羊角月牙藻在制药废水毒性评价中的应用

以羊角月牙藻(FACHB-271 Selenastrum capricornutum)作为测试生物,分别采用EC₅₀(半数抑制浓度)、TU_a(急性毒性单位)和LID(最低无效应稀释度)指标对某制药厂污水处理站4个工艺节点和总出水排放口的水样进行急性毒性效应评价. 结果表明:地下调节池(工艺节点①)水样EC₅₀为15.12%±3.82%,TU_a为6.6,LID为16,为极毒/中毒废水;地上调节池(工艺节点②)水样EC₅₀为15.81%±1.04%,TU_a为6.3,LID为16,为极毒/中毒废水;中间沉淀池(工艺节点③)水样EC₅₀为62.12%±3.83%,TU_a为1.6,LID为8,为中毒/低毒废水;二级沉淀池(工艺节点④)水样EC₅₀为89.10%±1.43%,TU_a为1.1,LID为4,为低毒废水;总出水排放口水样EC₅₀＞100%,TU_a＜1,LID为1,为无毒或微毒废水. 经过各污水处理工艺节点后,制药废水对羊角月牙藻的急性毒性逐级减弱,并且毒性指标与ρ(COD_Cr)具有较好的线性关系. 研究还发现,采用毒性指标LID表征该制药废水的生物毒性,对废水样品的毒性分辨能力更强.      

典型炼化废水微生物功能结构与主要致毒物质响应关系研究

为探明典型炼化废水处理系统(简称“系统”)生物毒性削减效果、主要致毒物质类别及微生物功能响应关系,以费氏弧菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌为受试生物,测试系统沿程生物急性毒性及遗传毒性,并结合毒性鉴别评价方法甄别系统主要致毒物质,同时利用高通量测序技术探究系统微生物功能结构与主要致毒物质响应关系.结果表明：(1)系统沿程生物毒性总体呈下降趋势,生化处理单元进水为急性毒性微毒、遗传毒性阳性.其中,炼油废水急性毒性总削减率为86.514%,遗传毒性总削减率为96.221%;化工废水急性毒性总削减率为53.281%,遗传毒性总削减率为62.273%.(2)通过毒性鉴别评价方法 (toxicity identification evaluation,TIE)结果推断,炼油废水主要致毒物质可能为阳离子金属及非极性有机物,化工废水主要致毒物质可能为阳离子金属.(3)CCA分析表明,NH3-N浓度(r=0.819,p=0.001)、Cr浓度(r=0.777,p=0.002)、TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbon,总石油烃)浓度(r=0.752,p=0.002)与生化处理前微生物群落结构...     

复合菌群生物强化削减NPEO内分泌干扰毒性的试验研究

印染废水中的壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(nonylphnol polyethylene ether, NPEO)在生化处理过程中会产生雌激素活性更强的壬基酚(NP)等中间产物,导致处理后印染废水内分泌干扰毒性升高.为探索以NPEO和NP为降解靶点进行菌群生物强化脱毒的可行性,分别以NPEO和NP驯化富集印染活性污泥,并将得到的降解菌群以单独和组合投加方式进行生物强化试验,考察强化控毒效果.结果表明：(1)NPEO降解菌群(NPEB)和NP降解菌群(NPB)中的优势菌均为Proteobacteria,二者对10 mg/L NPEO和NP的48 h去除率均高于98%.(2)单独或组合投加5 mg/L的NPEB和NPB至混合液悬浮固体浓度(MLSS)为500 mg/L的活性污泥体系,均能显著提升活性污泥对不同浓度(10和1 mg/L) NPEO的降解性能,大幅缩短NPEO降解过程中雌激素活性的变化周期,并使体系的雌激素活性维持在较低水平.(3)当降解体系中加入1 000 mg/L葡萄糖作为额外碳源时,NPB的强化性能被完全抑制,而NPEB在降解性能受抑的情况下仍能增强活性污泥的NPEO降解速率并缩短控...     

