红霉素对产甲烷菌的抑制及其驯化

红霉素是一类具有一定生物毒性的抗生素类药品,为探明红霉素对产甲烷菌的抑制作用及其可驯化能力,依次在厌氧瓶中进行厌氧毒性试验、在升流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)中进行连续实验,测定累计甲烷产量、相对产甲烷速率、COD去除率、甲烷含量.结果表明,红霉素为150 mg.L-1时产甲烷速率降为56.1%;250 mg.L-1时反应速率降低99%以上,活性受到完全抑制.保持红霉素投加量为20 mg.L-1连续运行60 d,COD去除率、甲烷含量可达到81.4%、64.2%.红霉素对甲烷菌有抑制作用,半抑制浓度为150 mg.L-1.甲烷菌对红霉素有一定的驯化能力,驯化60 d后COD去除率、甲烷含量较未驯化时可提高15.13%、22.05%.     

焦化废水活性污泥中降解硫氰化物细菌种群多样性分析

硫氰化物(SCN-)是焦化废水中COD的主要来源之一,其在生物处理工艺好氧段的去除效果直接影响出水的达标排放,活性污泥中的微生物种群在SCN-生物处理中发挥重要作用.以SCN-为唯一碳源和能源驯化活性污泥,研究其对100、300和600 mg·L-1SCN-浓度的去除降解效果,并利用454测序技术解析污泥中降解SCN-的细菌多样性.结果表明,驯化污泥能有效去除100~600 mg·L-1SCN-,SCN-浓度越高,去除速率越高,然而细菌群落多样指数越低;原始污泥和驯化污泥的细菌门类群主要为Proteobacteria、Bacteroidetes、Chlorobi、Planctomycetes、Acidobacteria、Nitrospira、Firmicutes和Unclassified,其中Proteobacteria和Bacteroidetes门占主导地位;Thiobacillus是主要的SCN-降解菌,在3个污泥样品中的丰度分别为3.07%、8.63%和0.27%.Thiobacillus是浓度小于300 mg·L-1SCN-时焦化废水中主要的SCN-降解菌,而在600 mg·L~(-1) SCN-高浓度时低丰度的SCN-降解菌群可能发挥协同降解作用.这些结果为揭示焦化废水处理SCN-污染物的去除机制提供了基础.     

上流式厌氧污泥床反应器处理3-硝基酚废水研究

利用实验室规模的UASB反应器,研究了颗粒污泥驯化前后的特性,3-硝基酚(3-NP)的降解效果和UASB处理3-NP废水的工艺参数.结果表明,驯化过程中颗粒污泥很快适应3-NP废水;扫描电镜观察显示,颗粒污泥表面丝状菌占优势.在3-NP废水厌氧降解性实验中,保持HRT和进水COD浓度不变,分别为26 h和2 500 mg/L左右,当3-NP浓度由20 mg/L逐渐提高到250 mg/L时,COD去除率由95.2%下降到85.1%;3-NP的去除率保持在99%以上;3-AP是3-NP降解过程中的主要中间产物,3-NP转化为3-AP的转化率由58.7%上升到111.9%;产气量变化较小,甲烷占总产气量百分数最小为65%,最大为74%.     

O_3/Mn_2O_3对钻井废水多相催化臭氧化试验研究

通过静态试验,探讨了Mn2O3催化剂对钻井废水催化臭氧化处理效果.分别考察了催化剂加量、pH值、反应时间、反应温度和强化剂对钻井废水COD去除率的影响,通过正交试验得到了最佳工艺条件,对钻井废水氧化过程中的产物进行了分析,并探讨了Mn2O3催化剂的稳定性能.结果表明:Mn2O3加量从25 mg·L-1增加到50 mg·L-1时,COD去除率由43.6%增加到54.3%;pH分别为5、11时,COD去除率分别为45.4%和64.3%;反应温度为20℃时,COD去除率最高达到59.1%;随着反应时间的延长,COD去除率也随之增加,反应时间为40 min时,COD去除率达到85.3%;由正交试验得知影响因素的主次关系为催化剂加量反应pH反应温度反应时间,最佳处理工艺条件为催化剂加量50mg·L-1、pH值11,反应温度25℃、反应时间35 min;在25 min时,Ca2+的引入使COD去除率增大了7.1%;钻井废水中的有机物得到降解和矿化;Mn2O3催化剂重复使用10次后,对钻井废水COD降解率影响不大,锰离子的溶出量在反应15 min后稳定在3 mg·L-1,Mn2O3催化剂稳定性能较好.     

邻苯二甲酸酯生产废水的生物降解研究

采用活性污泥法对某化工厂的邻苯二甲酸酯生产废水进行降解研究。结果显示,种污泥对废水中的有机污染物适应很快,7 d后COD去除率达到99%。当进水COD浓度提高到9000mg·L~(-1),出水维持在35-55mg·L~(-1),上清液清澈。试验结果表明,活性污泥经过驯化对该废水具有高效的COD去除效果。     

降解2-氯酚的厌氧污泥驯化及降解性能评价

以降解2-氯酚(2-CP)的厌氧污泥为研究对象,探讨驯化过程对污泥降解能力的影响,并采用多种指标全面评价驯化后污泥的降解特性.结果表明,经68d驯化,污泥对2000mg/LCOD和25mg/L2-CP的去除率均>95%,2-CP的降解速率达0.3mg/(L·h).对于浓度<140mg/L的2-CP,降解速率随浓度增加而升高;浓度为200～300mg/L的2-CP,污泥能较快恢复降解能力,但不耐受600mg/L的2-CP.2-CP厌氧降解产物包括苯酚、苯甲酸、正丁酸、乙酸、H₂、CO₂和CH₄.氯酚脱氯是整个降解环节中的限速步骤,速率仅为0.1mg/(gVSS·d).     

