试点城市O3浓度特征分析

利用2009年O3试点城市的03监测数据,分析了北京、天津、上海、青岛、沈阳和广东的03浓度变化特征,统计了年超标情况,并结合气象要素数据分析了其对03浓度的影响.结果表明,不同城市各点位间03浓度变化趋势基本一致,但因点位类型不同,浓度存在差异；O3浓度呈单峰型日变化,在13:00-15:00出现最大值,6:00-7:00出现最小值；O3超标主要集中在4-8月份,广州和北京超标现象较多；O3浓度受温度、降水、风速和风向等气象要素影响较大.     

气象因素对泉州臭氧的影响

利用泉州城区2017年全年连续观测的O_3和气象要素资料,统计了臭氧浓度的分布特征,分析了气象要素对O_3质量浓度的影响,对比了O_3超标日和非超标日的气象要素特征。结果表明:(1)泉州市O_3质量浓度月变化呈双峰形,春季最高,夏季最低;日变化呈单峰形,最大值出现在13:00—14:00,最小值出现在06:00—07:00,上下游站O_3浓度存在明显传输效应。(2)泉州O_3质量浓度与相对湿度呈负相关,其相关性最高;与风速呈正相关,其相关系数最低,且存在明显区位性差异;与气温的相关性比较复杂,既有正相关,也有负相关。(3)各站点O_3小时质量浓度超标时,均对应2个气象要素区间值。(4)对比污染日非污染日发现,污染日相对湿度较低(50%～60%),非污染日较高(70%～80%);污染日温度略低于非污染日;污染日风向总体为西南偏南,非污染日风向为西南-东南。     

库尔勒市PM_(10)与气象条件的关系

利用库尔勒市2006—2013年的PM10监测数据以及同期常规气象资料,使用非参数分析(spearman秩相关系数)方法分析了常规气象要素与PM10浓度的相关关系。结果表明PM10浓度与各气象要素关系密切:气压较高时,PM10浓度易超过《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)二级标准;当气温≥20℃时,温度越高PM10浓度超标天数越少,当气温20℃时,较高的气温则不利于PM10的稀释扩散;温度露点差越小,PM10的超标率越大;PM10浓度随风速的增大先降低后增加;降水对PM10有清除作用。     

拉萨市大气污染分布特征及气象影响因子分析

以2001～2006年拉萨市的空气环境质量自动监测结果为基础数据,阐明拉萨市区主要大气污染物SO2、NO2、PM10的逐日变化、季节变化以及年变化特征.在此基础上,分析了大气污染物浓度与气象条件的关系.结果表明,除NO2日夜差别不大之外,SO2与PM10质量浓度分别存在典型的单峰、双峰变化;各污染物质量浓度具有冬强夏弱的季节变化规律;就年平均而言,SO2浓度增加,PM10浓度降低,NO2浓度变化不显著,各污染物有明显的突变现象.大多数气象要素与污染物浓度具有较好的负相关,即满足降水量增加、温度升高、相对湿度增大会导致污染物浓度减小的规律,气象要素量级与大气污染天数多少也存在密切关系.     

大风对大气细菌粒子浓度和粒度分布的影响

本工作用ANDENSEN生物粒子采样器和MF—45生物粒子采样器,观测了大风对大气细菌粒子浓度和粒度分布的影响。结果表明,大风能使大气细菌粒子浓度增加,与风速成非常明显的正相关关系,而且随着大气细菌粒子径的增大,大气细菌粒子浓度增加越大。同时大风使大气细菌大粒子的比例增大。     

北京某垃圾填埋区空气细菌浓度及粒径分布特征

以北京市某垃圾填埋区中作业区和覆盖区的空气细菌为主要研究对象,研究四个季节空气细菌浓度及粒径分布特征,得出了以下结论:垃圾填埋区作业区空气细菌浓度四季变化特征较覆盖区显著,且空气细菌浓度高于覆盖区。垃圾填埋区作业区和覆盖区四季的空气细菌粒子主要分布在前4级中,且在第Ⅵ级(<1.0μm)中分布比例最小,但分布规律不完全相同。秋季作业区最易感染人体的空气细菌浓度最高。垃圾填埋区作业区和覆盖区空气细菌中值直径最小值均出现在夏季,最大值均出现在冬季。     

河西走廊PM10污染的气象特征

选用敦煌、酒泉、河西走廊气象站2005年可吸人颗粒物PM10逐时浓度监测资料，较为系统地统计分析了河西走廊地区主要空气污染物-PM10的时空分布特征，其中包括PM10平均浓度和各等级出现频率的逐月变化．揭示了河西走廊站PM10污染年变化趋势，并分析了PM如浓度与地面常规气象要素的相关性。     

