太湖微囊藻毒素与湖泊物理因素之间的关系

应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)监测了太湖2001年的微囊藻毒素的周年变化,探讨了微囊藻毒素浓度(Microcystin-LR,MCLR)和水温、光照、悬浮质、溶解氧、风浪等湖泊物理因素之间的关系,显示微囊藻毒素在夏秋季节较高,但各采样点微囊藻毒素浓度的最高值及其变化趋势与各采样点所处地理位置,水动力学变化及样点周围水域藻类生长情况等有密切关系,从湖泊物理因素来看,微囊藻毒素浓度受风浪和水温的影响较大。     

韶关市3座供水水库蓝藻种群及微囊藻毒素的季节变化

为了解供水水库的蓝藻种群和微囊藻毒素的季节变化,于2012年1—12月对韶关的苍村、瀑布和花山3座供水水库进行了采样分析。结果表明,3座水库为中营养型水库,监测蓝藻共9属(种),优势种为鱼腥藻和微囊藻,蓝藻最高丰度为5.67×107L-1;降水导致营养盐物质带入水库和水体不稳定性是蓝藻种群和优势种在夏秋两季季节变化和占优势的主要影响因子。3座水库ρ(微囊藻毒素)为0.1~0.9μg/L,最高值接近世界卫生组织对饮用水中MC-LR的指导性限制值(1μg/L)标准。微囊藻与微囊藻毒素呈显著正相关性(R=0.871,P0.01),表明产微囊藻毒素的蓝藻主要为微囊藻,当水库发生微囊藻水华时有发生微囊藻毒素的风险。     

HPLC-高分辨飞行时间质谱测定水中多种微囊藻毒素

水样经HLB小柱富集、净化后，采用高效液相色谱-四极杆-高分辨飞行时间质谱同时测定水样中MC-LA、MC-LF、〖JP3〗MC-LR、MC-LW、MC-LY、MC-RR、MC-YR、MC-WR等8种微囊藻毒素。试验表明，8种微囊藻毒素在0500 μg/L～〖JP〗100 μg/L范围内线性良好，方法检出限为0001 μg/L～0005 μg/L，自来水空白样品3个质量浓度水平的加标回收率为725%～998%，5次测定结果的RSD为19%～112%。将该方法用于测定珠海本地水产养殖鱼塘和小型水库的水样，结果均未检出     

微囊藻毒素的极谱测定法

建立了微囊藻毒素的一种新的测定方法.在Ni2 -硼砂为支持电解质的体系中,微囊藻毒素-RR在-1.55V产生一个极谱波.在此实验条件下,微囊藻毒素在1.50～8.00mg/L浓度范围内,极谱波高与微囊藻毒素浓度有良好的线性关系,线性相关系数为0.998,检测限为0.07mg/L.同时对测定条件进行了研究,并探讨了极谱电流的性质,认为该极谱波是一个催化氢波;常见无机物和有机物不干扰本法测定,具有良好的选择性.该方法用于实际水样测定,获得了满意结果.     

淡水水体中微囊藻毒素的监测技术

随着水体富营养化的日益加剧 ,有毒蓝藻水华在世界范围内频繁发生。有毒蓝藻产生的毒素对人类和动物有潜在的危害 ,迫切要求对水体中特别是饮用水源中的蓝藻毒素进行监测。微囊藻毒素是蓝藻产生的一类环状七肽 ,可以抑制蛋白磷酸酶 1和 2 A。微量微囊藻毒素还促进肿瘤的发生。简要介绍了近年来发展起来的几类微囊藻毒素监测技术 ,以期引起有关部门的重视     

各类型废水的BOD5与CODcr的相关性

八种废水中各自的 BOD5 与 CODcr( x)线性关系密切 ,其直线回归方程分别为 :1机械废水 :y=0 .2 732 x 1 .80 ;2冷却废水 :y=0 .1 2 85x 0 .1 1 ;3制药废水 :y=0 .392 2 x 1 31 .2 1 ;4纺织印染废水 :y=0 .4 2 0 8x- 2 .4 9;5食品加工废水 :y=0 .61 2 6x 1 3.70 ;6饮食废水 :y=0 .5992 x 1 7.51 ;7医院废水 :y=0 .34 39x- 0 .4 1 ;8生活污水 :y=0 .4 86x 1 7.0 2。各类型废水的BOD_5与COD_(cr)的相关性@陆春霞$广州市环境监测站!广东广州510030 @钱东辉$广州市环境监测站!广东广州510030 @何坤志$广州市环境监测站!广东广州510030…     

加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定沉积物中5种微囊藻毒素

建立了加速溶剂萃取-固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定沉积物中5种微囊藻毒素(MC-LR、MC-RR、MC-LW、MC-LF、MC-YR)的方法。选择甲醇-水(1∶4,V/V)为ASE萃取溶剂,萃取温度和萃取压力分别为80℃和13.1 MPa,固相萃取过程以HLB小柱为萃取柱,采用液相色谱-串联质谱分析。方法在5种微囊藻毒素质量浓度5~100μg/L内线性良好(r0.995),回收率为76.0%~118%,相对标准偏差为1.9%~12.0%,检出限为2~3μg/kg,定量下限为8~12μg/kg。该方法已用于西太湖沉积物的检测,具有较好的方法适用性。     

太湖梅梁湾水源水中微囊藻毒素浓度的变化

对太湖梅梁湾水源水中的总藻毒素TMC[(TMC-LR) (TMC-RR)]和胞外藻毒素EMC[(EMC-LR) (EMC-RR)]进行了跟踪检测.结果表明,水体中TMC-RR、TMC-LR、EMC-RR、EMC-LR质量浓度平均分别为1.819 μg/L、1.090 μg/L、0.491 μg/L和0.077 μg/L,无锡市的主要水源地水质已受到微囊藻毒素的污染.提出,应加强水源地水体中微囊藻毒素浓度的监测,确保饮用水的安全.     

微囊藻毒素检测方法的研究进展

随着水体富营养化日益严重,有毒蓝藻水华引起的污染事件在世界范围内频繁发生,其产生的毒素对生物有潜在的危害。所以迫切需要建立一种工作原理简单易行、分析速度快、灵敏度较高的统一的检测方法,对水体中特别是饮用水源中的微囊藻毒素进行检测。文章简要介绍了近年来发展起来的几类微囊藻毒素检测技术,以及微囊藻毒素检测技术尚要解决的问题和未来的发展方向。     

宁波市饮用水源地爆发蓝藻水华时微囊藻毒素的污染分析

通过固相萃取净化,建立了超高效液相色谱-串联四极杆质谱法测定水中微囊藻毒素MC-LR和MC-RR的方法,并用该方法监测了宁波市两个饮用水源地爆发蓝藻水华时水体中的微囊藻毒素.监测结果表明,姚江水体中的微囊藻毒素污染水平低,MC-LR和MC-RR没有被检出;梅湖水库水体中MC-RR也未被检出,采取措施后,虽MC-LR有时被检出,但最高时也低于国家标准值(1.0μg/L).     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.