对军工电子产品环境试验的几点思考

本文从军工电子产品环境试验出发，介绍了环境试验的三种形式，分另4从四个方面阐述了环境试验与可靠性试验和环境应力筛选试验之间的区别和联系，并对环境试验中个试验项目顺序的选择进行了讨论，最后推荐了在军工电子产品定型试验和批次产品验收试验时的环境试验的项目顺序。     

试验环境条件的剪裁技术

说明环境因素的剪裁技术，阐述了确定综合试验环境因素的方法，在各种环境因素引起电子产品失效比例统计的基础上，得出使用环境应力与产品耐环境应力之间的关系，从而提出了根据需要与可能及产品特性对固体力学环境试验方向选取的方法。     

如何确保产品可靠性

产品的可靠性，是指产品在规定的条件下、在规定的时间内完成规定功能的能力。在市场竞争日益激烈的今天，可靠性高的产品，不仅可为客户节省开支，巩固客户的信誉和品牌知名度，而且有助于提高客户的市场竞争力。产品是否可靠，己成为企业生存和持续发展的最重要因素。国际国内为此都制订了相应的标准：根据产品在使用过程中，可能遇到的不同使用环境（如：室外、随身携带、船上等等），并受到不同环境的应力（如：风吹雨淋、振动与跌落、盐雾蚀侵等等），进行模拟测试项目，确认产品的工作性能和适应力。产品的可靠性测试，包括力学环境试验、环境气候试验和特殊环境试验，是确保产品可靠性的有效手段。其工作原理就是据产品运行时的可能遇到的气候状况、环境状况、负载水平等一系列条件，通过一系列测试项目，综合分析产品样品的性能，解决产品故障发生的原因，并采取消除、预防措施，从量化方面保证产品的质量，以确保产品的安全性和耐久性。产品可靠性测试可以委托专门服务机构进行。     

道路车辆电气电子设备温度/湿度组合循环试验要点

温度/湿度组合循环试验本质上是一项气候环境的加速试验,失效较为集中。这里列出了若干关于试验的要点,供产品研发和试验人员把握。     

产品研制中的环境试验应用考虑

本文介绍了在产品研发和生产过程中如何有效地规划环境试验，讨论了如何在产品研制过程中的合适阶段选择合适的环境试验项目及试验要求。     

环境技术对提高航天产品可靠性的作用和影响

本文叙述了环境技术在产品可靠性设计和可靠性试验中的应用。前者包括局部环境和微环境设计、环境防护设计，后者列出了高效应力筛选试验（ＥＳＳ）和环境模拟试验。从中可以看出环境技术和可靠性关系十分密切，适当和有效地利用环境技术有利于提高产品的可靠性。     

美国环境试验发展动向

本文介绍了近十年来美国在环境试验理论和方法方面的发展,着重介绍了环境试验标准剪裁、综合环境试验和环境应力筛选的发展过程。指出当前美国在环境试验方面力求更合理地制定环境试验要求,努力把环境试验与产品整个研制过程更紧密地结合起来,从而使环境工程对产品的质量和可靠性保证起到更大的作用。     

综合环境应力可靠性试验

产品在实际使用中会经受到各种环境因素的作用，从而使产品的薄弱环节和缺陷在各种自然环境和诱发环境因素的作用下发生故障。由于只有综合环境试验才能更真实地反映产品实际使用环境，所以目前在航空航天机载设备可靠性试验中已采用施加综合环境应力的方法。本文在介绍综合环境试验设备的基础上，给出了几种机载设备的综合环境应力试验剖面，并对某歼击机自动驾驶仪系统可靠性试验的故障模式进行了分析。     

对雷达模拟环境试验的思考

雷达环境试验是产品特定技术要求规定的。只有科学的试验方法，才能有效评价雷达在我国自然环境条件下贮存、运输和使用的适应性。自然环境是一个多变量的综合环境，如：温度、阳光、生物、风沙、雨水和机械环境应力等同时对产品作用。而雷达环境试验是用模拟的方法，在试...     

试谈雷达电子产品通电工作状态的模拟湿热试验

根据我国的实际情况，肯定了对雷达电子设备在湿热环境条件下进行通电工作的需要，分析了湿热环境对产品的影响，结合某雷达产品模拟湿热试验的实践，论证了模拟湿热环境通电工作的必要性和可行性，指出了在较低装配级别上进行通电试验，效果更理想。     

Risk assessment methodologies for biotechnology impact assessment

Summary By combining hazard assessment of effects of a potential biotechnology product with exposure assessments based on study of the genetically engineered organism's fate, conclusions may be reached about the risk involved in release of the product to the environment. In order to make this risk assessment, criteria (including regulatory endpoints) must be established and then developed further against a data base from well-accepted tests. Other aspects requiring research and development include test evaluation, quality assurance, statistical procedures, and methods of identifying and monitoring not only the nominal organism(s) in the products, but also any contaminating material or organisms to which the genetically engineered components may be transferred in the environment.Application of microcosm technology to testing of genetically engineered organisms is expected to be important, since these systems may be used safely to understand fate and effects prior to (or in place of) testing the product in the environment. Limitations in the use of microcosms may be offset by the cost-effectiveness and incisiveness of results, as has been shown for other pollutants.Risk management for biotechnology products currently lacks an adequate background, but components of the process exist or can be developed. New resources, in terms of personnel, training, facilities, and funding, will be needed in order to apply the risk assessment paradigm used for toxic chemicals and pesticides. We will need to know:     

电工设备高原环境适应性与标准体系建设研究

介绍了电工设备高原环境适应性研究与标准制定的进展,提出高原环境条件下的模拟试验仍然是检测高原电工产品性能的有效手段.建立地方标准和企业标准体系,是发展高原特色电工产品的重要内容.     

