一株菲降解菌的特性及相关降解基因的克隆

从石油污染土壤中分离到一株菲降解菌2F5-2.根据该菌株生理生化特征和16S rDNA序列相似性分析,将其初步鉴定为鞘氨醇杆菌属(Sphingobium sp.).该菌株在10 h内对100 mg/L的菲的降解率为100%.降解菲的最适温度为30℃,最适pH为7.对降解途径的初步研究显示,该菌株通过水杨酸途径降解菲.克隆了编码芳香烃双加氧酶α亚基的基因phdA,它与菌株Sphingomonas sp.P2、Sphingobium yanoikuyae B1、Sphingomonas sp.ZP1中phdA的同源性分别为97.9%、98%和100%,表明该基因具有保守性.图6参16     

一株既产表面活性剂又高效降解石油烃菌株的鉴定及降解效果

在修复石油烃污染的环境时,多采用表面活性剂增强修复效果,而一些微生物既能降解石油烃,又能代谢分泌表面活性剂,从而促进油的乳化,提高油的分散程度,增大菌株和油珠的接触面积,提高其对石油烃的降解,增强修复效果。该研究从石油污染土壤中筛选出一株既产生物表面活性剂又高效降解石油烃的菌株B-6。通过观察形态特征、生理生化试验及16S r DNA序列分析,对菌株进行鉴定。并研究了菌株产生物表面活性剂及降解石油烃的特性。实验结果表明,B-6初步鉴定为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。菌株B-6的发酵液经粗提后,得到黄褐色粘稠状生物表面活性剂粗品,其产量为2.19 g·L~(-1)。红外光谱分析表明,菌株B-6在代谢过程中能产生糖脂类生物表面活性物质。该菌株用于水中石油烃的降解,石油烃初始浓度为2 000 mg·L~(-1),120 r·min~(-1)、30℃下振荡培养5 d后,菌株对石油烃的降解率达99.13%。     

微生物混合堆制法处理油污土壤的净化效果

堆制处理工艺是处理油污土壤的一种强化的生物处理工艺。在两种油污土样的堆制中投加了四株高效石油降解菌,处理60d后考察投加了混合菌的净化效果,主要包括油污中饱和烃、芳香烃、胶质、沥青质、总烃碳数组分相对含量的变化以及土壤中重金属含量及其水溶性的变化。结果表明:饱和烃的绝对去除量以及去除率都要高于其它三者;土样1和土样2总烃碳数组分百分比的变化幅度差别较大,呈现低碳数下降、高碳数升高的趋势,可见添加的高效石油降解菌以利用中低碳数烃类为主;该复合微生物堆制处理法对土壤的重金属污染基本无影响。     

石油烃污染底泥的理化性质及酶活性研究

石油烃是环境中典型的持久性有机污染物,为研究石化废水中石油烃对底泥理化性质及酶活性的影响,以及选择典型监测参数。以黄河三角洲地区石化厂区为典型研究区,通过野外现场采集代表性石化废水排放处底泥样品,室内测定底泥理化性质和酶活性指标。结果表明,总石油烃质量分数变化范围为1.98—13.13 g·kg~(-1),其组分构成以饱和烃为主。不同石油烃质量分数分组之间总石油烃和饱和烃差异显著,芳香烃、沥青和胶质则差异不显著,并且底泥中饱和烃相对容易发生降解作用。底泥的pH、比表面积、总氮、铵氮、硝态氮、总磷、有效磷和有机质质量分数,以及淀粉酶、脱氢酶、脂肪酶和硝酸还原酶)均未受在1.98—7.21 g·kg~(-1)的质量分数范围内石油烃的显著影响,而过氧化氢酶和脲酶则被显著影响。石油烃高质量分数(13.13 g·kg~(-1))的底泥中总氮、总磷、有效磷、有机质质量分数最高,且脲酶、过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性最高,而淀粉酶、脂肪酶和硝酸还原酶活性为最低值。脲酶活性特征表明石油烃降解过程中微生物以铵态氮作为主要氮源。高质量分数石油烃污染提高了过氧化氢酶活性,高酶活也表明微生物降解性能较高。脲酶和过氧化氢酶的测定有利于判断石油烃污染及其降解特征。总石油烃及不同组分之间的显著相关表明选择的石油烃参数具有代表性。总氮、总磷与总石油烃及各组分之间均显著相关,而电导率、铵氮、硝态氮和有效磷则均与石油烃及组分无显著相关;有机质与除饱和烃之外的石油组分、以及总氮、总磷均为显著正相关。过氧化氢酶与饱和烃和芳香烃为显著正相关,脂肪酶与芳香烃为显著正相关,表明微生物降解代谢活动为以饱和烃和芳香烃为主。     