自然选育酵母菌对不同废水处理及资源化研究

从色拉油加工废水,味精废水、印染废水、钻井废水等4种特性各异的废水中筛选出酵母菌,并根据形态特征和生理生化特征对筛选到的12种酵母菌（包括2种耐氨酵母）进行了鉴定。结果表明：酵母菌处理工艺对色拉油加工废水和味精废水这两类高浓度有机废水具有较好的处理效率,如前者的TOC和后者的COD的去除率均在85%以上。但对人工合成物质含量较高的印染废水和钻井废水处理效果较差。这一结果可能与酵母菌原来所处的环境条件有关。     

乳化液废水湿式氧化后SBR处理研究

研究了乳化液废水湿式氧化前后的可生化性和生物毒性变化,并考察了SBR工艺处理湿式氧化后的乳化液废水的效果.实验证明,乳化液废水(COD＝48 000 mg/L) BOD₅/COD (B/C)为0.072 3,相当于0.120 mg/L氯化汞毒性,属难生化的高浓度有机废水.经湿式氧化处理后,B/C显著上升,温度越高,B/C上升幅度越大,生物毒性降低越多.在220℃和240℃湿式氧化后生物毒性分别降低18.3%和50.8%.SBR对220℃湿式氧化出水具有良好地处理效果,并有较强的抗冲击负荷能力,当进水COD为1 500～3 000 mg/L时,COD去除率为94.6%～96.1%,进水COD为2 000 mg/L时,出水COD平均为96.0 mg/L.WAO-SBR处理乳化液废水具有良好的开发前景.     

Comparative mammalian cell cytotoxicity of wastewater with elevated bromide and iodide after chlorination, chloramination, or ozonation

Recycling wastewater is becoming more common as communities around the world try to better control their water resources against an increased frequency of either prolonged droughts or intense flooding. For communities in coastal areas, wastewaters may contain elevated levels of bromide(Br~-) and iodide(I~-) from seawater intrusion or high mineral content of source waters. Disinfection of such wastewater is mandatory to prevent the spread of pathogens, however little is known about the toxicity of wastewater after disinfection in the presence of Br~-and I~-. In this study we compared the induction of chronic cytotoxicity in mammalian cells in samples of municipal secondary wastewater effluent amended with elevated levels of Br~-/I~-after disinfection by chlorine, chloramines or ozone to identify which disinfection process generated wastewater with the lowest level of adverse biological response. Chlorination increased mammalian cell cytotoxicity by 5times as compared to non-disinfected controls. Chloramination produced disinfected wastewater that expressed 6.3 times more cytotoxicity than the non-disinfected controls and was 1.3 times more cytotoxic than the chlorinated samples. Ozonation produced wastewater with cytotoxicity comparable to the non-disinfected controls and was at least 4times less cytotoxic than the chlorine disinfected wastewaters. These results indicate that compared to chlorination and chloramination, ozonation of wastewater with high Br~-/Ilevels yielded the lowest mammalian cell cytotoxicity, suggesting its potential as a more favorable method to disinfect wastewater with minimizing the biological toxicity in mind.     

石化污水厂二级出水溶解性有机物分级解析研究

以某石化污水处理厂二级出水为研究对象,采用大孔吸附树脂将污水中溶解性有机物分离成亲水性物质、疏水酸性物质、疏水中性物质和疏水碱性物质4个组分,分析了各组分的有机物的组成特征、三维荧光光谱特征及红外光谱特征.结果表明,亲水性物质和疏水酸性物质分别占水样中溶解性有机碳的49%和29%,是该石化污水厂二级出水中的主要物质类别.亲水性物质中含有较多的生物源腐殖质类物质,疏水中性物质含有较多的芳香族蛋白质和溶解性微生物代谢产物类物质.4种组分的红外光谱图中600~1200cm-1波数的指纹区波峰数量最多,多为芳香类同分异构体化合物.     

