塔玛亚历山大藻对褶皱臂尾轮虫实验种群动态的影响

采用单个体培养方法研究有毒赤潮藻塔玛亚历山大藻（Alexandrium tamarense）的细胞再悬浮液、细胞破碎液及其与亚心形扁藻（Platymonas subcordiformis）的混合藻液对褶皱臂尾轮虫（Brachionus plicatilis）实验种群动态的影响．结果表明，塔玛亚历山大藻及其细胞破碎液延缓了褶皱臂尾轮虫的生长发育，使轮虫的生殖前期延长，生殖期及寿命缩短，特定年龄出生率降低，产卵量减少，从而导致轮虫生殖力下降，种群增长受阻．其中以塔玛亚历山大藻细胞再悬浮液对轮虫的影响最为显著，rm仅为0．1832d^-1，图1表2参18     

不同重金属混合液对萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)实验种群增长的影响

为探究重金属复合污染对轮虫种群增长的影响,以萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)为受试生物,采用析因设计方法设置ρ(Cu2+)为0.001和0.01 mg·L~(-1)、ρ(Zn2+)为0.01和0.1 mg·L~(-1)、ρ(Cd2+)为0.01和0.1mg·L~(-1)、ρ(Cr6+)为0.01和0.1 mg·L~(-1)和ρ(Mn2+)为0.1和1 mg·L~(-1)不同组合的混合液,利用轮虫群体累积培养方法,研究暴露于不同重金属混合液中的轮虫18 d实验种群增长的变化情况,探讨不同处理组对轮虫种群增长率和轮虫最大种群密度的影响。结果显示,重金属混合液组成成分浓度的变化显著影响其对轮虫的毒性,高浓度重金属混合液均显著降低轮虫种群增长率和轮虫最大种群密度。每种重金属离子和其他4种重金属混合液浓度的交互作用均显著影响轮虫种群增长率;Zn2+和其他4种重金属混合液浓度的交互作用显著影响轮虫最大种群密度。轮虫种群增长率对重金属混合物中各组成成分之间的交互作用更加敏感,适合用来监测重金属复合污染对轮虫种群的长期、慢性毒性影响。     

不同藻密度下诺氟沙星对萼花臂尾轮虫生命表统计学参数的影响

诺氟沙星是一种被广泛使用的抗生素,但其对轮虫的毒性作用尚不清楚。为调查诺氟沙星对轮虫的毒性及其与藻密度之间的关系,以及各试验终点对诺氟沙星污染的相对敏感性,本文以萼花臂尾轮虫为受试生物,研究了不同斜生栅藻密度(1.0×10~6、2.0×10~6和4.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1))下不同浓度(0、5、20、35、50、65和80 mg·L~(-1))的诺氟沙星对其生命表统计学参数的影响。结果显示,与3个藻密度下的对照组相比,暴露于5～80 mg·L~(-1)诺氟沙星溶液中的轮虫生命期望和世代时间显著延长,净生殖率和种群内禀增长率显著提高。5 mg·L~(-1)的诺氟沙星使生命期望和世代时间的延长幅度随着藻密度的升高而增大,但6个处理组的平均提高幅度却随着藻密度的升高而减小; 5 mg·L~(-1)的诺氟沙星对净生殖率和种群内禀增长率的提高幅度随着藻密度的升高而增大,但6个处理组的平均提高幅度却在2.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)的藻密度下最小,4.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)的藻密度下最大。1.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)的藻密度下,诺氟沙星浓度对轮虫后代混交率无显著性影响(P0.05); 2.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)的藻密度下,暴露于5～35和80 mg·L~(-1)诺氟沙星溶液中的轮虫后代混交率显著降低; 4.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)的藻密度下,暴露于5、35和80 mg·L~(-1)诺氟沙星溶液中的轮虫后代混交率显著降低。当藻密度为1.0×10~6和2.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)时,诺氟沙星浓度与轮虫的生命期望、世代时间、净生殖率和种群内禀增长率之间具有显著的剂量-效应关系;当藻密度为4.0×10~6cells·m L~(-1)时,诺氟沙星浓度与轮虫的净生殖率和种群内禀增长率之间具有显著的剂量-效应关系。本研究表明,亚致死浓度的诺氟沙星促进轮虫的存活、发育、孤雌生殖和种群增长,促进作用的幅度受藻密度的显著影响。     