生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂对水体中石油烃降解的促进作用

从被含油废水污染的土壤中筛选得到4株能利用柴油为唯一碳源生长的杆菌(X1,X2,X3和X4),经鉴定,这4株菌分别属于沙雷铁氏菌属(Serratiasp.)、不动菌属(Acinetobactersp.)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillussp.)和氮单胞菌属(Azomonassp.).其中,菌株X4于32℃摇床培养28d后对柴油的降解率达62%,而在相同条件下,添加生物表面活性剂鼠李糖脂后柴油的降解率提高了26%.平板菌落计数结果表明,鼠李糖脂能促进菌的生长,生物量明显增多.对菌株降解反应的动力学研究进一步验证了鼠李糖脂对菌株X4降解石油烃的促进作用,添加了鼠李糖脂的样品组比对照组的半衰期缩短了近1倍.通过设计正交实验,本文研究了培养温度、培养时间、鼠李糖脂的添加量及石油烃的浓度等主要环境因子对水体中石油烃降解的影响.实验结果表明,影响水体中石油烃降解的主导因子是培养时间,其次是培养温度、石油烃的浓度和鼠李糖脂的添加量.图4表2参17     

不同生物质炭对辽河油田石油污染土壤总烃及各组分修复效果研究

中国东北油田开采区大量土地质量下降,石油污染治理与修复已经引起高度重视。通过对比各生物质炭理化性质差异及其对辽河油田石油污染土壤的修复效果,在修复石油污染土壤的同时,推进东北地区农业资源综合利用,对石油污染修复具有实际意义,对制备改性生物炭具有指导作用。以玉米(Zea mays)秸秆、芦苇(Phragmites australis)秸秆和松针(Pinusarmandi)为生物质材料在300℃条件下制备生物炭,测定其产率、灰分、pH值,并利用BET、能谱分析、扫描电镜和红外光谱等技术对不同生物质炭进行性质表征,通过40d的石油污染土壤修复试验对比不同生物质炭对总石油烃及各组分烃类的修复效率。结果表明,各生物质炭物化性状存在明显差异,松针生物炭扫描电镜呈层状结构,玉米秸秆生物炭具有孔状轮廓但孔隙内部覆有碎片,芦苇秸秆生物炭孔隙结构清晰且具有深度,比表面积为93.47 m~2·g~(-1)。经不同生物质炭40 d修复后,不同处理总石油烃及各组分烃类去除效果:芦苇秸秆生物炭玉米秸秆生物炭松针生物炭CK(对照组)。所有处理组中石油烃各组分的去除效果:饱和烃芳香烃非烃类物质,各组分烃类呈现不同降解规律。生物炭可提高石油污染土壤中总石油烃及各组分烃类物质的去除效果,其中芦苇秸秆生物炭对石油污染土壤的修复效率最高。     

耐热石油烃降解混合菌的筛选及其群落结构分析

对克拉玛依采集的部分石油污染土壤进行了筛选,得到了5组石油烃高效降解混合菌,其中混合菌KL9-1在45℃的条件下,通过7 d的降解,稀油的降解率达到43.27%,稠油的降解率达到20.09%。混合菌KL9-1经过多次分离纯化后,获得3株具有石油烃降解能力的优势单菌,3株单菌对稀油的降解率都在30%以上。结合分离单菌株的形态、生理生化特征和16S rDNA基因序列的分析结果,初步鉴定KL9-1-1为Pseudomonas putida,KL9-1-2和KL9-1-3为Pseudomonas sp.。     