制革废水的厌氧氨氧化ABR脱氮工艺研究

采用小试规模的厌氧折流板反应器(ABR)研究制革废水的厌氧氨氧化脱氮.结果表明,ABR可作为实现厌氧氨氧化的良好反应器,厌氧氨氧化ABR反应器能有效和稳定地处理制革废水.当进水NH+4-N为25.0~76.2 mg·L-1、COD为131~237 mg·L-1,NH+4-N容积负荷为0.05~0.15 kg·(m3·d)-1时,出水NH+4-N为0.20~7.12 mg·L-1、COD为35.1~69.2mg·L-1,去除率分别达到90.8%~99.6%和66.9%~74.7%.此外,厌氧氨氧化ABR反应器污泥在驯化和运行过程中形成了棕红色、棕黄色和红色的颗粒污泥.电镜扫描观察证实在厌氧氨氧化ABR反应器的4个隔室的颗粒污泥中均存在厌氧氨氧化菌.荧光原位杂交(FISH)检测结果显示厌氧氨氧化菌在驯化和运行过程中出现不同程度的增殖,厌氧氨氧化ABR反应器4个隔室的污泥中厌氧氨氧化菌所占比率分别由4%增加到9%、8%、12%和30%,呈现出前段隔室少、后段隔室多的分布规律.     

中试SAD-ASBR系统处理含盐废水的启动与工艺特性

采用ASBR(530 L)接种A~2/O厌氧污泥,考察了厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)的启动及其与反硝化耦合处理含盐废水的脱氮特性,并对菌群结构进行了分析.结果表明,温度35℃±1℃、反应时间为14 h,160 d可实现ANAMMOX的成功启动.稳定运行阶段,ANAMMOX与反硝化耦合(SAD)使得总氮(TN)去除率和去除负荷分别达91.1%和0.45 kg·(m~3·d)~(-1);污泥呈浅红色颗粒状,厌氧氨氧化菌为优势菌,且主要菌属为Candidatus Brocadia(10.6%).此外,采用按梯度逐步提高盐度的驯化方式,可实现SAD对高盐(Cl-浓度8 000 mg·L-1)模拟火电厂废水的高效脱氮除碳,COD和TN去除率分别达93.2%和90.0%.推测SAD中反硝化主要为NO_3~--N→N_2,部分反硝化(NO_3~--N→NO_2~--N)仅占30.3%.     

IC反应器处理制药废水的颗粒污泥驯化和快速启动

试验研究了厌氧内循环(IC)反应器处理化工合成制药废水时,颗粒污泥的驯化培养启动过程.IC反应器控制在中温条件运行,接种颗粒污泥取自处理味精废水的厌氧上升流式污泥床反应器,驯化开始采用葡萄糖基质与制药废水混合废水,然后很快转化为全部是生物难降解的合成制药废水.结果表明,采用高负荷、高进水浓度的启动控制条件,经历23d的启动运行,IC反应器的容积负荷达到5 kgCOD/(m3·d), COD去除率达到70%~80%.在容积负荷达到7.4kgCOD/(m3·d)时,COD的去除率仍可稳定在70%左右.IC反应器中的成熟颗粒污泥形状规则、密实、粒径大.扫描电镜观察发现,颗粒污泥中古细菌产甲烷鬓毛菌(Methanosaetaceae)占优势. IC反应器处理难降解废水在高负荷、高进水浓度条件下可实现快速培养驯化和启动.     

皮革废水有机污染物生物降解特性研究

选取二萘磺酸钠、单宁酸及杨梅栲胶3种皮革鞣剂,接种皮革废水处理厂的活性污泥,在批式试验中研究了好氧及厌氧降解特性及降解动力学.以实际皮革废水为研究对象,同样采用批式试验考察了好氧及厌氧降解过程COD变化规律.结果表明,对于皮革鞣剂的去除及矿化,好氧降解优于厌氧降解.好氧降解二萘磺酸钠、单宁酸及杨梅栲胶的去除率分别为>90%、>90%、50%～75%;厌氧降解的去除率分别为10%～40%、>95%、20%～30%;好氧及厌氧降解单宁酸的COD去除率分别为>75%、<75%.好氧降解单宁酸及杨梅栲胶的一级动力学速率常数k值受初始浓度影响较小,而好氧降解二萘磺酸钠的k值受到初始浓度显著影响,二萘磺酸钠≥70 mg·L-1对微生物产生毒性作用,k值明显下降.皮革废水生物降解具有明显阶段性特征,快速及慢速降解期内COD浓度与反应时间呈现很好的线性关系,好氧最大比降解速率是厌氧最大比降解速率的11.6倍.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.