海洋纤毛虫实验生态学研究Ⅲ:纤毛虫摄食胁迫对弧菌(Vibrio sp.)种群增长的影响

为揭示纤毛虫对弧菌 (Vibriosp.)种群增长的影响 ,利用实验生态学方法对弧菌在海水养殖水体中两种常见的纤毛虫原生动物 ,扇形游仆虫 (EuplotesvannusM櫣ｌｌｅｒ)和海洋尾丝虫 (UronemamarinumDujardin) ,摄食胁迫下的种群增长过程进行了探讨 .数据分析显示 ,弧菌的种群密度在纤毛虫的指数增长期高于对照组 ,但在纤毛虫种群生长平衡期则显著低于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,在纤毛虫种群生长衰退期则呈回升的趋势 .结果同时还表明 ,海洋纤毛虫的摄食胁迫对弧菌的繁殖具有明显的激活效应 ,但对其种群生长起着显著的抑制作用 .此外 ,本工作也进一步证实了食菌性纤毛虫对改良水质和维持一个健康的养殖环境所具有的积极作用 .图 6参 15     

富营养化对浅水湖泊轮虫种群结构影响研究

石臼湖和固城湖是长江中下游两个浅水湖泊,富营养化问题日益突出。为探索湖泊富营养化对轮虫的影响,于2012年平水期和枯水期对这两个湖泊轮虫种群结构进行了调查,并检测水体理化因子,分析轮虫分布与水环境因子及水体富营养状况的关系。水质检测结果显示,平水期石臼湖除个别点水体综合营养状态指数（TLI）〉50为轻度富营养状态外,大多数站点TLI50,处于轻度-中度富营养化状态。水生生物调查检出轮虫35种,其中石臼湖33种,固城湖27种,平水期种类多于枯水期。出现的轮虫以臂尾轮虫（Brachionus）和异尾轮虫（Trichocerca）居多,优势种主要有螺形龟甲轮虫（Keratella cochlearis）、广生多肢轮虫（Polyarthra vulgaris）、疣毛轮虫（Trichocerca sp.）、沟痕泡轮虫（Pompholyx sulcata）、异尾轮虫属和臂尾轮虫属等。轮虫平均密度3023.19 ind·L-1,平均生物量745.72μg·L-1。现存量季节变动明显,大部分站点平水期大于枯水期。轮虫多样性指数也是平水期大于枯水期,石臼湖轮虫多样性大于固城湖。水体综合营养状态指数（TLI）与轮虫种类数和多样性成显著负相关,随着富营养化加剧,轮虫种类减少,多样性降低。典范对应分析（Canonical Correspondence Analysis,CCA）表明,影响轮虫种群分布的主要环境因子为NH4＋-N、TN、TP和CODMn。按轮虫丰度分布与水环境因子的关系排序,2次调查的24个站点可大致分成3个组。轮虫种群结构受水体富营养状态影响,每组站点的代表性种类对水体营养状态有较好的指示作用。组1的代表性种类为曲腿龟甲轮虫,指示营养级别O-β;组2代表性种类萼花臂尾轮虫,指示的营养级别为β-α;组3以O营养级种类为主。     

萼花臂尾轮虫毒性试验的方法学研究

为尝试以群体取代个体作为轮虫室内毒性试验目标物的可行性,本项研究以萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)作为实验生物开展相关实验,建立生命表并确定接种密度对于种群生长率的影响,并且用3种农药(毒死蜱、丁草胺、三唑酮)开展了轮虫毒性试验。生命表实验结果表明,轮虫的平均寿命和世代周期分别为(78.76±33.08)h和(51.56±20.55)h。接种密度实验结果表明,随着接种密度的提高,轮虫种群增长率呈下降趋势。基于接种密度实验的结果,毒性试验以35个·(100 m L)-1作为受试种群的起始密度,试验周期定为144 h。毒性试验结果显示,毒死蜱对轮虫的96 h-EC50和120 h-EC50分别为0.6066 mg·L-1和0.7323mg·L-1;丁草胺对轮虫的96 h-EC50和120 h-EC50分别为1.851 mg·L-1和3.058 mg·L-1;三唑酮对轮虫的96 h-EC50和120 h-EC50分别为12.84 mg·L-1和11.63 mg·L-1。本项研究的结果肯定了以群体取代个体作为轮虫室内毒性试验目标物的可行性。     

