分辨率的氮磷排放清单,通过构建宝象河LODEST模型估算流域氮磷非点源污染入河系数,并对宝象河流域的氮磷流失量及其空间格局进行解析.结果表明:①2018年宝象河流域TN和TP的排放量分别为1 456.92、191.16 t,流域内种植业非点源是最大的污染源,其次是城镇生活点源和未收集点源.②2018年宝象河干海子断面TN和TP的径流通量分别为270.49和11.19 t,非点源入河系数分别为0.297和0.048.③2018年宝象河流域TN和TP流失量分别为432.28和18.57 t,氮磷流失空间格局呈显著的空间异质性,流域内TN和TP流失强度总体呈外高内低的分布,农业污染为主的子流域氮磷流失最为严重.该研究提出的氮磷流失量估算方法较好地揭示了流域氮磷流失空间分布规律,论证了降雨和地形的不均匀性是造成流域氮磷流失量呈显著空间异质性的重要因素.研究成果可为滇池流域入湖污染负荷控制与削减工程提供重要的科学依据,同时能够为宝象河流域水环境的精准控污和精细管理提供有效的决策支撑.      

港口自有移动源大气污染物排放清单

基于全面开展大气污染源排放清单编制工作的要求,研究制定了天津市港口自有移动源排放清单.对道路和非道路移动源各源类6种大气污染物建立了分辨率为3 km×3 km的网格化排放清单,并分析其污染物排放时空分布特征,利用蒙特卡罗方法分析了清单的不确定性.结果表明,2020年港口自有移动源共排放PM₁₀ 148.22 t、 PM_2.5 135.34 t、 SO₂ 1 061.04 t、 NO_x 4 027.16 t、 CO 756.60 t和VOCs 237.07 t,其中道路和非道路移动源污染物总排放量占移动源排放量的比例分别为6.66%和93.34%.全港区自有道路移动源机动车污染物排放的主要贡献源是小型、中型、大型载客汽车(汽油)和重型载货汽车(柴油),非道路移动源排放的各污染物的主要贡献源均是船舶和工程机械.不确定性分析结果表明,移动源总体不确定性范围为-13.3%～16.53%.     

抚仙湖子流域尺度氮排放清单构建及关键源解析

对高原湖泊流域总氮（TN）污染的精准调控是预防湖泊水体富营养化的重要环节.但过去基于全流域尺度具体时点建立的流域TN排放清单,因忽略TN污染的时空异质性,导致关键因子识别不清,控源减排措施针对性不强等问题.以典型高原深水湖泊抚仙湖为例,通过资料收集和现场调查,根据上中下游子流域特征,建立子流域尺度TN污染负荷模型;结合GIS空间分析功能,构建抚仙湖流域1990～2020年25个子流域的TN排放清单,分析TN污染负荷时空分布特征及关键污染来源.结果表明：(1) 1990、 1995、 2000、 2005、 2010、 2015和2020年的抚仙湖流域TN污染负荷分别为933.43、 1 012.90、 1 090.25、1 096.93、1 075.69、996.27和514.80 t,点源污染负荷逐年递增,但面源污染负荷仍是其主要来源. TN面源污染负荷主要来自化肥施用,点源污染负荷主要来自于农村生活;(2)TN污染负荷在空间上呈放射状递减的特点,流域整体单位面积负荷为65～6 877 kg·km-2,下游子流域单位面积TN污染负荷（1 009～6 877 kg·km-2）远远高于上...     

环境管理数据在大气污染物排源放清单编制中的应用及改进对策

编制大气污染物源排放清单(以下简称"排放清单")需要获取大量污染源活动水平及污染物排放量数据,整个过程的人力、物力耗费巨大。目前,我国已建立了包含环境统计、污染源监测和排污许可三大数据体系在内的多来源环境管理数据体系,可考虑将其运用到排放清单编制工作中。然而,当前环境管理数据体系下的污染源类别和污染物种类涵盖不全,时间分辨率不高,空间分辨率不足,难以满足精细化排放清单编制要求,本文建议可扩大环境统计年报调查范围、细化调查指标,促进现有环境管理数据融合共享,创新大气污染源清单编制手段。     