烷烃降解菌的筛选、鉴定及优势菌株的降解特性

以正庚烷为唯一碳源,从长期受到石油污染的土壤中筛选获得可利用正庚烷的微生物14株.通过形态观察和16S rDNA序列比对,鉴定G2、G9、G14为红球菌属,G3、G27为人苍白杆菌属,G4、G7为芽孢杆菌属,G5、G10、G15、G25为节杆菌属,G16为缺陷短波单胞菌,G17、G22为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌属.通过考察其降解烷烃的能力,确定Rhodococcus sp.G2为烷烃降解优势菌株.该菌株可代谢庚烷获得最大菌体浓度D600 nm=7.51.同时该菌对不同碳链长度的烷烃,如十二烷、十六烷、煤油和二甲苯均具有较强的降解能力,以十二烷为碳源的最大比生长速率为0.37 h-1,最高菌体浓度为D600 nm=12.00,在正十六烷中生长,最大比生长速率为0.23 h-1,在煤油中生长,最大比生长速率为0.14 h-1,在以二甲苯为唯一碳源时,D600 nm也可达到1.00左右.研究表明该菌株对于石油污染土壤的生物修复有很大的应用前景.图6表2参9     

微生物修复石油污染土壤的生态毒性指示

发光菌的相对发光度和植物光合色素含量以及土壤酶活性是土壤石油污染程度和生态毒性强弱的综合反映。为探究不同生物指示方法对石油污染土壤生态毒性的指示效果以及污染土壤在生物修复过程中毒性的变化规律,采用前期筛选分离的三株对石油烃具有良好降解效果的降解菌构建混合菌体系,开展石油污染土壤模拟微生物修复实验。文章首先以明亮发光杆菌为指示生物考察不同修复时期土壤生态毒性,并以高等植物毒性试验以及土壤酶活性试验结果作为辅助证据从生态学角度揭示修复过程中石油污染土壤生态毒性的变化,并分析了以上3种指示方法的一致性。结果表明,该混合菌能高效降解对石油烃污染物,污染土壤经40 d修复后,石油烃污染物浓度从5 000 mg·kg-1降到1 781 mg·kg-1,去除率达到64%。高等植物生态毒性试验、土壤酶活性试验与发光菌生态毒性试验结果呈现良好的一致性,石油污染土壤的生态毒性随着微生物修复过程的进行呈先上升后下降的趋势。具体而言,修复初期的土样对小麦光合色素含量的抑制作用最大,叶绿素a含量相对于对照组降低了39.3%,仅为(1.36±0.04)mg·g-1;土壤过氧化氢酶酶活性与石油烃残留量呈极显著负相关关系(-0.973);污染土壤生态毒性在修复的第8天达到最大,其二氯甲烷/二甲基亚砜浸提液中发光菌的相对发光度为18.1%,与0.187 mg·L-1 Hg Cl2的毒性相当。明亮发光杆菌的相对发光度和小麦光合色素含量以及土壤过氧化氢酶活性能较好地指示石油污染土壤在生物修复过程中的生态毒性,可作为石油污染土壤微生物修复效果的指示生物。     