有机磷农药乐果对萼花臂尾轮虫生殖的影响

乐果是一种农业生产上广泛使用的有机磷农药,在对病虫害防治的同时也会对非靶生物带来一定的生态环境效应,轮虫是淡水生态系统中连接食物链的初级生产者与高级消费者的重要环节,考察乐果对轮虫的作用对于研究有机磷农药对水生生态系统的影响有着十分重要的意义。以常见淡水种萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)为受试生物,考察了亚致死剂量乐果对淡水种萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionus calyciflorus)生殖的影响,主要考察的实验指标有:轮虫总产卵量、总产后代量以及生活史各时期历时。结果表明乐果对轮虫的性成熟和生殖都有显著的影响。一方面,在任意的虫龄段1.0、1.4和1.8 mg·L-13个质量浓度乐果都显著地抑制了轮虫的生殖输出,总产卵量和总后代量有了明显地下降,3个质量浓度组轮虫总产卵量依次为(10.33±0.14)、(9.48±0.27)和(8.71±0.31)个,仅为对照组的78.69%、72.23%和66.34%,而总后代量依次为(7.64±0.12)、(6.85±0.25)和(5.69±0.13)个,仅为对照组的75.61%,67.83%和56.31%;另一方面乐果扰乱了轮虫正常的生活史周期,性成熟时间被推迟,1.0、1.4和1.8 mg·L-13个质量浓度组轮虫的幼年期依次为(24.28±1.17)、(30.31±0.32)和(28.50±0.40)h,占整个生活史的时间分配比例由16.99%(对照值)延长至21.23%、26.44%和27.16%,分别比对照组增加了13.78%、42.03%和33.55%。但轮虫的生殖期历时被缩短,3个质量浓度组轮虫的生殖期历时依次为(69.77±3.78)、(63.98±2.99)和(58.22±0.83)h,分别为对照组值的89.71%、82.27%和74.86%,占整个生活史的时间分配比例依次下降了1.02%、6.14%和6.45%。但低质量浓度的乐果(0.2和0.6 mg·L-1)对轮虫却有一定的刺激作用。0.2和0.6 mg·L-12个质量浓度组轮虫总产卵量分别比对照组提高了38.90%和22.99%,所产的后代总数分别比对照组提高了36.62%和34.22%,2个质量浓度的乐果显著地缩短了轮虫的幼年期(P<0.01)而延长了轮虫的生殖期历时(P<0.01)。本研究结果表明有机磷农药乐果对轮虫有一定的生殖干扰作用,影响个体发育与性成熟时间、产卵量和产后代量。     

梭梭林下土壤结皮发育对黄花补血草生物量及资源配置的影响

通过梭梭(Haloxylonammodendron)林下土壤结皮发育过程中3个典型阶段(无结皮发育的沙地NSC、土壤物理结皮发育的沙地PSC、土壤生物结皮发育的沙地BSC)样地的黄花补血草(Limonium aureum)种群为研究对象,在个体和种群水平上研究了土壤结皮发育对黄花补血草生物量及资源配置的影响,旨在为其种群建植以及灌草结合的治沙模式提供理论依据。结果表明,(1)随着土壤结皮发育,黄花补血草在个体水平上各构件生物量逐渐减小,其中根系无显著差异,生殖枝差异显著,花在NSC与PSC、BSC之间差异极显著,而PSC与BSC之间无显著差异。在种群水平上各构件生物量逐渐增加,根系和生殖枝在NSC与PSC、BSC之间差异极显著,而PSC与BSC之间无显著差异,花无显著差异。(2)随着土壤结皮的发育,在个体和种群水平上根系和生殖枝资源配置逐渐增大,花的资源配置逐渐减小;在NSC与PSC、BSC之间,其差异极显著,而PSC与BSC之间差异显著,其中生殖枝占资源配置的50%左右,占据绝对优势。随着土壤结皮发育,黄花补血草生物量和资源配置在个体水平上有利于根系发育,而在种群水平上有利于花的发育,个体与种群在生殖对策和生存对策上相互补充,是黄花补血草适应干旱环境的主要机理之一。生殖枝既是营养组织,又是生殖组织,在土壤结皮发育过程中始终占据绝对优势,是一种高效的资源配置模式,根系和花之间存在权衡关系。     