苏州市O3污染气象要素影响分析

根据2015—2017年苏州市南门站O_3污染物和相关气象要素数据,分析了太阳辐射、相对湿度、风速风向、气温等气象要素对苏州市O_3污染的影响。结果表明:在太阳总辐射量在300 W/m~2以下时,O_3浓度随太阳总辐射量上升较快,在此后则上升速度趋缓。O_3污染天湿度主要分布在30%～60%,而O_3优良天的湿度主要在50%以上。风速较小时O_3浓度较低,风速较大时O_3浓度相对较高。O_3中度污染时,受东北偏东方向的O_3及其前体物传输影响较大。在日最高气温高于15℃时,可能出现O_3轻度污染;最高气温高于25℃时可能出现O_3中度污染。     

2016-2020年常州市温室气体浓度及相关因素分析

基于2016-2020年常州市主要温室气体的监测数据,采用长时间序列分析和相关性分析等方法,研究了二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)浓度的变化趋势,分析了CO2和CH4与污染物和气象要素的相关性,初步探讨了生物源和人为源的影响.结果 表明:常州市大气CO2和CH4年平均浓度分别为416.4 ppm和1635.7 ppb...     

沈阳市室内空气细菌与真菌粒子的关系

用ＡＮＤＥＲＳＥＮ生物粒子采样器和平皿沉降法观测了室内空气细菌和真菌粒子浓度、浓度分布、粒度分布、粒数中值直径和沉降量．结果表明，室内空气细菌粒子浓度为真菌粒子浓度的２．５倍，细菌粒数中值直径为真菌粒数中值直径的１．４倍，细菌粒子沉降量为真菌粒子沉降量的５，３倍。＜８．２μｍ的空气细菌和真菌粒子浓度差别不大，而＞８．２μｍ的空气细苗比真苗粒子浓度高４．１倍．＜８．２μｍ的可吸入真菌粒数百分比大于＜８．２μｍ的细菌粒数百分比．在一天的７：００时～２２：００时，室内空气细菌和真菌粒子的浓度、沉降量均呈双峰变化；细苗和真菌粒子浓度的相关系数为０．８２２，细菌和真菌粒子沉降量的相关系数为０．８９６，均呈明显的正相关关系；细菌和真菌粒数中值直径的相关系数为－０．０９６，相关关系不大。     

河流沉积物中有机污染物的分析研究进展

总结了近年来河流沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展 ,集中评述了国内有关沉积物中多环芳烃、有机氯农药和多氯联苯的分析研究现状 ,包括样品采集、样品前处理和样品分析 ,并对今后河流、湖泊及水库沉积物中污染物的分析工作作了展望     

丽水市空气中Pb污染调查

为调查丽水市空气中Pb污染现状，在机动车相对集中的市区布设5个测点，测点高度1．2m；监测周期为1a，每星期采样1d或2d，每天采集1个样，每次采样6h；监测项目为TSP、Pb；评价标准采用GB3095—1996《环境空气质量标准》。结果表明，丽水市各测点空气中Pb最大的季均值、年均值均未超标；常规测点和交通路口测点之间TSP、Pb质量浓度值均存在显著的差异性。     

中国1998年度环境质量状况

对我国１９９８年度的环境空气质量，酸雨，主要流域水质，近岸域海水水质，地下水水位与水质，城市声环境、射环境质量，典型区域生态环境的状况进行了综述了与分析，指出了我国的环境污染问题主要是城市空气污染，地面水体污染和城市噪声污染。     

Trends in Nitrogen Transport in Swedish Rivers

Concern about nitrogen loads in marine environments has drawn attention to the existence and possible causes of long-term trends in nitrogen transport in rivers. The present study was based on data from the Swedish environmental monitoring programme for surface water quality; the continuity of these data is internationally unique. A recently developed semiparametric method was employed to study the development of relationships between runoff and river transport of nitrogen since 1971; the observed relationships were then used to produce time series of flow-normalised transports for 66 sites in 39 river basins. Subsequent statistical analyses of flow-normalised data revealed only few significant downward trends (p 0.05) during the time period 1971–1994, and the most pronounced of these downward trends were caused by reduced point emissions of nitrogen. The number of significant upward trends was substantially larger (15 for total-N and 18 for NO₃-N). Closer examination of obtained results revealed the following: (i) the most pronounced upward trends were present downstream of lakes, and (ii) observed increases in nitrogen transport coincided in time and space with reduced point emissions of phosphorus or organic matter. This indicated that changes in the retention of nitrogen in lakes were responsible for the upward nitrogen trends. The hypothesis that nitrogen saturation of forest soils has caused a general increase in the riverine export of nitrogen from forested catchments in Sweden was not confirmed. Neither did the results indicate that improved agricultural practices have reduced the export of nitrogen from agricultural catchments.     

