As(Ⅲ)对活性污泥处理城市污水影响的动态模拟研究

采用ＭＬＳＳ为１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ，停留时间为１０ｈ的动态模拟实验，研究了Ａｓ（Ⅲ）对活性污泥处理城市污水的某些影响。其结果：用１０ｐｐｍ、５０ｐｐｍＡｓ（⒄）处理后，氢酶活性抑制率分别为５．４％和１４．４％，ＢＯＤ５去除的抑制率分别为４．３％和１０．５％，氨基酸总量的抑制率分别为３．４１％和６．１２％。     

味精浓度水稀释液厌氧消化—SBR工艺处理

采用ＵＢＦ－ＳＢＲ工艺处理味精浓度水稀释液，ＵＢＦ段的进水ＣＯＤｃｒ１８９００ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ３－Ｎ１５００ｍｇ／Ｌ，有机容积负荷率９．４５ｋｇ（ＣＯＤ）／ｍ＾３．ｄ时，ＣＯＤｃｒ平均去除率为８４．５％，ＳＢＲ段的进水ＣＯＤｃｒ２９５０ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ３－Ｎ１６７８ｍｇ／Ｌ，曝气６５ｈ，ＤＯ为４～４．５ｍｇ／Ｌ，停曝气时ＤＯ在０．３ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，ＣＯＤｃｒ和ＮＨ３－Ｎ的平均去除率分别为９２％和９９．４     

硫酸盐对高浓度黑液二相厌氧处理的影响

用二相ＵＡＳＢ反应器处理碱法草浆黑液，酸化相为８．８７Ｌ的普通升流式反应器，甲烷相为２８．７５Ｌ的ＵＡＳＢ反应器，系统温度３５±１℃。结果表明：当酸化相进水ＣＯＤ５５１３￣９５５ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＳＯ４＾２－８３７０￣１０４１ｍｇ／Ｌ，ｐＨ值为５．５时，二相系统ＣＯＤ去除率为７６．１８％。     

[Cu—γ—Al2O3]催化剂处理染料废水工艺条件研究

采用「Ｃｕ－γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３」催化剂对由活性艳红Ｘ－３Ｂ配制的ＣＯＤｃｒ为５７００ｍｇ／Ｌ色度３１００倍的实际染料废水进行了催化氧化试验，试验表明，在控制ｐＨ＝４－５，Ｈ２Ｏ２用量为５．０ｍｇ／Ｌ，催化剂用量为３．０ｇ／Ｌ，ｔ＝７０℃和反应时间为２ｈ条件下，可获得ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率为７７％－７８％，脱色率为９９％的良好效果，且催化剂可再生使用。     

厌氧消化反应器进行条件的选择

研究了ＵＢＦ－ＳＢＲ工艺中ＵＢＦ段的几个运行参数，在３５℃，进水ＣＯＤｃｒ１５５４６ｍｇ／Ｌ，ＮＨ３－Ｎ１２１４ｍｇ／Ｌ，有要容积负荷率７．５５ｋｇ（ＣＯＤ）／ｍ＾３．ｄ时，运行最佳。其ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率为９３．９％，产气率为０．６４ｍ＾３（气）／为５．４６ｋｇ（ＣＯＤ）／ｍ＾３．ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率为９１．４％。并气率为０．５９ｍ＾３（气）／去除率ｋｇ（ＣＯＤ），ＣＨ４含量为５７．５％，两者出水ＰＨ均     

BF4-废水水解法实验

常温下用水解法处理ＢＦ４废水．实验采用铝盐作主水解剂，试剂Ａ作助水解剂，ｐＨ值小于３，在常温条件下实现了对ＢＦ４的高效水解．研究结果表明，ＢＦ４∶Ａｌ３＋∶Ａ的质量比为１∶０．８∶０．１，水解时间６～３ｈ，水解率达到９９．５％以上．使用助水解剂Ａ，缩短了水解时间，减少了铝盐用量，对高浓度的ＢＦ４废水效果尤为显著，水解时间可缩短一半，主水解剂用量可减少１／５，处理后出水中的ＢＦ４含量可降到１０ｍｇ／Ｌ以下．     

锌湿法冶炼废水中锌,镁的连续测定

本文介绍冶炼废水中锌和镁进行了测定方法的实验研究。实验证明：在ｐＨ５．５和ｐＨ１０的两种缓冲介质中，以２．０ｇ／ＬＸＯ指示剂０．１５ｍｇ／Ｌ和５ｇ／ＬＥＢＴ指示剂１．５ｍｇ／Ｌ为指示剂，在掩蔽Ｆｅ＾３＋和Ｃｄ＾２＋、Ｃａ＾２＋后，进行ＥＤＴＡ络合滴定，结果准确、可靠，且方法具有简单迅速的优点。     

褐菖鮋（Sebastiscusmarmoratus）金属硫蛋白的分离提纯及免疫测定

通过ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－７５凝胶过滤和ＤＥＡＥ－ＳｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅＣＬ－６Ｂ离子交换柱层析，从褐菖的肝脏分离金属硫蛋白，经氨基区组成分析表明：褐菖的金属硫蛋白不含环状氨基酸，半胱氨酸含量达３５％，估算分子量为６７００道尔顿。等电聚焦显示两条区带，ＰＩ分别为４．０和４．２。金属硫蛋白经与牛血清蛋白交联对兔进行免疫，兔抗血清用ＰｒｏｔｅｉｎＡ亲和纯化并标记上辣根过氧化物酶，利用酶联免疫吸附测定法（ＥＬＩＳＡ）对褐菖金属硫蛋白进行分析，测定范围为５—１００ｎｇ／ｍＬ，经诱导和没诱导的肝提取液金属硫蛋白含量分别为４５０μｇ／ｍＬ和２０μｇ／ｍＬ，两者之间差别为２０多倍。     

溴甲酚绿－溴化十六烷基吡啶光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂

建立溴甲酚绿（ＢＣＧ）－溴化十六烷基吡啶（ＣＰＢ）光度法测定水中阴离子表面活性剂的方法。实验表明,适合的ＰＨ范围为５．５－９．０,λｍａｘ＝６１４ｎｍ,在８６μｇＣＰＢ存在下,十二烷基苯碘酸钠（ＳＢＳ）和十二烷基硫酸钠（ＳＤＳ）分别在０－８０μｇ／１０ｍｌ和０－７５μｇ／１０ｍｌ范围内符合比耳定律,其表观摩尔吸光系数分别为２．９×１０＾４和３．１×１０＾４Ｌ．ｍｏｌ＾－１．ｃｍ＾－１。用此法测定了     

胶州湾潮间带和沿岸区硫酸盐还原菌量分布

用ＭＰＮ法对胶州湾潮间带和沿岸区的硫酸盐还原菌（缩写为ＳＲＢ）含量作了研究，结果表明表层沉积物的ＳＲＢ含量大约是４．１×１０＾７个细胞／ｇ，波动范围较大。水中ＳＲＢ含量约２．５×１０＾２／ｍｌ。分析了ＳＲＢ含量的分布状况，发现调查区内的ＳＲＢ含量基本上呈现出北高南低、西高东低之势，即工业区、港口区的高于海水浴场、海滨旅游区的。证实了生活废弃物的排放到其环境ＳＲＢ含量特高。ＳＲＢ含量分布状况大体上与     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.