甲烷排放与应对气候变化国家战略探析

甲烷的全球变暖潜势是二氧化碳的72倍(20年水平),但其在大气中的寿命短于二氧化碳,可以作为优先减排对象。中国的甲烷排放十分突出,甲烷减排在应对气候变化国家战略中具有重要的基础性地位,然而在政策研究中,甲烷受到的关注程度远低于二氧化碳。本文基于甲烷排放研究的相关进展,首次系统性地论述了中国甲烷排放与应对气候变化国家战略之间的关系。主要结论是:甲烷排放的有效控制和减缓可以成为中国温室气体减排的重要组成部分,甲烷等温室气体的减排战略要用"系统减排"思路替代传统的"末端减排"思路;甲烷系统减排的策略和实施措施不仅需要重视主要排放部门(如煤炭开采与洗选业,农业)的直接末端减排,更需要突出强调建设活动、城市消费、资本投资和出口贸易等消费端的间接体现减排;在国际气候谈判中通过纳入甲烷排放,可以至少在五个方面丰富和支撑中国的国家立场,如从承诺"单位GDP二氧化碳减排"向承诺"单位GDP温室气体减排"转变。     

布什政府温室气体减排政策评析

美国作为世界政治经济大国和世界第一大温室气体排放国家，其温室气体减排政策备受关注。布什政府上台后不久宣布拒绝接受《京都议定书》，并于2002年2月提出“全球气候变化计划”。布什政府实际上在以各种借口推托美国应该承担的温室气体减排国际责任，这将对以UNFCCC为基础的全球气候合作产生消极影响，并对全球气候政策提出挑战。     

应对气候变化:国际谈判历程及主要经济体的态度与政策

为解决气候变化问题,联合国设立了政府间气候变化专门委员会,召开了十五次国际气候变化大会,取得了《联合国气候变化框架公约》、《京都议定书》与"巴厘岛路线图"等重要成果,确定了各国尤其是发达国家的温室气体排放减少义务,为应对气候变化问题确立了基本框架。国际社会已准备就《京都议定书》以后的国际气候制度框架进行谈判,各国官方机构、学术机构与学者围绕减排义务的类型、区别对待与责任分担,提出了多种方案。发达经济体是温室气体减排义务的主要承担者,同时也是全球气候合作的主要参与者。美国的气候政策出现了重大转变,奥巴马总统将气候变化政策作为重点政策领域之一;欧盟与日本则一直积极推动全球温室气体减排;发展中经济体也积极参与国际气候合作,如印度已制订了《气候变化国家行动方案》。作为发展中国家,中国不需承担气体排放减少量化任务,但仍积极参与这一历史进程,做出了自己的贡献。     

钢渣内部综合利用碳减排效果的生命周期评价

钢铁行业是重要的温室气体排放行业之一,消减单位钢铁产品碳排放是实现我国2020年碳减排目标的重要保证。除改进钢铁生产工艺外,钢铁工业固废综合利用也是钢铁行业温室气体减排的重要手段和途径。钢渣是钢铁冶炼过程排放的主要固废之一,本文在调研钢渣综合利用途径、工艺及现状的基础上,使用生命周期评价的方法,并结合情景分析手段,通过对4个转炉钢渣内部综合利用方案下GWP(Global Warming Potential)100a影响结果的比较和分析,研究转炉钢渣内部综合利用在消解粗钢产品生命周期碳排放上的作用。结果显示通过对转炉钢渣内部综合利用方式的合理规划,最多可在现有基础上消解粗钢产品温室气体排放量的14.2%。通过对其减排机制的深入研究,发现转炉钢渣内部综合利用可有效降低钢铁生产的资源与能源消耗,这是碳排放消解的主要途径;此外废钢及钢渣的内部回用也是碳减排的途径之一。结果也表明生命周期评价是研究工业产品碳排放,评价低碳方案碳减排效果的重要工具,可帮助决策者寻找最为合理的低碳方案。     

碳中和目标的公平性评价——基于碳配额分配模型

承担减排责任是参与气候变化全球治理的重要组成。碳中和目标已成为气候变化领域的热点,目前明确提出碳中和目标的国家已覆盖全球超75%的温室气体排放。合理地评价和比较各国/地区碳中和目标将成为全球盘点的重要内容,同时对各国提振减排目标具有参考意义。该研究首先利用配额分配模型,研究了全球2℃和1.5℃目标下主要国家和地区需实现的碳中和年份,评价了各国目标年份与全球温升目标的关系;在此基础上,模拟主要国家和地区实现碳中和的可仿效路径,以年均减排量、人均排放及人均累计排放等指标评估了各国和地区碳中和目标力度。研究得出：多数发达国家和地区当前碳中和目标无法满足全球实现1.5℃温升目标的要求;美国和欧盟延续现有NDC目标下的年均减排量,即可实现2050年碳中和目标。中国实现2060年碳中和目标,2030—2050年年均减排率为6.7%,年均减排量为1.5℃目标路径下全球的51%,将面临较大压力;中国未来将成为全球累计排放的主力,其未来选择的减排路径对全球累计排放及温升目标均将产生重要影响。基于上述研究结论,该研究提出发达国家与发展中国家应积极探索双边或多边协作减排模式,实现技术和资金等方面的深度合作;...     

