黄海表层沉积物中木质素的分布特征及其影响因素

根据对黄海表层沉积物的调查结果,分析了木质素的分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:黄海海域木质素含量Λ8(以OC计)平均为(0.98±0.92)×10-2,呈现出随着离岸距离的增加而显著降低的趋势。黄海海域沉积物中陆源维管植物来源的有机物在总有机物中所占比重较大(Pon/P为0.20±0.07)。研究区域沉积物中的陆源有机物均主要来源于被子植物草本组织。LPVI更细致地分析出不同区域来源植被的差异:35°N以北陆源有机物主要来自被子植物;35°N以南区域,123°E以东主要来自被子植物,而123°E以西大部分来自裸子植物草本组织。此外,该研究区域木质素的降解以去甲基/去甲氧基降解为主,氧化降解程度较低。     

东海泥质区中木质素的分布特征及其指示意义

以东海近岸泥质区和济州岛西南泥质区表层沉积物的木质素含量(Λ8)及其特征参数为主要指针,结合总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和C/N,分析比较两地区的物质来源,特别是陆源有机物的迁移埋藏。结果表明:近岸泥质区沉积物中陆源有机物占主导,集中体现在该区Λ8与TOC有类似的分布特征,而台湾暖流和东海沿岸流的相互作用是其主要影响因素。济州岛西南泥质区,陆源有机物的贡献相对较小且有较高的氧化降解程度,这与其距离木质素母源较远相吻合。     

木质素降解酶研究进展与外生菌根真菌

综述了木质素降解酶系统的组成、分子生物学研究和主要影响因子的研究进展,以及国内外在外生菌根真菌产木质素降解酶方面的研究,阐述了其在有机污染土壤修复中的优势。木质素降解酶系统能够降解多环芳烃、氯代芳烃、硝基有机物和染料等多种环境污染物。许多外生菌根真菌都具有木质素降解酶系统。     

长江流域植物和土壤的木质素特征

为探讨长江流域中植物和土壤的木质素特征,应用碱性氧化铜分解-气相色谱检测法对长江流域的典型植物和土壤样品中的木质素进行了测定分析.结果表明,长江流域植物具有较宽的C/V和S/V范围,可以区分出单子叶和双子叶植物、湿生和非湿生植物;长江流域土壤则呈现出中下游地区较上游地区有机碳中木质素含量较高且降解程度较小的趋势,南北支流的差异主要表现在南支土壤中有机碳含量(OC)较高、碳同位素比值δ13C较高且木质素含量较高.与世界其它地区相比,长江流域的植物和土壤的木质素特征具有明显的流域自身特征,这些特征为探讨陆源有机物自长江向东海陆架输送和埋藏等科学问题提供更可靠和更丰富细致的背景信息.     

杭州湾外泥质区柱状沉积物中木质素的分布特征及其环境指示意义

本文对杭州湾外泥质区3根沉积柱样中木质素的分布特征及有机物来源进行了研究,旨在揭示短时间尺度内该区域沉积环境的变化如何受到人类活动的影响。结果表明:海源有机物是该海域有机物相对主要的来源;柱状沉积物Ra7、Za6和Zb7的木质素含量Λ8（以OC归一化）分别为（1.06±0.29）×10-2、（0.89±0.33）×10-2、（0.99±0.20）×10-2。总体来讲,受长江冲淡水影响区域木质素含量较高,且在短时间尺度内陆源有机物的贡献随着年代增加逐渐减少,而东海环流体系和人类活动是影响柱状样中有机物分布的重要因素;木质素的植被参数S/V和C/V的范围分别为0.33~1.35和0.07~0.26,两者的交叉作图说明Ra7和Za6中木质素的母源植被以被子植物草本组织为主,Zb7则是被子植物草本组织和裸子植物草本组织的混合;降解参数Ad/Al和P/（V+S）分别在0.30~0.60和0.39~0.63之间,揭示沉积柱中的木质素经历了中等程度的氧化和去甲基/去甲氧基降解。     

Aspergillus sp.F-1降解水溶性木质素的研究

目前报道的大多数木质素降解真菌只适用于处理固态的木质素成分。为拓展真菌在液相体系中降解木质素的应用,该文研究了霉菌Aspergillus sp. F-1降解芥子酸、碱木质素等水溶性木质素化合物的性能。研究结果表明:霉菌Aspergillus sp. F-1具有良好的水溶性木质素降解能力,24 h内即可将200 mg/L的芥子酸完全矿化降解,且在温度为30℃、pH=7、摇床转速为150 r/min、NaNO_3作为氮源时,培养5 d后Aspergillus sp. F-1对碱木质素的降解率可达38%。     

