新疆艾比湖湿地开发及环境效益分析

以新疆典型湖泊湿地艾比湖为主要研究区,并与东部洪泽湖、中部鄱阳湖和西部青海湖在生态系统服务功能、生态经济价值等方面进行了比较。由于气候、资源特点不同,各个湖泊湿地的开发方式和开发力度不同,使湖泊湿地的环境效益不同,产生了一系列生态环境问题,由此提出了湖泊湿地的开发利用建议。     

安徽省沿江湿地资源现状、问题与对策

分析了安徽沿江湿地资源现状,揭示了沿江湿地资源丰富、生态价值高的特征,探讨了湿地开发利用过程中引发的生态环境问题,认为围湖造田和水土流失造成河湖淤塞是沿江湿地洪涝灾害频繁、湿地被破坏的主要原因,生物资源利用过度、追求经济快速发展和缺乏有效监督协调机制是生态系统退化的重要原因,最后提出调整产业结构、改变利用方式、建立湿地保护政策体系和协调机制、恢复湿地系统的生态功能等相应的对策与措施.     

新疆孔雀河流域生态综合治理分区探讨

孔雀河流域及其沿河荒漠河岸林是塔里木河流域及其下游"绿色走廊"的重要组成,在区域生态安全保障与绿洲经济稳定发展中具有重要作用。近几十年,在人类活动为主的扰动下,流域生态系统退化显著,基于流域各生态系统服务功能与具体特征,实施孔雀河流域分区生态综合治理具有实际的意义。这项工作基于多年研究认识,结合孔雀河各区域生态环境问题以及解决措施与途径,将其分为三个生态保育治理分区:1博斯腾湖湖泊-湿地生态保育区;2孔雀河上、中游胡杨林生态恢复治理区;3孔雀河下游荒漠河岸林生态保育恢复区。针对每个分区各自特征制定相应的生态保育对策,旨在因地制宜地对孔雀河流域实施有效的生态修复与保育。     

大伙房水库上游地区生态补偿标准研究

相对于自然生态保护其他方面,江河断流、湖泊湿地萎缩、水源涵养功能退化、水土流失加剧等流域污染问题,水资源保护存在的“上游投入、下游得利”不合理现象,不断加剧水资源质量的衰减和水体环境的恶化。本文以维持流域生态系统平衡及生态服务功能,调整流域相关利益方生态及其经济利益分配关系为依据,根据流域面临的生态保护、污染治理和水资源合理利用等问题特点,以大伙房水库上游地区为例,构建以生态系统服务功能价值和机会成本理论为基础的生态补偿标准估算模型,对流域生态补偿资金进行分配,探索建立不同类型、各有侧重、因地制宜的生态补偿标准,在试点和实践中调整完善,为国家建立流域生态补偿机制和政策提供模式和经验。     

黑河流域湿地保护现状及对策建议

黑河是我国第二大内陆河,流域内湖泊、沼泽遍布,湿地资源丰富。多年来人们对黑河环境的重要性认识不足,导致植被退化、水位下降、土地盐渍化,影响湿地资源的永续利用,制约当地经济社会可持续发展。鉴于此,建立了黑河湿地国家级自然保护区,实施湿地保护与恢复和污染治理工程,增强退耕还林(草)、退地还湿、防沙治沙力度,探索和运用生态补偿机制。     

鸭子河湿地的生态健康评价与恢复研究

从湿地现状、服务功能和外环境影响3方面构建了城镇区域内湿地生态健康评价指标体系,采用层次分析法（AHP）和模糊综合评价法,对广汉鸭子河湿地这一城镇区域内河滩型湿地生态系统健康状况进行评价。结果表明,在广汉市城市化进程中,该湿地的生态系统受到了一定程度的影响,就总体而言,湿地生态系统结构完整,基本功能依然具备,但栖息地功能有一定的退化,在整体上属于亚健康状态。根据评价结果及退化成因分析,提出了相应的恢复措施,对广汉市城市化进程中鸭子河湿地的保护提供了重要的决策依据,对同类型的湿地保护具有指导意义和借鉴价值。     

洱海湿地生态系统服务功能价值评估

通过对洱海湿地的调查,应用资源经济学和生态经济学的理论和方法对洱海湿地的生态服务功能价值进行了货币化评估,得出洱海湿地生态系统价值总量丰富、保护价值意义巨大.     