不同温度对3种海洋纤毛虫种群增长的影响

利用实验生态学方法探讨温度对3种海洋纤毛虫——缩原克鲁虫(Protocruzia contrax)、拉氏游仆虫(Euplotes raikovi)和中华游仆虫(E.sinica)纤毛虫种群增长的影响.纤毛虫采用米粒培养液培养,测定其在4个温度(17℃、22℃、27℃和32℃)下的密度变化,计算种群生态学参数(种群增长率和温度系数).结果显示:1)拉氏游仆虫种群密度在27℃最大(2.73×103 ind/mL),而缩原克鲁虫和中华游仆虫在22℃下最大(分别为1.58×104 ind/mL和8.50×102 ind/mL);2)缩原克鲁虫和中华游仆虫在4种温度下的种群增长率大小顺序均为:32℃组27℃组22℃组17℃组,而中华游仆虫的顺序为:22℃组27℃组32℃组17℃组;3)3种纤毛虫的指数期长度均随培养温度的升高而变短;4)3种纤毛虫的温度系数(Q10)的大小顺序为:中华游仆虫拉氏游仆虫缩原克鲁虫.结果表明,3种纤毛虫具有不同的最适宜的种群增长温度范围,缩原克鲁虫和拉氏游仆虫对高温的耐受范围较宽,在32℃下也能保持较高的种群增长率和密度;中华游仆虫温度范围较窄,在32℃和17℃下均不能进行正常的种群增长.     

海洋纤毛虫--巨大拟阿脑虫的实验生态学研究Ⅱ:温度及盐度对其种群生长的影响

作为系列研究的第二部分 ,采用实验生态学方法就温度及盐度等因素对海洋纤毛虫———巨大拟阿脑虫 (纤毛门 ,盾纤目 )种群生长的影响进行了探讨 .结果表明 ,温度对繁殖速度和种群生长影响极为显著 ,在 8～ 33℃范围内温度系数Q10 =2 .37;而盐度 (‰ )在 10～ 6 0范围内对其种群增长及形态未有明显影响 .本文还结合系列报道I中所给的结果就纤毛虫对环境胁迫 (食物丰度、温度、盐度等 )的应答和相应机制做了综合探讨 .图 5表 3参 11     

Antennal responses of four species of tree-killing bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to volatiles collected from beetles,and their host and nonhost conifers

Summary. Host selection in tree-killing bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is mediated by a complex of semiochemical cues. Using gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) and GC-mass spectrometric analyses, we conducted a comparative study of the electrophysiological responses of four species of tree-killing bark beetles, the Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, Hopkins, the mountain pine beetle, D. ponderosae Hopkins, the spruce beetle, D. rufipennis Kirby, and the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, to volatiles captured by aeration of 1) bole and foliage of four sympatric species of conifers, Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm., interior spruce, Picea engelmannii x glauca, and interior fir, Abies lasiocarpa x bifolia, and 2) con- and heterospecific beetles at three stages of attack. We identified 13 monoterpenes in the conifers and nine compounds in the volatiles of beetles that elicited antennal responses. There was no qualitative difference in the terpene constitution of the four species of conifers and very little difference across beetle species in their antennal response to compounds from conifers or beetles. The lack of species-specific major or minor components in conifers suggests that beetles would need to detect differences in the ratios of different compounds in conifers to discriminate among them. Attraction to hosts and avoidance of nonhost conifers may be accentuated by perception of compounds emitted by con- and heterospecific beetles, respectively. The 22 compounds identified are candidate semiochemicals with potential behavioural roles in host location and discrimination.     

Increase of multi-metal tolerance of three leguminous plants by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization

A greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of the colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus mosseae on the growth and metal uptake of three leguminous plants (Sesbania rostrata, Sesbania cannabina, Medicago sativa) grown in multi-metal contaminated soil. AMF colonization increased the growth of the legumes, indicating that AMF colonization increased the plant’s resistance to heavy metals. It also significantly stimulated the formation of root nodules and increased the N and P uptake of all of the tested leguminous plants, which might be one of the tolerance mechanisms conferred by AMF. Compared with the control, colonization by G. mosseae decreased the concentration of metals, such as Cu, in the shoots of the three legumes, indicating that the decreased heavy metals uptake and growth dilution were induced by AMF treatment, thereby reducing the heavy metal toxicity to the plants. The root/shoot ratios of Cu in the three legumes and Zn in M. sativa were significantly increased (P < 0.05) with AMF colonization, indicating that heavy metals were immobilized by the mycorrhiza and the heavy metal translocations to the shoot were decreased.     