兰州盆地人为源大气污染物网格化排放清单及其空间分布特征

基于所搜集的兰州盆地各类人为污染源排放大气污染物的活动水平数据及其排放因子,采用"自下而上"的方法建立了2009年兰州盆地(石油化工城市)1 km×1 km的7种(类)大气污染物网格化排放清单,并对其来源和空间分布特征进行了分析研究.结果显示:2009年兰州盆地NOx、SO_2、VOCs、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)和NH3的排放总量分别为1.2×10~5、8.8×10~4、4.3×10~4、4.1×10~5、9.6×10~4、4.2×10~4和1.4×10~4t;工业燃烧排放是兰州盆地NO_x和SO_2的主要贡献源,分别占其总排放量的85.70%和52.55%;工业非燃烧过程排放是VOCs的最大贡献源,占总排放量的81.25%;工业点源和工业非燃烧过程排放是CO的两大贡献源,分别占其总排放量的33.97%和28.32%;PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)主要来源于工业非燃烧过程,贡献分别为51.09%和55.12%;氮肥使用和禽畜养殖是NH_3排放最大的贡献源,分别占其总排放量的39.20%和30.70%.空间分布特征表现为:以工业源为主要排放源的NO_x、SO_2、VOCs、CO、PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)主要分布在工业和人口最为集中的兰州盆地市区一带,NH_3的排放则主要集中在榆中县和皋兰县交界的农村地区.同时,还对2014年工业燃烧源和道路移动源的7种(类)大气污染物排放量进行了估算,并与2009年进行了排放比较研究.结果表明,2014年工业污染源的7种(类)污染物排放量与2009年相比平均增幅不高,最高不超过30%,但移动源污染物排放量却大幅增加,增幅将近1倍.此外,基于排放因子及活动水平的不确定性,本研究对排放清单的结果进行了不确定性分析,并通过蒙特卡罗模拟对各污染物的排放量进行了评估.本排放清单的建立,不仅填补了兰州盆地大气污染物网格化排放清单的空白,还可为兰州盆地大气污染物排放清单更新、区域环境过程、大气复合污染成因及大气污染预警技术等相关研究提供基本方法手段及基础数据.     

青海东部城市群大气氨排放清单研究

为了掌握青海东部城市群内大气氨的排放来源及排放特征,搜集并整理了各排放源的活动水平数据,利用排放因子法计算了2017年青海省东部城市群大气氨排放清单.结果表明:①青海省东部城市群2017年氨排放量为44.92×103 t,排放强度为2.80 t/km2.②农业源是区域内最大的氨排放源,其中畜禽养殖和农田生态系统氨排放量分别占总排放量的81.07%和7.12%,绵羊、奶牛和肉牛的氨排放量较大.③湟中区和大通回族土族自治县氨排放量较高,占总排放量的53.7%,城中区、大通回族土族自治县、湟中区、湟源县、平安区、乐都区、民和回族土族自治县、互助土族自治县的主要氨排放源均为畜禽养殖源.④污染源分布受地形地势影响,多沿湟水流域分布,同时也与地区经济发展水平有关.研究显示,大气氨排放源以畜禽养殖源为主,且集中于湟中区和大通回族土族自治县.      

天津市非道路移动源污染物排放清单开发

基于天津市非道路移动源污染管控需求,根据调研收集到的2015年非道路移动源活动水平数据,采用环保部《非道路移动污染源排放清单编制技术指南(试行)》推荐的核算方法,建立较为完整的天津市非道路移动源排放清单,分析污染物的时空分布.2015年,天津市非道路移动源排放CO 6.15×10~3t、HC 2.45×10~3t、NO_x2.90×10~4t、PM 1.45×10~3t、SO_21.37×10~4t.船舶污染物排放占比最高,为所有非道路移动源污染物排放总量的73.66%,主要分布于天津港区;其次是非道路移动机械,占21.66%,主要分布于市郊种植业和养殖业区县、城市建设和人群活动较为密集的城区;民航飞机和铁路机车占比较小,分别为3.55%和1.13%,主要分布于机场和铁路沿线.总体上,非道路移动源从3月开始排放量逐渐升高,而年底和年初(冬季)排放量相对较低.     

大清河小流域城郊型面源污染现状与对策研究

文章以昆明市主要排污河道之一的大清河入滇池的小流域为研究对象,针对小流域范围内城郊型面源污染状况,通过详细的问卷调查和实地采样分析,初步得出研究区污染物产生的来源、产生特点和发生量。结果表明:生活污水排放、地表径流产污、农田排水是该研究区氮、磷污染物排放的三大来源;其中,总氮排放量有54.7%来源于生活污水,25.9%来源于农田化肥流失;总磷排放量有61.5%来源于生活污水,24.8%来源于地表径流。滇池周边地区面源污染物来源和特征有别于滇池全流域的各污染类型比值,面源污水已成为城郊区面源污染物的主要来源,是控制之要点。因地制宜,就地处理城郊型的农村生活污水,科学平衡施肥,降低地表径流排污浓度,是城郊型滨湖带小流域面源污染治理成功的关键。     

基于WRF-Chem模拟验证的天水市主城区大气污染源排放清单

通过部门调研、现场调查和遥感解译等方法获取天水市主城区大气污染源活动水平数据,采用排放因子法估算了天水市主城区 10类污染源的9种污染物排放量,构建了2019年天水市主城区高分辨率排放清单,并采用横向比较法和模式验证法评估了排放清单的合理性.结果表明:(1)2019年天水市主城区 SO2、NOx、CO、VOCs、NH3...     

浙江省人为源VOCs排放清单

基于挥发性有机物(VOCs)活动水平数据和相关排放因子,建立了浙江省人为源VOCs排放清单。结果表明:2009年浙江省VOCs排放总量为1.47×10~6t,其中工业排放源1.34×10~6 t,生活排放源1.176×10~5t,生物质燃烧源1.18×10~4t,分别占排放总量的91.17%、8.03%和0.8%;VOCs排放量最大的行业为纺织印染业、金属制品制造业、化学药品原药制造业、石油炼制、石油化工业等9大行业,其VOCs排放量均在5×10~4t以上,占全省总排放量的比例高达90%,为浙江省主要排放源;VOCs排放量最高的城市分别为杭州、宁波、温州、绍兴、嘉兴和湖州。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.