高效纤维素降解菌分离筛选、复合菌系构建及秸秆降解效果分析

从川西高原贡嘎山区杜鹃林下土壤中分离纤维素降解菌,构建具有高效降解纤维素能力的复合菌系,并对秸秆降解效果进行分析,为农业废弃物的循环利用提供菌种资源和理论依据.样品及经风干、高温等预处理后,采用平板涂布法进行分离,共获得79株菌株;通过刚果红实验对分离获得的菌株进行初步筛选,运用DNS法测定各菌株的羧甲基纤维素酶活(Carboxymethyl cellulase,CMCase),复筛得到15株具有CMCase活能力的菌株.经滤纸条崩解实验、秸秆崩解实验及降解率测定,最终确定了各菌株的纤维素降解能力,进一步经拮抗实验,选取相互无拮抗的菌株构建5个复合菌系:A(112、146、156、171),B(145、147、150、153),C(110、116、174),D(147、154、171),E(145、146、150、152、153).复合菌系的滤纸酶活(Fpase)与秸秆降解率测定结果显示,组合C对秸秆的降解率较单菌株116提高了50.71%,组合D对秸秆的降解率较单菌株154提高了41.54%.经形态学和分子生物学鉴定,纤维素降解能力比较好的两个组合中的菌株分别被鉴定为类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus sp.)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.)以及链霉菌属(Streptomyces sp.).本研究表明,复合菌系纤维素降解能力优于单一菌株,C、D两组复合菌系表现出较高的纤维素降解能力,具有进一步开发的价值.     

植物-微生物修复石油烃污染土壤与根际微生态环境变化

石油烃作为一类持久性难降解有机污染物对土壤环境质量产生严重的危害。以天津大港油田原油污染土壤中筛选出的耐低温高效石油烃降解菌为靶细胞,以小麦、紫花苜蓿作为供试植物,利用盆栽试验,对植物-外源菌协同修复体系中的脱氢酶活性和土壤微生物多样性进行研究,分析其变化及其与石油烃降解率的关系。结果表明植物-微生物协同修复对石油烃具有较好的降解能力,其中小麦-固定化外源菌组具有最高的降解率,石油烃含量从最初的30 600 mg獉kg-1下降为24 300 mg獉kg-1,降解率为20.6%,并且其试验后期石油烃的降解率最大,远远高于其他时期,表现出良好的修复潜力。外源菌投加的初始阶段会迅速提高脱氢酶活性,然而这种影响随着降解时间延长而逐渐减弱。初期脱氢酶活性与总石油烃的降解存在较好的相关性,脱氢酶活性可以在一定程度上表征土壤石油烃的降解情况。微生物多样性与总石油烃降解也存在一定的相关性。     

产表面活性剂降解石油菌株产物性质及降解性能研究

微生物是组成生态系统的重要成员,在污染物去除中发挥着重要作用,是生物修复中的主力,然而在石油污染修复过程中,石油烃的疏水性会限制微生物对石油的降解,但一些微生物的细胞代谢物即生物表面活性剂,它是微生物在一定条件下代谢分泌产生的具有一定表面活性,集亲水基和疏水基结构于一分子的两亲性化合物,可以促进油的乳化,提高油的分散程度,增大菌株和油珠的接触机会,促进对石油烃的吸收和降解。在实验室分离得到了7株产表面活性剂石油降解菌株,经分子鉴定可知菌1和菌2都为粘质沙雷氏菌Serratia marcescens,菌3为居植物柔武氏菌Raoultella planticola,菌4,菌6和菌7都为克雷伯氏菌Klebsiella variicola,菌5为蜡状芽孢杆菌Bacillus cereus。主要研究了它们的生长与表面活性剂物质分泌状况的关系,发现随着时间增加,OD值随之增大,表面张力呈现下降趋势;并对菌株产物进行提取和薄层层析,离子型分析和红外光谱分析,初步判断其产物均为阴离子糖脂类;通过pH,初始油质量浓度,接种量和盐度4个单因素的变化研究菌1粘质沙雷氏菌,菌3居植物柔武士菌,菌5蜡状芽孢杆菌和菌6克雷伯氏菌对石油类物质降解能力,发现菌3居植物柔武氏菌和菌5蜡状芽孢杆菌降解性能较好;通过响应曲面法优化蜡状芽孢杆菌的降解条件,得出其最佳降解条件为pH为5.02,油质量浓度为3 g·L-1,接种量为1199.98μL,盐度为0.5 g·L-1时,在此条件下,菌株对石油的降解率为66.94%。     

Bioremediation of highly contaminated oilfield soil: Bioaugmentation for enhancing aromatic compounds removal