电子设备的安全性设计

本电子设备安全性设计的目的就是通过识别、分析、评价系统中存在的危险性,预计事故对人员、设备和环境的破坏的可能性和严重性,根据其结果调整工艺、设备、操作、管理、生产周期和投资等因素,提出消除、减少、控制危险及危险事件的措施,以便使事故在发生之前得到控制,降低系统运行的风险。     

四川省自贡市声环境质量监督性监测结果分析与建议

开展了四川省自贡市城市声环境质量监督性抽测工作,进行了历史监测数据核查、仪器设备检查、日常质控情况检查、现场比对监测与监测点位核查,抽测结果显示自贡市声环境质量监测工作在监测数据管理、仪器设备管理、监测点位有效性及监测人员业务素质等方面存在一些问题,提出了加强声环境监测技术贮备和人员培养,及时调整监测点位,加强质量管理等建议。     

黟县乡村旅游深度开发研究

黟县乡村旅游资源丰富,旅游经济地位突出,但与打造"现代国际乡村旅游综合示范区"的目标尚有距离.在分析黟县乡村旅游发展现状的基础上,剖析了其存在的问题,并进一步从产品体系设计、基础设施建设、旅游环境保护和旅游管理水平等方面提出了相关建议,以期为黟县乡村旅游的深度开发提供有益参考.     

军用设备淋雨环境试验技术

淋雨试验方法是一种人工环境试验方法.这里简要介绍了进行淋雨环境试验的目的、适用范围及环境影响因素,并说明应从产品使用环境、本身特点及产品技术条件的角度出发来考虑确定各试验参数,同时指出应根据产品结构状态、使用目的来选择试验程序.     

Exposure to electromagnetic fields in the magnetic resonance imaging environment in South Africa

Occupational exposure to radiofrequency (RF) and static magnetic fields at magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suites is of continuing concern to personnel who routinely work in this environment. Questions regarding the levels of occupational RF and static field exposure have increased with the increasing demand for anesthetics to be administered in this environment. The present study was thus designed towards addressing the above-mentioned problem by gaining information regarding exposure levels of clinical personnel at MRI units in South Africa. Three 1.5 MRI units in Bloemfontein, South Africa were utilized to evaluate the exposure of clinical personnel to the electromagnetic fields present in the MRI environment over a period of time and during different clinical MRI procedures. Three rounds of measurements of RF fields in the MRI environment were done. All the three measurement rounds were focused on the low frequencies, 5 Hz–32 kHz, as well as on the high frequencies, 300 kHz–40 GHz. First round measurements were done to establish the background of the RF fields in and around the magnet room during an MRI examination. Second round RF field measurements were done at a specific location, 1 m away from the bore on the right-hand side of the bed, in the MRI room. The third round measurements were of the same format as the second round, but the specific location was against the magnet bore. Two pieces of Narda Safety Test Solution instruments, the EFA-300 and EMR-300, were used to measure the electromagnetic and magnetic exposure fields generated from the MRI scanners. Results of the measurements indicate that the electromagnetic fields measured during different clinical procedures do not exceed the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (2000) guidelines in these units. Results from round two and three showed that the RF and gradient exposure 1 m and up against the bore entrance does not exceed these guidelines (rms average over 6 min). Ongoing new developments in MRI scanning create the need for continuously monitoring exposure of patients and workers to the EMF fields in the MRI environment.     

油田放射性测井对环境和个人辐射剂量分析

放射性测井对环境和个人辐射剂量监测数据表明:个人受辐射伤害最大的是保管员,其次是仪器修理人员,然后是农民轮换工、司机、绞车工、操作工、主管领导、井口工人。保管员、仪器修理工、司机遭受辐射的剂量比较大,而在一线现场操作人员的个人辐射剂量水平反而都比较低,说明现场的个人防护措施得当。经过分析,确定了放射性测井施工中各岗位的安全操作时间,并针对个人防护存在的问题,提出了相应的改进措施和建议。     

“My Husband Usually Makes Those Decisions”: Gender,Behavior, and Attitudes Toward the Marine Environment

Human behavior impacts the environment we live in. In order to better understand how one group, boat owners, in three Nordic countries adjacent to the Baltic Sea; Sweden, Finland and Denmark, viewed the relationship between the marine environment, leisure boats and issues of responsibility, a survey study was conducted (n = 1701). The results show that there are differences between gender in many areas and those women in general are more environmentally friendly than men in their views and behavior. Men and women seek information about boating by different channels and this knowledge may be used in future information campaigns. Both men and women ranked boat owners as having the lowest impact on the marine environment and perceived these to be responsible for addressing environmental issues caused by leisure boat activities. The results also show that it is important to prove the effectiveness of an environmentally safe product since this factor is ranked higher than price when considering buying a product. The results suggest that once environmentally friendly behavior is established, such as recycling, this behavior continues. One implication of this study is that small changes in human behavior are seen as acceptable but larger commitments are more difficult to achieve. If individuals do not feel responsible for causing environmental damage, this aspect needs to be addressed in information aimed at this group. Novel approaches on framing the information and new ways of disseminating information are needed.