基于混凝-Fenton氧化法的垃圾渗滤液深度处理研究

采用混凝-Fenton氧化法对经生化处理后的垃圾渗滤液进行了深度处理,确定了最佳的试验条件.结果表明,混凝剂聚合硫酸铁(PFS)的最佳投加量为20mL/L.通过正交试验和单因素试验,确定了Fenton反应最佳工艺条件: 初始pH值为3,H2O2加入量为3.0 mL/L,FeSO4·7H2O加入量为3.5 g/L,反应时间为120 min.生化处理后的垃圾渗滤液经混凝-Fenton氧化法深度处理后,CODCr由处理前的560 mg/L降至处理后的93 mg/L,去除率达83.4%,出水水质达到新修订的<生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准>(GB 16889-2008)排放标准.     

UV-vis/草酸铁络合物/H2O2法处理垃圾渗滤液的研究

在紫外光照下,利用H2O2和草酸铁络合物对垃圾渗滤液进行了处理,探讨了紫外光照时间、pH值、fenton试剂、草酸铵对垃圾渗滤液中CODCr去除率的影响.结果表明:UV-vis/草酸铁络合物/H2O2法对垃圾渗滤液CODCr去除率有较好的效果,当操作条件是:pH取3,反应时间为1 h,H2O2投加量为1.4 mL,H2O2/FeSO4·7H2O投加比(摩尔比)为5∶1,草酸铵投加量为5.5 mL时,CODCr的去除率达到了78.8%.     

PAC和PAM复合混凝剂处理垃圾渗滤液的试验研究

确定PAC和PAM复合混凝剂对垃圾渗滤液进行处理的最佳工艺条件.向垃圾渗滤液中投加混凝药剂,以COD和浊度作为考察指标,根据单因素和正交试验确定其最佳的工艺条件.试验研究表明,在室温条件下,pH=5.5,PAC的投加量为1 000 mg/L、PAM投加量为15mg/L、混凝反应1 min(快速搅拌结束后)投加PAM,对...     

微波消解法快速测定渗滤液化学需氧量

针对国标回流法测定化学需氧量消耗时间长,分析费用高等不足,研究了微波消解法测定垃圾渗滤液的试验方法.通过微波消解功率、消解时间、催化剂用量等试验,确定了微波消解测定渗滤液CODCr的最佳条件.该方法具有省时间、省试剂、准确度高等优点.     

石灰水预处理垃圾渗滤液的实验研究

采用饱和澄清石灰水对成都长安垃圾填埋场垃圾渗滤液进行预处理研究.通过平行实验对饱和澄清石灰水的用量和条件进行优化和筛选.实验结果表明,当pH值在9左右,饱和澄清石灰水投加量约3%时,对垃圾渗滤液CODCr、氨氮和重金属离子去除效果最佳.     

混凝-气浮预处理垃圾渗滤液的模拟试验研究

为了降低垃圾渗滤液中有机物和悬浮物含量,减轻后续处理负担,采用混凝-气浮工艺对垃圾渗滤液进行预处理,并考察其影响因素.结果表明,混凝剂种类、用量、混凝pH值、气浮作用时间等因素对有机物的去除率有明显影响.在优化工艺条件下,当进水COD为5 600 mg·L-1时,COD去除率可达到81.9%,BOD5的去除率可达73.3%,BOD5/COD从0.26提高到了0.40,有效提高了渗滤液的可生化性.研究表明,混凝-气浮工艺流程达到了较好的预处理效果.     