This study evaluated the effectiveness of different amendments--including a commercial NPK fertilizer, a humic substance （HS）, an organic industrial waste （NovoGro）, and a yeast-bacteria consortium--in the remediation of highly contaminated （up to 6% of total petroleum hydrocarbons） oilfield soils. The concentrations of hydrocarbon, soil toxicity, physicochemical properties of the soil, microbial population numbers, enzyme activities and microbial community structures were examined during the 90-d incubation. The results showed that the greatest degradation of total petroleum hydro- carbons （TPH） was observed with the biostimulation using mixture of NPK, HS and NovoGro, a treatment scheme that enhanced both dehydrogenase and lipase activities in soil. Introduction of exogenous hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria （in addition to biostimulation with NPK, HS and NovoGro） had negligible effect on the removal of TPH, which was likely due to the competition between exogenous and autochthonous microorganisms. None- theless, the addition of exogenous yeast-bacteria consor- tium significantly enhanced the removal of the aromatic fraction of the petroleum hydrocarbons, thus detoxifying the soil. The effect of bioaugmentation on the removal of more recalcitrant petroleum hydrocarbon fraction was likely due to the synergistic effect of bacteria and fungi.     

柴油污染土壤生物修复对土壤酶活性的影响

在柴油污染土壤的生物修复过程中,分析了土壤中柴油降解菌数量和3种土壤酶活性(过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和脂酶)等生物活性指标与土壤中柴油去除率的相关性.结果表明,土壤受到柴油污染后的一段时间后过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶和脂酶的活性上升,而后随着土壤中石油烃的降解,脂酶又不断降低.进一步分析表明脂酶活性与柴油降解率及柴油降解菌数量都具有很好的正相关性,可以采用土壤脂酶活性来指示柴油生物降解成效.     

Microbial community and functional genes in the rhizosphere of alfalfa in crude oil-contaminated soil

A rhizobox system constructed with crude oil-contaminated soil was vegetated with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to evaluate the rhizosphere effects on the soil microbial population and functional structure, and to explore the potential mechanisms by which plants enhance the removal of crude oil in soil. During the 80-day experiment, 31.6% of oil was removed from the adjacent rhizosphere (AR); this value was 27% and 53%higher than the percentage of oil removed from the far rhizosphere (FR) and from the non-rhizosphere (NR), respectively. The populations of heterotrophic bacteria and hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria were higher in the AR and FR than in the NR. However, the removal rate of crude oil was positively correlated with the proportion of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria in the rhizosphere. In total, 796, 731, and 379 functional genes were detected by microarray in the AR, FR, and NR, respectively. Higher proportions of functional genes related to carbon degradation and organic remediation, were found in rhizosphere soil compared with NR soil, suggesting that the rhizosphere selectively increased the abundance of these specific functional genes. The increase in water-holding capacity and decrease in pH as well as salinity of the soil all followed the order of AR>FR>NR. Canonical component analysis showed that salinity was the most important environmental factor influencing the microbial functional structure in the rhizosphere and that salinity was negatively correlated with the abundance of carbon and organic degradation genes.     

Degradation of crude oil by a mixed population of bacteria isolated from sea-surface foams

A mixed bacteria population (EM₄) was isolated from foams formed on the surface of a zone chromically polluted by hydrocarbons (Gulf of Fos, French Mediterranean coast, October 1981). The population was able to degrade crude oil very effectively in the presence of sea water supplemented with nitrogen, phosphorus and iron. The percentage of hydrocarbon degradation was 81% at 30°C, pH 8, and partial oxygen pressure of 100%. After 12 d incubation, 92 and 83% of satured and aromatic compounds (mono-, di- and triaromatics) were degraded, respectively, as well as 63% of polar products and 48.5% of asphaltenes. Maximum degradation was attained at a sodium chloride concentration of between 400 and 800 mM with Population EM₄, which is constituted of 8 strains, four of which are weak halophiles. Bacterial growth on hydrocarbons induces the production in the culture medium of surface-active agents which are able to emulsify the substrate. There is high specificity between the nature of the growth substrate and such emulsifying activity, particularly as far as petroleum is concerned: only the culture medium from Population EM₄ is able to emulsify petroleum. These surface-active agents contain sugars and lipids (fatty acids, mono- and diglycerides). The foams, which always contain a high concentration of both hydrocarbons (100 to 180 mgl^-1) and bacteria that are able to grow on these types of substrates, have a strong emulsifying activity. Our results would seem to demonstrate the importance of biosurfactants in the elimination of hydrocarbons from polluted biotopes.     