木质素在河口与陆架海洋环境中的示踪

通过对自70年代至今利用木质素在近岸与陆架海洋环境中示踪应用的研究成果进行综述，探讨了木质素在水和沉积物中的生物地球化学循环规律，并对木质素各种分离鉴定方法进行了比较。认为木质素作为一种近岸与陆架海洋环境中陆源高等植物的生物标志物具有很高的科学利用价值，并且对这种分子标志物的潜在应用做了假设与预测。     

造纸黑液木质素在肥料中的应用

造纸制浆废液回收的木质素具有多种活性基团,在土壤中能缓慢降解,适于配制缓释肥料。本文简要概述木质素在肥料领域中的技术研究与应用,内容主要包括木质素的化学特性,木质素氮肥、磷肥、多元复合肥和螯合微肥的研究应用。木质素肥料具有优越的特性和广阔的应用前景,加强其研究和应用,对促进木质素资源的充分利用与农业经济的持续发展和保护生态环境具有重要意义。     

简青霉Penicillium simplicissimum木质素降解能力

从土壤中分离得到一株真菌经鉴定为简青霉Penicillium simplicissimum,将该菌用于木质素类化合物利用、染料脱色、天然木素降解及产酶特性等研究,充分证实该菌具有木质素降解能力.简青霉降解木质素是木质素过氧化物酶(LiP)、漆酶(Lac)和木聚糖酶共同作用的结果,降解主要发生在LiP与木聚糖酶活高产的初级代谢阶段,与白腐真菌表现出不同的作用机制.25d培养可使稻草木质素绝对量损失0.23g,降解率达14.94%,同时纤维素、半纤维素也有较高程度的降解.而pH值、Cu²⁺和Mn²⁺浓度对木质素的降解有较大影响.     

堆肥过程中木质素的降解机理及影响因素研究进展

农作物秸秆中的木质素作为自然界中含量丰富的高分子芳香族化合物,结构复杂,微生物难以降解,因此农业废弃物堆肥技术中,木质素的降解利用备受关注。研究表明:木质素是由结构单元通过碳碳键和醚键联接聚合而成,结构稳定。已有堆肥实验证明,木质素的微生物降解过程中真菌占主导地位,其分泌的漆酶、锰过氧化物酶和木质素过氧化物酶等以H₂O₂或O₂作为电子受体,能够使联接键断裂,使芳香烃结构去甲基化。多酚或酚类衍生物产物与氨基酸聚合,并进一步缩聚为腐殖质,用作土壤改良质还田。在实验室及自然条件下,大多数真菌对木质素的降解周期较长为30~60 d,降解率为20%~50%,其降解过程依赖于培养条件,特别在中温35~45℃和偏酸性条件下更利于木质素的降解。微生物代谢过程中存在最佳碳氮补充量,并且可以利用微量Mn2+、Cu2+诱导剂等提高木质素降解酶活性,这为调控堆肥过程木质素的降解和人工腐质化提供了重要的研究方向。     

Effects of lignin on nitrification in soil

The effects of two lignins isolated from black liquor from pulping process on nitrification in soils after addition of urea,(NH4)2SO4 and (NH4)2HPO4 were investigated by incubation at 20 or 30℃ for 7 or 14d.The effects of lignin on nitrous oxide emissions from soil were also detenmined.Results showed that both lignins were more effective for inhibiting nitrification of NH4^ -N as(NH4)2SO4 of(NH4)2HPO4 as compared to urea-N.The effectiveness of lignin on nitrification was markedly affected by different soil type and temperature.Nitrous oxide emissions from soil declined when lignin was used.Urea plus 20 and 50 g/kg lignin reduced N2O emissions by about 83% and 96%,respectively,while(NH4)2HPO4 plus 20 and 50g/kg lignin respectively reduced emissions by 83% and 93%.Because of its low cost and nonhazardous characteristics,lignin has potential value as a fertilizer amendment to improve N fertilizer efficiency.     

东北土著白腐真菌处理玉米秸秆纤维素乙醇废水的可行性探讨

青顶拟多孔菌是一种可以降解木质素的白腐真菌,也是具有较高的产漆酶能力的生产者.选择青顶拟多孔菌处理玉米秸秆纤维素乙醇废水,于液体培养青顶拟多孔菌中的锥形瓶中添加不同体积的废水,考察其对不同稀释比玉米秸秆纤维素乙醇废水的处理效果,并通过研究废水投加时间的调控,获得具有高木质素降解率且相对最短降解时间的工艺条件.结果表明:青顶拟多孔菌可从废水中去除50%以上的COD_Cr和23.8%的木质素.对不同稀释比例（1%~20%）玉米秸秆纤维素乙醇废水中木质素具有较好的去除效果,其中稀释6%废水的体系中降解木质素效果最好,在第10天木质素降解率达到73.5%.不同废水投加时间对青顶拟多孔菌处理稀释20%废水体系中木质素的降解效果影响较大,第5天投加废水可获得理想的木质素降解效果,在试验进行的第19天降解率达到68.4%;在投加废水时间不同的情况下,经青顶拟多孔菌处理后的各体系中BOD₅/COD_Cr均有所提升,并且都提升至0.58以上,其中第9天投加废水体系经处理后BOD₅/COD_Cr最大,达到0.64.研究结果可为青顶拟多孔菌处理玉米秸秆纤维素乙醇废水的实际应用提供参考.      