Non-thermal plasma treatment of Radix aconiti wastewater generated by traditional Chinese medicine processing

The wastewater effluent from Radix aconiti processing, an important step in the production processes of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), is a type of toxic wastewater and difficult to treat. Plasma oxidation methods have emerged as feasible techniques for effective decomposition of toxic organic pollutants. This study examined the performance of a plasma reactor operated in a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) to degrade the effluent from R. aconiti processing. The effects of treatment time, discharge voltage, initial pH value and the feeding gas for the reactor on the degradation of this TCM wastewater were investigated. A bacterium bioluminescence assay was adopted in this study to test the toxicity of the TCM wastewater after non-thermal plasma treatment. The degradation ratio of the main toxic component was 87.77% after 60 min treatment with oxygen used as feed gas and it was 99.59% when the initial pH value was 8.0. High discharge voltage and alkaline solution environment were beneficial for improving the degradation ratio. The treatment process was found to be capable of reducing the toxicity of the wastewater to a low level or even render it non-toxic. These experimental results suggested that the DBD plasma method may be a competitive technology for primary decomposition of biologically undegradable toxic organic pollutants in TCM wastewater.     

印钞废水厌氧处理可行性研究

为了对印钞废水生物处理提供可行性方案。通过对印钞废水的特性进行分析,采用厌氧生物处理技术进行处理,并对反应过程中可降解性和产甲烷毒性进行分析。结果表明,印钞废水可以通过厌氧生物降解进行处理,其可降解性BD%为79.6%,对甲烷菌的抑制作用为89.6%,微生物不能通过直接驯化适应,建议厌氧处理前进行稀释或脱毒处理,同时需要给废水中补充磷源,以满足微生物生长的需要。     

四种絮凝剂对印染废水生化出水强化混凝处理的比较研究

印染废水污染严重,通常经生化处理后出水依然难以达标,还需进行深度处理。采用4种絮凝剂(无机多元聚硅酸盐、双氰胺-甲醛缩合剂、硫酸铝及这三种絮凝剂的复合剂)对某印染厂废水的生化出水进行深度处理,并且利用气相色谱质谱仪(GC-MS),分子荧光光谱仪(EEM)对出水前后水样中的有机污染物进行了检测,并利用MTS法对四种絮凝剂去除印染废水生化出水的细胞毒活性进行絮凝剂安全评估。结果表明:处理后的水质指标均达到国家Ⅰ级排放标准,且复合剂对印染废水生化出水的处理效果最好(COD去除率37.5%、TOC去除率71.6%、色度由40降至25)。EEM结果表明,复合剂不仅对蛋白质和腐殖酸类物质的去除能力显著高于其他三种絮凝剂,而且能够去除的难降解类有机物种类也属最多(包括去除三甘醇,磷酸三丁酯等5种主要污染物)。其产生良好效果的原因在于无机絮凝剂电中和能力和有机高分子絮凝剂吸附架桥性能的协同作用。此外,细胞毒活性实验表明,在本实验条件下添加硫酸铝使印染废水生化出水细胞毒活性增加10.5%,其他三种絮凝剂则都在不同程度上使细胞毒活性减小。     