英国控制温室气体排放的主要财税政策评述

财税政策和碳排放权交易是国际上最常用的两类基于市场的控制温室气体排放政策,目前世界上大多数国家选择其中的一类作为控制温室气体排放的主要市场政策工具,并将二者视为是不能兼容的。相比于碳排放权交易,财税政策影响范围更广,往往受到更多政治因素制约,政策设计也更加复杂。财税政策在英国控制温室气体排放政策体系中占有非常重要的地位,产生了显著的减排效果,并且通过灵活和复杂的设计,与碳排放权交易共同实施。英国的实践说明,财税政策与碳排放权交易在控制温室气体排放中不仅可以共同实施,而且可以起到相互补充的作用。本文重点分析了包括气候变化税、排放价格支持机制和气候变化协议在内的英国控制温室气体排放财税政策设计的特点、政策设计中的主要考虑因素,并分析了英国相关财税政策与碳排放权交易政策间的衔接与协调方式。英国在财税政策和碳排放权交易的衔接与协调中,综合考虑了不同政策的实际影响,既避免了单一政策对经济的影响过大,又降低了财税政策所面临的政治压力。此外,英国控制温室气体排放的财税政策中还设计了一系列灵活机制,平衡了控排效果与政治影响,并使政府和排放企业获得了更大的灵活性,有利于利益相关方接受相关政策。英国控制温室气体排放的政策实践对于我国以及考虑采用财税政策或碳排放权交易控制温室气体排放的国家具有重要参考意义。     

中国大气污染治理绩效及其对世界减排的贡献

碳排放和大气污染作为威胁人类生存的重要环境问题,越来越受到国内外的广泛关注。中国既是碳排放大国,又面临严重的大气污染问题,其对全球减排市场的影响极其重要。然而作为最大的发展中国家,中国肩负的发展任务与减排之间存在一定冲突。鉴此,本文应用多国动态可计算一般均衡模型研究了要素变动、自发性能效改进和外生性能源技术进步对中国长期经济增长、大气污染治理和温室气体减排的影响,并估算了中国实现碳减排目标(2030年碳排放量达到峰值,且2050年碳排放量为2015年的50%)情景下的大气污染排放量及对世界减排的溢出效应。在排放物种类方面,本文将考察多种温室气体(二氧化碳、甲烷、一氧化二氮和全氟化合物)和污染气体(二氧化硫、氮氧化物、挥发性有机化合物和一氧化碳)的排放情况。研究结果表明:①污染气体减排和温室气体减排具有协同效益。当达到碳减排目标时,2050年基准情景下二氧化硫、氮氧化物、一氧化碳和挥发性有机化合物的排放量分别减少了34. 51%、31. 36%、10. 42%和22. 75%。②按照现有的能源技术难以有效减少未来的温室气体和污染气体排放。只有当中国各产业部门能效增长达到年均约2. 6%时,中国才能在不牺牲经济增长的前提下实现其减排目标。③中国碳减排对全球减排有正溢出效应,尤其对周边地区、美国、欧盟等贸易来往密切的经济体影响较大。基于以上结果,本文提出了一些政策建议,比如加大对新能源领域的投资力度;在鼓励生育和实现减排目标之间做出一定程度的权衡;发挥中国的大国示范作用并以全球"人类命运共同体"为载体推动生态环境治理约束制度的构建等。     

战略环评控制温室气体排放的评价思路与指标体系

战略环评作为宏观环境管理措施在推动产业转型升级、促进区域污染减排方面发挥重要作用。温室气体排放产生大尺度区域性生态环境问题,需要环境管理制度从战略和区域层面进行控制。通过战略环评控制温室气体排放对于适应当前国内外发展形势具有积极意义,有助于碳减排目标实现,加快转变经济发展方式和推进生态文明建设。由于温室气体环境影响的区域性、长期性和不确定性,不同于常规环境空气污染物,需要超越常规环评预测评估路径,以控制指标为核心建立环境影响评价思路。国际上已有应对气候变化的管理和技术实践,通过设定排放总量和排放绩效指标引导温室气体排放控制。结合国际经验,将温室气体作为特殊"污染物"控制纳入战略环评,建立基于温室气体控制的战略环评评价指标体系的组成可包括绝对排放量、排放强度和控制绩效三类指标。温室气体控制目标的确定,可以参照国家、区域和行业层面关于温室气体控制的政策目标进行划定或分解测算。通过建立科学适用的评价目标和指标体系,为在战略环评中开展温室气体控制扫除技术障碍,也必将为我国全面落实温室气体减排承诺发挥作用。     