地球之肾—湿地(三)

湿地恢复湿地恢复的定义湿地恢复包括湿地的恢复、湿地改建以及湿地重建,是指通过生态技术或生态工程对退化或消失的湿地进行修复或重建,再现退化前的结构和功能,以及相关的物理、化学和生物学特性,使其发挥应有的作用。     

沿海湿地可持续利用与管理策略

由于人口的快速增长、资源的过度利用、气候干旱化等。特别是湿地的生态保护功能和社会经济价值并未得到足够的重视,使得我国沿海部分湿地生态系统退化和受损,湿地面积减少．湿地环境遭受污染。湿地生物多样性受到负面影响,湿地生态系统面临着严重威胁。湿地生态系统能够提供许多类型的服务,具有公共物品属性,这决定了湿地保护和开发利用过程...     

城市边缘湿地的休闲旅游功能

城市边缘湿地是城市的生态屏障，是城市可持续发展的自然基础，具有一定的经济功能和巨大的生态、社会服务功能，休闲与旅游是其中的组成部分之一，但是由于城市边缘湿地本身存在生态脆弱性，加上受城市化、工业化影响，其休闲与旅游功能不断退化，为实现城市边缘湿地旅游资源可持续利用的目的，应当采取相应的治理措施。     

Effects of Land Use Changes on the Ecosystem Service Values of a Reclamation Farm in Northeast China

Intensive agricultural development can change land use, which can further affect regional ecosystem services and functions. With the rapid growth of the population and the national demand for food, the northeast of China, which is located in the high latitudes, has experienced four agricultural developments since the 1950s. The original wetlands of this area were developed for farmland. The evaluation of ecosystem services is conducted to reveal the ecosystem status and variable trends caused by land reclamation. The aim of this study is to provide scientific basis for environmental management and for the sustainable development of agriculture in Northeast China. With GIS-RS technology, a typical farm was chosen to analyze variations in the ecosystem service value in response to land use changes during the study period. The total ecosystem service value of the farm decreased from 7523.10 million Yuan in 1979 to 4023.59 million Yuan in 2009 with an annual rate of ?1.6?% due to the decreasing areas of woodland and wetland. The increased areas of cropland, water area and grassland partly offset the loss of the total value, but the loss was still greater than the compensation. Waste treatment and climate regulation were the top two service functions with high service values, contributing to approximately 50?% of the total service value. The spatial difference of the ecosystem service value also was analyzed. The wetlands located in the central and northeastern sections of the farm changed significantly. From the aspect of ecosystem service value, the wetland and water area should be conserved, as they have the highest value coefficients. The accuracy of the value coefficient, however, needs to be studied further in future research.     

武汉市湿地破碎化对生态系统服务价值的影响研究

以湖泊资源丰富的武汉市为例,通过景观格局指数测定该市湿地破碎化程度,借助GIS技术评估该市湿地生态系统服务价值,并探讨了城市湿地破碎化对生态系统服务价值的影响。结果表明:①2000—2015年武汉市湿地总体破碎化趋势有所缓和,但人工湿地相较于自然湿地破碎化程度要高,特别是2010—2015年湿地总面积下降了2.80%,而斑块密度上升了4.12%,湖泊破碎化程度较高。②2000—2015年,武汉市湿地ESV增长了323.27亿元,各类型湿地的生态系统服务价值表现为湖泊>水库坑塘>河流>沼泽。③湿地景观破碎化与部分调节性、支持性和文化性服务功能存在着显著相关关系。     

湿地综述与新疆湿地研究

湿地(Wetland)是世界上面积最大、分布地域最广泛、生产力最高的景观类型之一,其结构和功能十分独特,对全人类的发展发挥着独特的作用。我国是一个干旱缺水严重的国家,我国西部干旱区水资源与湿地问题突出,对湿地的研究应和"干旱区研究"并行。文中总结了国际与国内对湿地研究与发展状况和趋势,分析了新疆湿地的特征和类型,并提出了新疆湿地存在的问题和一些建议。     

The Ecological and Environmental Characteristics and Conservation of the Wetlands in the Changjiang Estuary, China

The natural wetlands in the Changjiang Estuary, China are important ecologically. The total area of the wetlands in the Changjiang Estuary amounts to 215000 ha. The wetlands consist of littoral and sandy estuarine island areas, and are rich in biological resources. There are 136 species of vascular plant, 150 species of bird, and 68 species of benthic macro-invertebrate in the wetlands. However, the wetland in the Changjiang Estuary is a vulnerable ecosystem. Development of the wetland is mainly influenced by intensive human reclamation, pollution, movement of sediments in the Changjiang River, and the effects of tides and waves. Investigations have shown that maintaining biodiversity, providing resources for the living organisms, purifying environments and resisting natural hazards could be regarded as important functions for the protection of the wetlands. It is proposed that sustainable principles should be supported in developing the wetlands in the future.     