螺旋霉素废水处理过程中菌群结构、水质特征及抗性基因之间关系分析

抗生素制药废水常含有大量抗生素抗性基因（antibiotic resistance genes,ARG）,传播抗性污染的风险高于城市污水,但目前人们对抗生素制药废水处理过程中ARG转归影响机制研究尚有不足.本研究采用高通量测序考察某螺旋霉素制药废水厂A²O工艺过程中菌群结构变化,并通过多种统计学分析方法考察菌群结构、水质特征及ARG之间的相互关系.结果表明,生物处理单元中污泥的菌群结构受进水水质影响较小,其中厌氧和缺氧池中均以产甲烷菌与硫酸盐还原菌为优势菌,好氧池和二沉池中优势菌群的功能较为复杂;A²O系统对常规污染物去除效果较好,但不能稳定削减潜在致病菌丰度.水质特征、菌群结构和ARG之间存在显著相互影响关系,其中废水处理过程中生物量、NH₄⁺-N和化学需氧量（chemical oxygen demand,COD）与ARG和可移动遗传元件（mobile genetic elements,MGE）的分布密切相关.在水相和泥相中对ARG和MGE产生显著影响的菌属不同,而且泥相中有更多的潜在致病菌与ARG显著相关性,即污泥中微生物同时获得耐药性和致病性的可能性比水相中高.本研究可为今后抗生素制药废水处理过程的抗性污染控制提供科学参考.     

Characterisation of acute toxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress posed by textile effluent on zebrafish

Textile industries are important sources of toxic discharges and contribute enormously to water deterioration, while little attention has been paid to the toxicity of textile effluents in discharge regulation. Bioassays with zebrafish were employed to evaluate the toxicity of wastewater samples collected from different stages at a textile factory and sewage treatment plants (STPs). Physico-chemical parameters, acute toxicity, genotoxicity and oxidative stress biomarkers were analyzed. The wastewater samples from bleaching, rinsing and soaping of the textile factory exhibited high acute toxicity and genotoxicity. The coexisting components of dye compounds, as assistants and oxidants, seemed to cause some effect on the toxic response. After treatment employing the anoxic-oxic (A/O) process in STPs, the color and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) were reduced by 40% and 84%, respectively, falling within the criteria of the Chinese Sewage Discharge Standard. In contrast, increases in acute toxicity and genotoxicity were observed in the anaerobic tank, indicating the formation of toxic intermediates. The genotoxicity of the effluent of the STP was not significantly different from that of the influent, suggesting the wastewater treatment processes were not effective in removing the genotoxicity of the dye wastewater. Results indicated that the effluent contains pro-oxidants since the activities of glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and total anti-oxidation capacity (T-AOC) were all elevated. In addition, decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione-S transferase (GST) activities observed can be interpreted as a cytotoxicity sign due to an over-production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The results of the present study suggest that the STPs were not capable of reducing the toxicity of wastewater sufficiently. Further treatment is needed to remove the potential risks posed by textile effluent to ecosystems and human health, and employing a toxicity index is necessary for discharge regulation.     

焦化废水活性污泥法处理中微型动物群落及其与处理性能之间的关系

为了分析难降解焦化废水活性污泥法处理中的微型动物群落特征,本研究考察了活性污泥法焦化废水处理厂中的微型动物群落,分析了其与处理性能之间的相互关系.结果发现,本研究共采集的64个水样中,鉴别出28个种属微型动物,其中,原生动物27种(22种纤毛虫、4种鞭毛虫、1种有壳变形虫),1个类群微型后生动物.固着型和匍匐型纤毛虫为共优势群,固着型小口钟虫(Vorticella microstoma)为绝对优势种.除小口钟虫(V.microstoma)(出现频率100%)外,出现频率较高的种类还有轮虫(rotifers)(97%)、沟钟虫(Vorticella convallaria)(69%)等.与常规废水活性污泥法处理系统相比,焦化废水处理系统中的微型动物种类和数量相对偏低.相关性分析结果表明,生物学参数与出水水质、运行参数间存在着不同的相关性.其中,累枝虫属(Epistylis spp.)与出水氨氮(r=-0.740,p0.01)、氰化物(r=0.509,p0.05)和DO(r=0.514,p0.05)存在着显著的相关性;吸管虫属(Podophrya spp.)与硝化效率呈显著负相关(p0.05),它们可作为系统处理性能参数的指示微生物;其他种属与出水水质和运行参数间的相关性不显著(p0.05).因子分析揭示了与系统相关联的潜在的重要影响因素,以及某些微型动物种属间存在的相互关系.     