低碳经济的发展模式研究

当前,全球正发生着以变暖为主要特征的气候变化,并已成为世界各国共同面临的危机和挑战。低碳经济是减少温室气体排放,应对全球变暖的最佳经济模式。本文从温室气体减排压力、能源安全和资源环境等三个方面分析了中国发展低碳经济的紧迫性。在对国内外低碳经济理论和实践综述的基础上，从宏观、中观和微观三个层次论证了低碳经济发展模式的发展方向、发展方式和发展方法。即以低碳发展为发展方向．以节能减排为发展方式。以碳中和技术为发展方法。最后提出了我国实施低碳经济发展模式的政策措施：①节能优先。提高能源利用效率；②化石能源低碳化。大力发展可再生能源；③设立碳基金．激励低碳技术的研究和开发；④确立国家碳交易机制。     

中国道路交通系统的碳减排政策综述

气候变化问题已成为国际社会高度关注的热点。作为世界上第二大温室气体排放部门,交通部门的减排形势不容乐观。首先指出政策制度的创新和发展是推动道路交通领域碳减排和实现低碳发展的重要驱动因素;其次,以系统论和环境经济学为指导,构建了中国道路交通低碳政策矩阵,并分别讨论了燃油经济性标准、车用替代燃料、新能源汽车、燃油税等多项政策;最后强调指出单纯依靠某一种或某一类政策来实现道路交通系统的温室气体减排目标是不现实的,不同政策组合或综合性战略的减排效果比较显著。所以,进一步健全完善道路交通系统温室气体减排政策体系,加大政策创新力度应该成为有效实现道路交通碳减排目标、促进国民经济可持续发展的战略选择。     

Climate Change Responsibility and China＇s Endeavor

The problem of climate change is a global challenge. It is closely associated with social development and human survival, and it has a significant impact to all countries on energy develop- ment, economic competitiveness, technological innovation, and way of life. In recent years, with the rapid economic development in China, there is a rumor that the rapid growth of China＇s carbon dioxide emission offset the efforts of the international community in reducing emissions, and China should bear the international responsibility corresponding to its significant role in greenhouse gas emission, which obviously are unfair and not objective. As this paper reveals, ＂China environment responsibility＂ that is the socalled ＂China environment threat＂ or theories, China has made a positive contribution to addressing the climate change in the past and China will still be the backbone on the protection of global climate in the future.     

Industrial Carbon Emissions Status and Analysis Based on Energy Consumption

With frequent disastrous weathers and increasingly prominent GHG effects in recent years, normal existence and development of mankind are facing unprecedented threats and challenges. GHG emissions mitigation for the global climate changes has been the focus of concern of the world. As the biggest developing country and the second largest country of carbon-emission, China attaches importance to the carbon emission reduction. The major GHG component is carbon dioxide and in China, the emission of carbon dioxide is mainly from industrial production. In the paper, the status and trend of Co2 emission from industrial departments, high-carbon emission and its specific industries are shown in statistics. Meanwhile, the policy environment, industrial organization structure and technology of carbon high emission are all discussed based on practical situations in these departments and industries. At the end, through the analysis of gray correlation, correlativity is explored for both fossil energy consumption and total carbon emission, and also for the production value and carbon emission of each industrial sector. Some policy proposals for the establishment of low-carbon industries and transition of economic development pattern are set forth.     

Climate Change Responsibility and China’s Endeavor

The problem of climate change is a global challenge.It is closely associated with social development and human survival,and it has a significant impact to all countries on energy development,economic competitiveness,technological innovation,and way of life.In recent years,with the rapid economic development in China,there is a rumor that the rapid growth of China’s carbon dioxide emission offset the efforts of the international community in reducing emissions,and China should bear the international responsibility corresponding to its significant role in greenhouse gas emission,which obviously are unfair and not objective.As this paper reveals,"China environment responsibility" that is the socalled "China environment threat" or theories,China has made a positive contribution to addressing the climate change in the past and China will still be the backbone on the protection of global climate in the future.     