混凝-电凝聚技术处理三次采油废水研究

为了使三次采油废水的CODCr达到国家标准要求,在保留油田现有工艺处理效果的基础上,在自制反应槽中使用电凝聚技术并投加无机混凝剂对三次采油废水进行深度处理,分别调整反应时间、混凝剂投加量、电流密度、温度和pH值等进行条件筛选实验.每次反应结束后从反应槽中取适量处理水,真空抽滤后采用重铬酸钾法测定CODCr.用钢做电极,以硫酸铝为混凝剂,当极板间距为1 cm,pH值为7.00,混凝剂投加量为300 mg/L,搅拌速度为100 r/min,电流密度为12.5 A/m2,40 ℃水浴加热反应20 min时,CODCr去除率达到66.7%,出水CODCr值为84.1 mg/L,满足国家相关标准要求.研究表明混凝-电凝聚技术能够有效处理三次采油废水,反应时间、混凝剂投加量、电流密度和pH值等因素对混凝-电凝聚技术的处理效果有显著影响.     

复合混凝剂处理模拟酸性大红染料废水的研究

通过单一混凝剂的筛选与混凝剂间的复合方法,配制了FeSO4-MgSO4Ca(OH)2-PAM复合混凝剂.采用该混凝剂对CODCr值为288.3 mg/L、色度为25 000倍的模拟酸性大红GR染料废水进行试验研究,通过改变各药剂投加次序、搅拌与沉降时间以及投加方式等,确定了取得最佳处理效果时的优化操作条件为FeSO4-MgSO4-Ca(OH)2-PAM配比(质量比)=100∶200∶150∶(0.047～0.093),pH=9.5～10.0.试验结果为CODCr去除率最高可达85.3%,当复合混凝剂投加量为1.5～2.25 g/L时,脱色率最高可达97.5%,其处理效果明显优于单一混凝剂; 当脱色率达90%时,药剂成本为1.12元/T废水,结果表明,该复合方案从成本和处理效果方面考虑均是可行的.     

一种新型复合混凝剂处理餐饮废水的实验研究

介绍了一种利用自制混凝剂处理餐饮废水的方法。对处理工艺进行了优化,处理了100mL餐饮废水,投加5％的混凝剂1．5mL,搅拌强度90－120r/min,时间60－90s,沉淀时间20min。该方法工艺流程简单,运行成本低,不受温度限制,操作管理容易,CODCr去除率达90％以上,为使餐饮废水成为可再利用资源开辟了一条途径。     

Fenton试剂氧化-活性白土吸附联合处理垃圾渗滤液

垃圾渗滤液是一种高浓度有机废水,为了降低其有机质含量,通过Fenton试剂-活性白土联合吸附法,研究了在不同反应条件下垃圾渗滤液中TOC和NH+4-N的去除率。结果为:在pH=4.5,H2O2投加量为260 mmol/L,H2O2/Fe2+摩尔比为13,反应50 min,沉淀90 min时,Fenton氧化效率最高;在pH=3.5,吸附剂投加量为140 g/L,吸附时间为50 min,出水渗滤液的TOC值最小,去除率为82.85%。通过GC-MS分析发现,富含烷烃类有机物或者苯酚类有机物的废水,最好采取物理吸附,而不是化学吸附。经过氧化-吸附过程处理垃圾渗滤液,出水水质达到排放标准。     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

一起有机过氧化物爆炸事故的调查和分析

阐述一起重大爆炸伤亡事故的现场调查和原因分析，介绍如何通过人证物证材料，用鱼刺图法找出可能引起事故的诸原因，逐项加以分析，将与人证或物证材料相矛盾的原因子以排除，最后剩下无法排除亦即能与人证物证相符的那个原因，就是事故的真正原因。笔者是这起事故调查专家组组长，取证和数据可靠。     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失，提高滑坡预测的准确性，通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据，在获得多组模拟实验数据后，分析各变量的特性。首先，通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process，AHP)算法，对滑坡进行危险度划分；然后，通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine，SVM)建立模型，遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数，提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据，通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好，实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合，与单一SVM相比，精度更高，结果更好，更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