Occurrence, distribution, and potential influencing factors of sewage sludge components derived from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants of Beijing, China

Millions of tons of waste activated sludge (WAS) produced from biological wastewater treatment processes cause severe adverse environmental consequences. A better understanding of WAS composition is thus very critical for sustainable sludge management. In this work, the occurrence and distribution of several fundamental sludge constituents were explored in WAS samples from nine full-scale wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) of Beijing, China. Among all the components investigated, active heterotrophic biomass was dominant in the samples (up to 9478 mg/L), followed by endogenous residues (6736 mg/L), extracellular polymeric substances (2088 mg/L), and intracellular storage products (464 mg/L) among others. Moreover, significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in composition profiles of sludge samples among the studied WWTPs. To identify the potential parameters affecting the variable fractions of sludge components, wastewater source as well as design and operational parameters of WWTPs were studied using statistical methods. The findings indicated that the component fraction of sewage sludge depends more on wastewater treatment alternatives than on wastewater characteristics among other parameters. A principal component analysis was conducted, which further indicated that there was a greater proportion of residual inert biomass in the sludge produced by the combined system of the conventional anaerobic/anoxic/oxic process and a membrane bioreactor. Additionally, a much longer solids retention time was also found to influence the sludge composition and induce an increase in both endogenous inert residues and extracellular polymeric substances in the sludge.     

化学沉淀法处理高盐含磷废水

高盐含磷废水具有盐含量高、污染物成分复杂和生物处理难等特点。生产鸟粪石后的浓海水因添加过量的Na₂HPO₄及NH₄HCO₃等诱导剂和稀释剂,其上清液中会有PO3-₄-P残留。针对其上清液磷含量超标的问题,使用化学沉淀法进行除磷实验。选用聚合氯化铝(PAC)、FeCl₃、Ca (OH)₂、聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)作为实验药剂,研究了反应时间、单一药剂添加量和药剂复配等因素对除磷效果的影响,筛选出2种满足出水磷含量要求(0.5 mg/L)的工艺条件。方案1:添加n (Ca)/n (P)=4.5的Ca (OH)₂,处理后溶液PO3-₄-P含量为0.2 mg/L;方案2:添加n (Al)∶n (P)=0.5的PAC+n (Ca)/n (P)=4.0的Ca (OH)₂+0.5 g/L PAM,处理后溶液PO3-₄-P含量为0.4 mg/L。综合分析,方案1操作方便,方案2有助于固液分离,二者均可以用作废水处理方案,研究结果为高盐含磷废水处理提供了一个切实可行的思路。     

Treatment of oilfield produced water by anaerobic process coupled with micro-electrolysis

Treatment of oilfield produced water was investigated using an anaerobic process coupled with micro-electrolysis (ME), focusing on changes in chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biodegradability. Results showed that COD exhibited an abnormal change in the single anaerobic system in which it increased within the first 168 hr, but then decreased to 222 mg/L after 360 hr. The biological oxygen demand (five-day) (BOD5)/COD ratio of the water increased from 0.05 to 0.15. Hydrocarbons in the wastewater, such as pectin, degraded to small molecules during the hydrolytic acidification process. Comparatively, the e ect of ME was also investigated. The COD underwent a slight decrease and the BOD5/COD ratio of the water improved from 0.05 to 0.17 after ME. Removal of COD was 38.3% under the idealized ME conditions (pH 6.0), using iron and active carbon (80 and 40 g/L, respectively). Coupling the anaerobic process with ME accelerated the COD removal ratio (average removal was 53.3%). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used to analyze organic species conversion. This integrated system appeared to be a useful option for the treatment of water produced in oilfields.     

内循环活性炭生物流化床处理农药生产废水的试验研究

采用内循环活性炭生物流化床反应器处理某农药厂生产废水,通过试验研究了该反应器在室温条件下处理农药生产废水的性能.结果表明:当进水pH值控制在7.0～7.5、水力停留时间为6h、曝气量控制在使活性炭处于流化状态时,CODcr的去除率为50％,总氮的去除率为32.33％,同时可生化性明显提高,生物毒性有所降低.     