Economic Valuation of the Non-use Attributes of a Wetland: A Case-study for Lake Kerkini

Wetlands are an environmental feature which deliver a variety of market and non-market goods and services. Established environmental economic theory separates the value of these goods and services into direct-use values, indirect-use values and non-use values. Given appreciation of all three, measurements can be derived to demonstrate the amount of public money that it may be feasible to allocate to the sustainable management of wetlands. However, in many cases, non-use values are ignored and the total economic value of wetlands can be severely undervalued. As a result, inadequate resources are fed into their management and environmental degradation occurs due to inappropriate commercial exploitation of the natural resource. Lake Kerkini, in northern Greece, is one such wetland area threatened by undervaluation and overexploitation for commercial purposes, and a resource whose management would benefit from the realization of non-use values. This study therefore uses the contingent valuation method to place a value on the non-use attributes of Lake Kerkini. It also examines the relationship between the revealed non-use values and the distance people live from the lake, highlights the personal characteristics which appear important in determining total willingness to pay and breaks total non-use value down into its component parts to suggest the most important non-use elements. The paper concludes that sustainable management of the lake is justified and provides evidence that substantial public monies are potentially available to protect and enhance the environmental value of the resource.     

涨渡湖湿地生态旅游资源评价及发展态势分析

采用层次分析法对涨渡湖湿地生态旅游开发条件进行了分析.资源定量评价的结果显示,湿地旅游资源价值在湿地生态旅游资源综合评价中的权重最大,表明保护和营造旅游资源的重要性.通过SWOT分析,显示涨渡湖湿地生态旅游开发具有一定优势,虽然在开发过程中存在一定制约因素,但可通过湿地生态旅游的科学规划和管理,在保护利用的基础上发挥湖泊湿地的生态旅游资源优势,将资源优势转变为经济优势,加快武汉市湖区旅游经济的发展.     

"平退"工程与洞庭湖区湿地生态保护

从考察洞庭湖湿地生态特征入手,探讨了"平退"工程对洞庭湖区湿地生态环境的影响,认为通过"平退"防洪标准较低或影响江湖行蓄洪水的洲滩民垸以扩大江湖槽蓄来提高江湖调蓄洪水的能力,"平退"工程不但不会破坏湖区湿地生态环境,反而会使湖洲草滩及候鸟等越冬环境得到稳定和改善.同时,提出了保护洞庭湖湿地的相关对策.     

白云湖湿地生态功能区规划及保障措施

在实地调查的基础上,根据资源经济学、生态经济学的理论和方法,针对白云湖湿地资源的主要功能特点,对其各个区域的生态服务功能价值--直接利用价值和间接利用价值进行了货币化评估,由此进行湿地功能区域划分,并对各个区域进行了现状分析,从而得出最优目标,以期达到在保护好湿地生态环境的基础上进行资源的合理开发,实现湖区湿地资源的可持续利用,保证湖区经济和社会的可持续发展.     

艾比湖湿地生态效应能值评价

湿地是地球上具有多功能的独特生态系统,是自然界最富生物多样性的生态景观和人类最重要的生存环境之一。内陆干旱区的湿地则因其所处地理环境的特殊性更具有巨大保护价值。艾比湖湿地在我国内陆荒漠自然生态系统中具有一定典型性。其生态系统极不稳定,具有很强的敏感性和脆弱性。人类社会经济的迅猛发展,引起一系列以土地荒漠化为代表的生态逆向演替,严重的水土流失和锐减的生物多样性使其不可更新资源的能值投入远远超过其可更新资源,同时,肆虐的盐尘严重危害着天山北坡经济带甚至更远地区工、农、牧业生产和人们的生活环境。从能值角度评价环境的贡献,注重其生态效应,以期引起人们警醒,加强湿地资源的保护和管理,维护其可持续发展。     

巢湖对合肥市的生态响应

巢湖位于合肥市的上风向,是该市的通风口。在东南风的帮助下,为合肥市输送了大量水汽,并与合肥市形成了一个热量循环系统,使该市的生态呈现出一定的局域特性。总结了巢湖对合肥市的生态调节作用,合肥市在其发展成长过程中对巢湖生态产生的巨大影响,提出合肥市在经济发展的同时兼顾巢湖的生态作用,以促进该市经济与生态和谐发展。