Syntrophic co-culture of Bacillus subtilis and Klebsiella pneumonia for degradation of kraft lignin discharged from rayon grade pulp industry

In order to search the degradability of kraft lignin, the potential bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis (GU193980) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (GU193981) were isolated, screened and applied in axenic and co-culture conditions. Results revealed that mixed culture showed better decolorization efficiency (80%) and reduction of pollution parameters (COD 73% and BOD 62%) than axenic culture. This indicated syntrophic growth of these two bacteria rather than any antagonistic effect. The HPLC analysis of degraded samples of kraft lignin has shown the reduction in peak area compared to control, suggesting that decrease in color intensity might be largely attributed to the degradation of lignin by isolated bacteria. Further, the GC–MS analysis showed that most of the compounds detected in control were diminished after bacterial treatment. Further, the seed germination test using Phaseolus aureus has supported the detoxification of bacterial decolorized kraft lignin for environmental safety. All these observations have revealed that the developed bacterial co-culture was capable for the effective degradation and decolorization of lignin containing rayon grade pulp mill wastewater for environmental safety.     

原生质体紫外诱变提高简青霉的木质素降解性能

以简青霉Penicillium simplicissimum (Oudem.) Thom BGA为出发菌株,对其进行原生质体紫外诱变.经过筛选获得2株诱变菌株(J12与J18),它们的木质素降解酶酶活要明显高于出发菌株J.其中诱变菌株J12产生的漆酶和锰过氧化物酶酶活较高,相对于出发菌株J分别提高了145%和47%,达到44.0,50.9 U/g.诱变菌株J18产生的木质素过氧化物酶酶活较高,达到67.1 U/g,相对于出发菌株J提高了40%.且木质素降解率也最高,相对于出发菌株J分别提高了198.1%.经过7次传代, J12和J18的木质素降解酶活性保持稳定,没有降低.     

Feasibility of lignin as additive in metalworking fluids for micro-milling

The conventional additives in metalworking fluids (MWFs) have effects in improving the machining conditions. However, many additives can lead to environmental contamination and health problems. In this paper, lignin obtained from wood is considered as a new “green” additive in MWFs. Lignin has been used as additives in other areas like pasted lead electrodes and polypropylene/coir composites but has never been applied in cutting fluids. In this paper, lignin is dissolved in 5% conventional MWF aqueous solutions in 8 different concentrations through injection and atomization methods. Then, experiments are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of lignin containing MWFs in micro-milling operations. The performance is compared with that of 5% conventional cutting fluid in terms of machining forces, tool wears, and burr formations. The results show that the concentration of 0.015% lignin leads to the least cutting forces, tool wear and burrs. The results also show that an appropriate concentration of lignin in MWFs can help to improve the cooling and lubrication performances during machining. The results of this paper thus indicate that lignin has a potential to be used as an additive in metalworking fluids.     

白腐菌对制浆黑液中硫酸盐木素的降解

研究了白腐菌对硫酸盐木素的降解作用和影响因素,结果发现,２种白腐菌对硫酸盐木素的降解能力不同,培养１０ｄ后,木云芝Ｌｕ－１１的降解率达到７４．５％,而黄孢原毛平革菌的降解率为６５．６％,分子量在１５００￣３０００ｋｄ之间的硫酸盐木素部分被降解最为明显,木云芝的降解产物只有一种主要组分,而黄孢原毛平革菌的降解产物有２种主要组分,培养条件如碳源,氮源、ｐＨ值和温度对白腐菌降解硫酸盐木素的作用有明显的影     

Cooperation between ligninolytic enzymes produced by superior mixed flora

Since the ability to degrade lignin with one kind of white-rot fungi or bacteria was very limited, superior mixed flora‘s ability to degrade lignin was investigated by an orthogonal experiment in this paper. The results showed that superior mixed flora reinforced the ability to degrade lignin, the degradation rates of both sample 9 and 10 were beyond 80% on the day 9. The cooperation between lignin peroxidase(LiP), Mn-dependent peroxidase(MnP) and laccase (Lac) for lignin degradation was also studied. By examining the activities of three enzymes produced by superior mixed flora, it was found that Lac was a key enzyme in the process of biological degradation of lignin but Lip was not; the enzyme activity ratios of Lac/MnP and Lac/LiP were significantly correlative with the degradation rate of lignin at the 0.01 level; and the ratio of MnP/LiP was an important factor affecting the degradation rate of lignin.