Diet-induced chemical phytomimesis by twig-like caterpillars of Biston robustum Butler (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

Summary. Polyphagous caterpillars of the giant geometer Biston robustum resemble the twigs of their respective food sources in color and shape. Common predatory ants, including Lasius and Formica, were often observed to freely prowl directly on caterpillars bodies, even after antennal contact. This suggests that the cuticular chemicals of the caterpillars resemble those of the twigs of the foodplants, so we analyzed both by GC and GC-MS. The chemical compositions differed among caterpillars fed on a cherry, Prunus yedoensis, a chinquapin Castanopsis cuspidata, and a camellia Camellia japonica. The cuticular chemicals of the caterpillars resembled those of their corresponding food sources. When the caterpillar diets were switched from the cherry to camellia or chinquapin at the 4^th instars, the caterpillars cuticular chemicals changed after molting to resemble those of their respective foods. Caterpillars also changed their cuticular chemicals when they perched on cherry twigs and fed on camellia or chinquapin leaves, but not when they perched on camellia or chinquapin twigs and fed on cherry leaves. The chemical similarities between the caterpillars and the twigs were due to the digestion of host leaves, which indicates that this is a diet-induced adaptation.     

Toxicity assays of ladybirds using natural predators

Nestling blue titsParus caeruleus L. were given diets containing homogenized ladybirds, to assess the effects of their chemical defences. The 2spot, 10spot and water ladybirds produced no apparent toxic effects when small numbers were given at regular intervals.The pine and kidney-spot ladybirds slightly inhibit growth and may be toxic to very young nestlings. The Water ladybird is extremely distasteful to this predator, despite its lack of toxicity. The results are discussed with reference to the proposed Müllerian and Batesian mimetic relationships between the ladybird species.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Absolute configuration of the major sex pheromone component of the satin moth, Leucoma salicis, verified by field trapping test in Hungary

Summary. Male satin moths, Leucoma (Stilpnotia) salicis L. (Lepidoptera, Lymantriidae) were attracted only to (3Z,6R,7S,9R,10S)-isomer out of the four (3Z)-cis-6,7-cis-9,10-diepoxy-3-henicosenes (leucomalure). This was demonstrated by field trapping test with a bivoltine population in a mixed poplar-willow forest along the flood area of the river Danube at Adony, Hungary.     

PVC塑料浸出液对3种海洋微藻光合作用及生长的影响

海洋微塑料作为一类新型环境污染物已经成为全球性环境问题。运用水样叶绿素荧光仪(Water-PAM)研究了不同浓度软聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride, PVC)和硬PVC浸出液(0、50、100和200 g·L~(-1))胁迫下球等鞭金藻(Isochrysis galbana)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)和小球藻(Chlorella sp.)3种海洋微藻叶绿素荧光特性,包括PSⅡ最大量子产量(F_v/F_m)、PSⅡ实际量子产量(Yield)、光化学淬灭(qP)和PSⅡ最大相对电子传递速率(rETR_(max))的变化,同时检测微藻的生长状况。结果表明,球等鞭金藻(金藻门)和中肋骨条藻(硅藻门)的4项光合作用参数在软PVC浸出液胁迫的96 h内均显著下降,且随软PVC浸出液浓度增加,下降幅度增大,在实验后期(48～96 h)达到最小值,表现为抑制作用。96 h时,球等鞭金藻和中肋骨条藻的细胞密度均在软PVC浸出液200 g·L~(-1)处理组达到最小值,分别占对照组的3.20%和11.90%。硬PVC浸出液胁迫对球等鞭金藻和中肋骨条藻的4项光合作用参数具有显著影响(P<0.05),球等鞭金藻的4项参数均显著高于对照组。中肋骨条藻的相关光合作用参数均显著低于对照组。72 h时球等鞭金藻和中肋骨条藻的细胞密度分别在硬PVC浸出液100 g·L-1和200 g·L~(-1)处理组达到最小值,为对照组的67.90%和82.50%,表现为抑制作用。小球藻(绿藻门)的各光合作用参数和细胞密度在软PVC和硬PVC浸出液胁迫的96 h内未产生显著变化。该研究证实PVC浸出液对微藻光合系统具有干扰作用,对海洋生态系统具有潜在风险。     