全球CO_2排放研究趋势及其对我国的启示

近几年,全球气候变暖已经成为国际社会的共识,由此而引发的温室气体减排计划也陆续在主要发达国家开始实施,有关CO_2排放问题的研究也成为全球的学术焦点.通过对全球CO_2排放研究趋势的总结发现:首先,国际社会有关CO_2排放的核算方法不断完善,从IPCC(1995)到IPCC(2006),内容更加完善,方法更趋合理;其次,排放责任的区分日益公平合理,随着"碳转移"和"碳泄露"问题研究的深入,有关排放责任区分方法的研究逐渐在从生产视角向消费视角转变;第三,排放因素分解逐步深入,分解公式包括KAYA公式和投入产出公式,分解方法从指数法到平均对数法再到微积分法,分解模型日趋成熟和多元化;第四,排放预测模型也不断综合化、长期化,自上而下模型和自下而上模型逐渐相互借鉴和融合.在此基础上,笔者对我国CO_2排放研究提出了几点启发,即加快排放因子数据库建设,重视责任排放和结构分析研究,提高自主建模的水平和完善我国技术环境数据库等.以期提高我国对温室气体排放现状和历史的认识,在国际气候变化领域发挥积极的作用.     

对当前全球气候变化问题的思考

全球气候变化问题已经超越了一般环境问题的范畴,而成为国际政治经济外交关系的重要考虑因素。随着《京都议定书》的实施以及气候变化问题谈判进程的加快．对我国未来经济社会发展提出了挑战。文章分析认为．要求主要发展中国家承诺减限排义务的压力与日俱增,而我国开始进入工业化中期．应对气候变化问题的能力还比较薄弱。因此．提出应对全球气候变化问题的一些思考：（1）充分认识全球气候变化问题的重要性和严峻性,准确把握国际谈判进程;（2）加快制定适应和减缓气候变化的国家战略。采取适合我国国情的有力措施积极应对气候变暖;（3）加强气候变化领域的能力建设．提高我国参与全球气候变化活动的能力;（4）充分利用国际合作机制,提高我国应对气候变化的技术水平与经济能力。     

Actively Dealing with Climate Change and Striving to Strengthen the Capability of Sustainable Development

Either from the perspective of the finite supply capacity of global resources and energy,or from the perspective of global environment restrictive conditions,developing countries can not repeat the old development road of developed countries,either in view of the international pressure China is currently facing,or in view of China’s own resources endowment and stages of development,we must actively face such a challenge of climate change.We must recognize that the issue of climate change may be a great restraint to the present and future eco-social development,and may also be an important driving force and new opportunity to push forward the transformation of development pattern,to take a new road of industrialization and to realize sustainable development.This demands us,on the one hand,to take the Scientific Outlook of Development as the guide to make efforts to control the emission of greenhouse gases and continuously increase the capability of adapting to climatic change,and set up the overall plan to respond to climate change of our country,and on the other hand,we should unswervingly take the road of sustainable development,save energy,optimize energy structure and strengthen biological protection in slowing and adapting to climate change.     

Technology advance and discounting of the historical emission responsibilities

Solving the dispute over historical greenhouse gases emission responsibility is critical for the future climate agreement.This article borrows the methodology from the carbon budget proposal,but further develops this approach by proposing discount of the historical responsibility due to the technology advance.Firstly,it studies the Annex I countries’mitigation and financial responsibilities of the historical emission in the carbon budget proposal;furthermore,it analyzes the results and implications of the discount approach.Results show that the discount method significantly reduces the burden of the mitigation and financial responsibilities of the Annex I countries.Thus,we claim that the discount approach is a systematic,pragmatic,and fair approach to solve the historical responsibility dispute and financial problems for the post-2020international climate institutions.     

Overview of regulatory/policy/economic issues related to carbon dioxide

This is an overview of Session 2c dealing with the regulatory, policy and economic issues related to carbon dioxide and its impact on global climate change. The information is taken from the two papers presented in this session (the U.S. Perspective by Dennis Leaf and the European Perspective by Hans J.H. Verolme) and from the panel discussion that took place at the end of the session. The overview focuses primarily on the policy responses of both the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK) to changes in global atmospheric pollution. To a lesser extent, the progress of policy responses to these changes is discussed. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has been signed and ratified by over 180 countries. The UNFCCC contained no binding targets or timetables for emissions reductions. The Kyoto Protocol [United Nations. Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. UNEP.IUC/99/10. Chatlelaine, Switzerland: United Nations Environment Programme's Information Unit for Conventions, for the Climate Change Secretariat, 1997] to the UNFCCC did contain targets and timetables for reductions of greenhouse gases on the part of developed countries. The US has signed but not ratified the Kyoto Protocol. The US has experienced some movement to reduce greenhouse gas emissions on the part of various levels of government, as well as the private sector. The UK's commitment to reducing green house gases is laid down in the UK Climate Change Programme 2000. The UK is a member of the European Union (EU). In this context, an example of EU-wide progress, the voluntary agreement with car manufacturers to reduce CO(2) emissions in new vehicles, will be discussed. In addition, there will be some discussion on the UK CO(2) trading scheme that created the first market in the world in April 2001. Overall, the policy process is constantly informed by scientific research. In the case of climate change, much of this work is carried out under the auspices of international scientific panels.