富油微藻-真菌共培养资源化处理模拟畜禽养殖废水的效能研究

为探究富油微藻-真菌共培养处理畜禽养殖废水的可行性,构建小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和米曲霉菌(Aspergillus oryzae)的共培养体系,通过调节不同比例的微藻真菌初始接种量,对模拟畜禽养殖废水污染物去除、藻菌结合与采收、生物质干质量与生化组分以及生物柴油生产能力进行系统研究.结果表明：(1)C. vulgaris和A. oryzae在废水处理过程中具有协同效应,与C. vulgaris单独处理相比,共培养更有利于污染物的去除.最优藻菌接种比例为25∶1,TN、NH₄⁺-N、TP、COD和Cu(Ⅱ)的去除率分别达72.51%、71.19%、92.23%、91.47%和90.38%.藻菌共培养对3种磺胺类药物(SAs)也具有显著的生物去除效果,磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMZ)、磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)和磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(SMM)的去除率分别达57.61%、58.31%和50.48%.(2)丝状真菌易于与微藻形成球状体,在菌丝强力支撑作用下,C. vulgaris在废水中呈现悬浮状态,提高污染物的去除率,并实现对微藻的高效采收,最高采...     

Large-Scale Survey of Human Enteroviruses in Wastewater Treatment Plants of a Metropolitan Area of Southern Italy

Human enteroviruses (HEVs) occur in high concentrations in wastewater and can contaminate receiving environmental waters, constituting a major cause of acute waterborne disease worldwide. In this study, we investigated the relative abundance, occurrence, and seasonal distribution of polio and other enteroviruses at three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Naples, Southern Italy, from January 2010 to December 2014. Influent and effluent samples from the three WWTPs were collected monthly. One hundred and sixty-one of the 731 wastewater samples collected (22.0%) before and after water treatment were CPE positive on RD cells; while no samples were positive on L20B cells from any WWTPs. Among the 140 non-polio enterovirus isolated from inlet sewage, 69.3% were Coxsackieviruses type B and 30.7% were Echoviruses. Among these, CVB3 and CVB5 were most prevalent, followed by CVB4 and Echo6. The twenty-one samples tested after treatment contained 6 CVB4, 5 CVB3, 3 Echo11, and 2 Echo6; while other serotypes were isolated less frequently. Data on viral detection in treated effluents of WWTPs confirmed the potential environmental contamination by HEVs and could be useful to establish standards for policies on wastewater management.     

石墨烯气凝胶强化氯霉素废水厌氧生物处理效能及机制研究

针对高浓度氯霉素（CAP）废水在实际厌氧生物处理过程中难降解、毒性大及对活性污泥产生的抑制问题,本文采用三维石墨烯气凝胶（GA）作为外源强化介质,通过批次试验探究了不同初始石墨烯气凝胶浓度、电子供体（蔗糖）浓度以及氯霉素浓度对氯霉素废水厌氧降解过程中氯霉素去除速率、有机物去除率以及甲烷产量等影响.结果表明：当初始石墨烯气凝胶浓度为0.5 g·L^-1、初始电子供体浓度为8.8 mmol·L^-1、初始氯霉素浓度为50 mg·L^-1时,强化效果最为显著,当反应进行到18 h时,强化系统中氯霉素的去除率达到94%以上,COD的去除率稳定在26.6%~35.6%之间,强化系统比只加入污泥的生物系统氯霉素去除速率增加了48%~51.6%,COD去除率增加了10%左右.石墨烯气凝胶作为电子转移中间介体和微生物富集的载体,促进微生物种间进行直接电子转移,加速氯霉素的脱氯过程和甲烷的产生,为高浓度抗生素废水的厌氧生物处理提供了新的处理思路和参考.