小波处理下的电磁环境仿真加速方法效果对比

为了减少复杂电磁环境的仿真时间,在一定的精度允许的范围内,可对地形做适当的处理,以减少射线条数,换取仿真时间的缩短。本文通过小波分解,再进行中值滤波处理,以完成地形的平滑去噪处理。且为了选取最优小波基,本文采用不同小波基,对地形高程值进行小波变换和滤波处理,比较处理后的地形仿真效果,进而找出对地形做小波变换的最优小波基。     

基于地形分区的射线跟踪法加速方法的研究

通过分析影响射线跟踪法计算效率的因素,提出一种基于多线程的用于开放地理环境中的射线跟踪加速方法,以提高射线跟踪法在计算机仿真中的计算效率。该方法应用于特定复杂战场电磁环境,根据电磁波射线传播特性,采用对地形分区的途径减少射线与规则三角面地形面的求交次数,同时使用多线程追踪单个辐射源的射线路径。经过对方法进行仿真计算,验证该方法的有效性。     

基于射线弹跳法的常见电磁仿真模型的地形剖分加速算法

电磁环境仿真中,针对一种常见的电磁仿真模型,提出了一种地形剖分方法来加快射线追踪计算。当发射机与接收机相距较远时,将包含发射机的较小区域和包含接收机的较小区域分别用较密的网格进行剖分,其他的地形用较粗的网格进行剖分。大量的仿真测试证明了该加速算法的高效性,其能在保证仿真精度的情况下减少仿真时间。     

复杂电磁环境仿真软件中的大地形文件传输技术研究

为了提高仿真速度,仿真软件一般采用多台计算机进行协同工作,首先搭建一套电波传播仿真并行系统,该系统能够导入地理信息,并在导入的地图上进行电磁辐射源建模及电磁环境仿真工作。但是,对于一些很大的地形,其海量的三维地形数据的传输时间过长,这加大了总的仿真等待时间。所以为了综合利用多台计算机的资源优势,提出使用BitTorrent方式,使得服务端与客户端的计算机均可以为地形文件的传输做贡献,极大减少了地形文件传输时间,可以从侧面提高仿真工作的效率。     

广播电塔电磁环境仿真研究

介绍了一种广播电视发射塔电磁环境预测的方法,利用了广播电视发射塔天线的远场方向图,结合周边的实际地理环境状况,通过CEMS（复杂电磁环境方针系统）软件实现快速仿真。文中的广播电塔的天线使用了最常用的单极板天线,在CEMS软件中,用发射机代替广播电视电塔,在天线的辐射范围内按照一定的规律放置接收机并进行仿真分析。通过仿真分析,对以后广播电视电塔的选址和改进提供一定的依据。     

基于地形网格剖分的射线追踪法的时间优化

地形的网格剖分程度直接影响着电磁仿真的计算精度及其计算量。以同一块地理模型为例,分析不同精度网格对电磁环境仿真精度和计算量的影响。正向算法中,辐射源的剖分精细情况也直接影响着电磁环境仿真精度和计算时间。结合电磁环境中辐射源和接收机的分布特点,提出了在保证仿真精度前提下减少仿真时间的网格剖分方法。     

复杂电磁环境仿真软件中的电磁态势显示计算技术研究

在复杂电磁环境仿真软件中，电磁态势显示是一个重要的功能，而传统的单PC机仿真软件很难满足电磁态势显示大数据量和高计算精度的要求。从分布式计算以及接收区域模型化两个方面对传统的射线追踪算法加以改进，使其更加适合电磁态势仿真场景，以达到提升仿真效率的目的。     

复杂电磁环境中电磁威胁度评估仿真软件设计

主要针对复杂电磁环境中的电子设备进行电磁威胁度的评估预测,建立了威胁度评估模型,设定了威胁度等级判定,并利用计算机技术将复杂电磁环境预测仿真进行了软件方面的设计与实现。     

射线追踪中与地形的加速技术研究

在采用射线追踪方法的仿真软件中，一般都会判断射线与地形的交点，从而判断射线与哪块地形发生相交和反射、绕射。目前地形多采用三角面的形式来模拟。而一条射线对较大地形所有三角面进行一次相交的判定的过程较长。就射线与地形判断相交和确定交点的位置的过程中估计射线路径从而减少与三角面的相交判断从而进行加速，从而使得射线追踪时间能够大幅度的缩短，提高了软件仿真的效率。     

某运载火箭舱内无线系统电磁兼容性仿真分析方法与应用

为保证某运载火箭与卫星星箭分离面处的电磁兼容性设计,在火箭无线系统研制阶段,应用电磁仿真预测分析方法,构建火箭箭体及无线系统电磁仿真模型,搭建火箭系统电磁仿真平台,计算星箭分离面处的电磁辐射特性,分析潜在电磁干扰危害。在预测分析基础上,结合火箭、卫星总装状态下的星箭分离面处电磁兼容性测试,验证仿真预测分析方法的有效性。这种电磁仿真预测分析、试验验证相结合的方法,为在火箭设计全流程的电磁兼容设计提供支撑,同时实现了火箭研制与试验验证的闭环设计。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.