加拿大一枝黄花和小飞蓬叶浸提液对大豆幼苗生长的复合化感效应

加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)和小飞蓬(Conyza canadensis)常共同入侵至同一农田生态系统。探究了两者对大豆幼苗生长的复合化感作用。加拿大一枝黄花叶浸提液显著抑制大豆幼苗地上生物量。而小飞蓬叶浸提液也明显抑制大豆幼苗地上生物量(未达到显著水平)。与对照处理相比,两者复合叶浸提液处理未显著影响大豆幼苗地上生物量。两者复合叶浸提液处理下大豆幼苗地上生物量显著大于加拿大一枝黄花叶浸提液单一处理,同时也大于小飞蓬叶浸提液单一处理(未达到显著水平)。两者叶浸提液单一处理均明显降低大豆幼苗株高(未达到显著水平)。与对照处理相比,两者复合叶浸提液处理未显著影响大豆幼苗株高。两者复合叶浸提液处理下大豆幼苗株高明显大于两者叶浸提液单一处理(未达到显著水平)。因此,两者叶浸提液对大豆幼苗的生长均具有一定程度的抑制效应,且加拿大一枝黄花叶浸提液对大豆幼苗产生的化感作用(尤其是地上生物量)明显大于小飞蓬。两者复合化感作用明显低于两者单一化感作用,尤其是两者对大豆幼苗地上生物量的复合化感作用显著低于加拿大一枝黄花的单一化感作用。所以,化感效应可能在两者共同入侵(即两者复合作用)进程中所起的贡献低于在两者单一入侵进程中所起的作用。     

Testing a new model of aphid abundance with sedentary and non-sedentary predators

Aphid population dynamics has been thoroughly investigated, especially in tree-dwelling aphids. Among the controls of the aphid rate of increase are the negative effects of antagonists, the positive effects of mutualists, the density-dependence of the aphid dynamics, and the non-stationary quality of plant tissues. Here we present a mechanistic model of aphid growth that considers most of these governing factors using a simple formulation. What is new in this model is that it considers two kinds of antagonists. The first kind is a guild of aphid predator specialists that includes ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), but also species of some families of Hemiptera, Diptera, and Neuroptera. The second kind of antagonists consists of omnivores or generalist predators and in this particular setting is exemplified by the European earwig Forficula auricularia (Dermaptera: Forficulidae). The model developed here compared the effects of these two different kinds of aphid predators, the second one always at the site (sedentary predators) and the first one that arrives in important numbers only once the aphid population has already developed to some degree (non-sedentary predators). Multiple model parameter sets, representing different hypotheses about controls on aphid populations, were evaluated within the Generalised Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) methodology. The model correctly reproduced the experimental data obtained in an organic citrus grove showing the important effect that sedentary predators as earwigs can have on the aphid populations. Low densities of sedentary predators or even low predation rates can have a disproportionate effect on the final aphid density, as they prey on small populations, when the per capita effect on the aphid population is higher. During the main spring peak of aphids the role of non-sedentary predators is secondary, as they track the aphid density rather than control it. However, these non-sedentary predators are important within the proposed model to keep the second autumn peak of aphids at low values.     

应用模式生物检测饮用水源颗粒物的毒性效应

悬浮颗粒物在自然水体中广泛存在,大量小颗粒物(粒径<1μm)可吸附、聚集水中多种污染物,从而形成新的复合污染,影响水生生态系统。已有研究表明,颗粒物粒径越小,传统饮用水处理工艺越难以去除,因此,其表面吸附的污染物也会随之残留在水体中,对饮用水安全产生影响。本研究对南京某自来水厂进水和出水中的颗粒物进行了测定和对比,并选用3种不同种类的模式生物包括发光菌(Photobacterium phosphoreum)、纤细裸藻(Euglena gracilis)和蚕豆(Vicia faba L.),对饮用水源水中不同粒径颗粒物的毒性效应进行了测试。结果表明,传统水处理工艺对小颗粒物(粒径<1μm)的去除效果并不理想;经传统水处理工艺处理后,出水仍显著抑制发光菌发光强度以及纤细裸藻生长,对蚕豆的污染指数较高,可能存在一定健康隐患;进水中颗粒物粒径<1μm组对发光菌发光强度和纤细裸藻生长的抑制效应显著大于粒径≥1μm颗粒物组,蚕豆根尖的污染指数也更高,毒性更强。本研究结果可为饮用水的生物毒性检测和水处理工艺改良提供参考。