我国与主要国家温石棉安全使用政策和法规对比研究

我国作为温石棉的生产和使用大国，在温石棉及其制品的危害及防控方面开展了较为系统的研究，但对于其他主要国家在温石棉安全使用政策和法规方面的研究则相对较少。本文简要介绍温石棉安全使用的理论基础，对美国、加拿大等主要国家在温石棉安全生产和使用方面的主要政策和法规进行研究，并对我国温石棉产业政策以及相关法规进行梳理，通过对比发现，我国与美国、加拿大等国家在温石棉及其制品的安全使用法规、标准建设等方面存在一定差距。最后，基于相关对比分析结果，对我国温石棉产业职业病防治、环境保护以及温石棉制品等方面的法规标准的建设提出建议。     

飞行员记忆与安全绩效的关系研究

为了探究飞行员记忆与安全绩效的关系，提高优秀飞行员选拔的有效性和飞行排班的科学性，对飞行员记忆进行测试，结合其近6年的飞行品质(QAR)数据，系统分析了记忆与安全绩效的关系及各因素对飞行员记忆的影响情况。结果表明:飞行员形象记忆、情景记忆、运动记忆、语义记忆与安全绩效呈正相关关系，情绪记忆与安全绩效呈“n”型关系；情景记忆主要受不良情绪波动的影响，语义记忆主要受对大脑缺乏开发应用情况以及压力的影响，情绪记忆主要受不良嗜好和年龄的影响，形象记忆主要受睡眠和疾病的影响，运动记忆主要受用脑过度和年龄因素影响。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

CO在烟煤中吸附与扩散的分子模拟研究*

为揭示CO在烟煤中的微观吸附和扩散机理,利用Wiser烟煤分子模型,通过巨正则蒙特卡洛（GCMC）和分子动力学方法,研究5种不同温度（293.15,303.15,313.15,323.15,333.15 K）下,压力为0.1～3.0 MPa时CO吸附量、吸附热的变化,采用能量分布分析CO在烟煤中的吸附行为,利用扩散系数和扩散活化能研究CO在烟煤中的扩散特性。研究结果表明:CO在烟煤分子中的模拟结果符合朗格缪尔（Langmuir）吸附规律,随着温度的升高,Langmuir参数a和b减小,CO在烟煤分子中饱和吸附量和吸附能力降低。温度越高,烟煤分子的等量吸附热越低,烟煤分子吸附CO分子的平均等量吸附热为21.20～23.11 kJ/mol,小于42 kJ/mol,属于物理吸附;随着压力的升高,CO分子由能量较高的优势吸附位点逐渐向相对较弱的吸附位点移动;在模拟的温度和压力条件下,CO在烟煤分子模型中的扩散系数随温度和压力的升高而增加,扩散活化能随压力的升高而减小。研究结果为揭示CO在烟煤分子中微观吸附与扩散规律,准确预测采空区封闭火区煤自燃情况具有重要意义。     

Safety Ⅱ学术思想的科学传播研究*

为全面了解Safety Ⅱ学术思想的传播情况,采集Web of Science数据库中284篇引用Safety Ⅱ学术著作的论文,采用科学计量和知识网络的方法,分析Safety Ⅱ学术思想的传播时间趋势、传播主体分布、传播领域与期刊以及传播的热点主题分布。研究结果表明:Safety Ⅱ学术思想在传播时间上呈线性增长趋势;核心传播区域为英格兰、美国、澳大利亚、挪威和意大利;核心传播机构为挪威斯塔万格大学、荷兰代尔夫特理工大学以及罗马第一大学;核心传播者为Saurin Tarcisio Abreu、Hollnagel Erik以及Patriarca Riccardo;Safety Ⅱ传播的核心领域为工业工程、运筹管理科学、人机工程学、应用心理学以及健康护理科学与服务等领域;Safety Ⅱ传播的主题为“韧性与功能共振”、“病患安全”、“事故与人的失误”、“安全与风险管理”、“社会技术系统与人的因素”以及“安全风险的评估”6大方向。研究结果对我国安全科学理论与实践的发展有重要作用。