微生物法在油气勘探中的应用研究

石油天然气的微生物勘探法是通过测定土壤中以微渗漏轻烃为食物来源的微生物菌落来圈定烃类渗漏的范围.本文探讨了甲烷氧化菌、厌氧纤维素分解菌和硫酸盐还原菌在油气勘探中的意义,并将其作为指示微生物,以川西孝泉地区已知天然气田为例,对微生物油气勘查技术的试验效果进行研究.结果发现,在气田上方指示微生物存在明显异常现象,即在气田上方甲烷氧化菌、厌氧纤维素分解菌数量较少,硫酸菌还原菌较高;气田外缘甲烷氧化菌、厌氧纤维素分解菌数量较高,而硫酸菌还原菌较低.研究表明,微生物地表油气勘探技术用于油气预测是有效的.图2参12     

Degradation rates of aged petroleum hydrocarbons are likely to be mass transfer dependent in the field

Evidence for on site biodegradation may be difficult to provide at heterogeneous sites without additional experiments in controlled laboratory conditions. In this study, microbial activities measured as CO₂ and CH₄ production were compared in situ, in intact soil cores and in bottle microcosms containing sieved soils. In addition, biodegradation rates were determined by measuring the decrease in petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations at 7°C in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Elevated concentrations of CO₂ and CH₄ in the soil gas phase indicated that both the aerobic and anaerobic microbial activity potentials were high at the contaminated site. Aerobic and anaerobic microbial degradation rates in laboratory experiments of petroleum hydrocarbons were highest in soils from the most contaminated point and degradation in the aerobic and anaerobic microcosms was linear throughout the incubation, indicating mass-transfer-dependent degradation. Different results for microbial activity measurements were obtained in laboratory studies depending on pretreatment and size of the sample, even when the environmental conditions were mimicked. These differences may be related to differences in the gas exchange rates as well as in changes in the bioavailability of the contaminant in different analyses. When predicting by modeling the behavior of an aged contaminant it is relevant to adapt the models in use to correspond to conditions relevant at the contaminated sites. The variables used in the models should be based on data from the site and on experiments performed using the original aged contaminant without any additions.     

Effect of microbial seeding of crude oil in seawater in a model system

The adding of a mixed culture of marine hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria to petroleum polluted seawater did not increase the hydrocarbon degradation capability of the water. All the strains of the mixed culture disappeared from the dominant microflora while the autochthonous bacteria showed a capacity for adaptation to petroleum degradation about four days after the oil spill. This confirms the advantage of natural bacterial communities. The oil spilled on the sea surface evolved very quickly under the influence of abiotic factors such as sunlight. Aromatic petroleum fractions were oxidized and polymerized. This chemical evolution causes a drastic decrease of the biodegradability of crude oil.     

鼠李糖脂对土壤中原油降解的促进

从辽河油田石油污染的土壤中筛选、驯化得到三株对辽河原油具有较高降解效果的菌种(H1,H2,H3),选取对原油降解率最高的菌株H1为供试菌种,以受原油污染的天津滨海地区典型土壤(淤泥质粉质粘土夹粉砂)为供试土样,考察了不同浓度下鼠李糖脂对菌种H1生长、原油增溶和降解效果的影响.结果表明,鼠李糖脂对菌种H1无毒性,其对原油增溶效果明显,原油溶解度随着鼠李糖脂浓度的增加而增加.降解动力学实验结果表明,原油的降解符合指数常数模型.鼠李糖脂能明显促进土壤中原油的降解,缩短降解周期,大大提高修复效率.