淮河流域江苏平原区浅层地下水污染分析

以淮河流域江苏平原区浅层地下水为研究对象，通过对当地影响较大的污染源调查采样，分析了该地区所采602组水样的无机和有机污染状况。研究表明，区内浅层地下水无机污染较严重，基本形成面状污染，地下水超标率高达83．4％，超标率最高为碘化物。有机污染物检出率34．2％，主要包括二氯甲烷、萘和1，2-二氯乙烷等，以点状分布为主。在此基础上阐述了大气降水、污水灌溉、农业施肥以及地下水开采等人类活动对浅层地下水的影响和污染状况。     

Challenges in meeting international standards in undertaking social impact assessment in Russia

Implementing good practice social impact assessment (SIA) that meets international standards in countries in transition is problematic. We reflect on the challenges faced when undertaking SIA in the Russian Federation. These challenges restrict meaningful SIA processes from being undertaken and limit public participation and the effective community engagement of project-affected local people. Based on the self-reflexive professional experience of two Russian-based social practitioners, and their discursive interactions with two leading academics in environmental and social impact assessment, as well as on in-depth interviews with prominent Russian and international experts, we identified the key challenges that prevent effective SIA from being implemented in Russia: a lack of understanding of the international standards; discrepancy in the determination of the social area of influence between the national requirements and international standards; difficulties in combining national and international impact assessment processes; and a tendency by companies to restrict stakeholder engagement to the minimum. We hope that by having an awareness of these limitations, improvements to SIA practice in Russia and elsewhere will be made.     

水环境中病毒检测技术研究进展

综述了水环境病毒检测技术的研究进展。介绍了过滤法、吸附法、离心法、混凝法等水环境病毒富集方法的原理和优缺点;总结了基于聚合酶链式反应(PCR),包括巢式PCR、多重PCR、实时荧光定量PCR、细胞联合培养PCR和数字PCR,以及高通量测序等分子生物学技术在水环境病毒检测中的应用;指出了水环境中病毒检测技术当前存在的问题和未来发展方向,为水环境中病毒的检测与管控提供技术支撑。     

Characteristic Air Temperature Distributions Observed in Summer and Winter in Urban Area in Japan

The air temperature distributions in August (summer) and December (winter) were measured in an approximately 15 × 15-km urban area in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, in order to study the spatial distribution of the air temperature and to propose effective measures against the heat island phenomenon. The air temperature was measured mainly by using thermometer shelters installed in an elementary school and a junior high school. The characteristic air temperature distribution depended on the season. The air temperature was higher inland than in the coastal region in August but was higher in the coastal region in December. The air temperature index indicated that the area where higher air temperatures would most likely appear was 5 to 10 km inland from the coast in August and around the coast in December. The seasonal air temperature distribution was presumably due to the strength of solar radiation and anthropogenic exhaust heat.     

Metal Fractionation Studies in Surfacial and Core Sediments in the Achankovil River Basin in India

The Fractionation of Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb, Mn and Cd in the sediments of the Achankovil River, Western Ghats, India using a sequential extraction method was carried out to understand the metal availability in the basin for biotic and abiotic activities. Spatial distribution of heavy metals has been studied. Sediment grain size has significant control over the heavy metal distribution. The fluctuations in their concentration partly depend upon the lithology of the river basin and partly the anthropogenic activities. The sediments are dominated by sand and are moderately to strongly positively skewed and are very leptokurtotic in nature. The quartzite and feldspars are abundant minerals along with significant amount of mica with low clay content. The core sediments show increasing trend of heavy metal concentration with depth due to the recent addition of anthropogenic sources and post-diagenic activities. Significant amount of Cd (18%) was found in carbonate fraction, which may pose environmental problems due to its toxic nature. Small concentrations of metals, except Cd and Cu, are in exchangeable fraction, which indicate low bio-availability. Enrichment Factor (EF) for individual metals shows the contribution from terrregious and in part from anthropogenic sources. Selective Sequential Extraction (SSE) study shows the variation in specific metal distribution pattern, their distribution in different phases and their bio-availability. Maximum amount of the metals were bound to the non-residual fractions (mainly Fe-oxides). Overall, bio-availability of these micronutrients from sediments seems to be very less. Non-residual phase is the most important phase for majority of heavy metals studied. Among the non-residual fraction, maximum amount of the heavy metals bound to Fe-oxides. The study high lights the need for in-depth study of heavy metals distribution and fractionation in the smaller river basins to get precise information on the behavior and transport of heavy metals in the fluvial environment and their contribution to the world ocean.     

中国北方地区采暖期颗粒物污染现状

分析了2013—2016年冬季采暖期与非采暖期中国北方地区颗粒物污染现状及时空变化特征。结果表明:中国北方地区空气污染比较严重,采暖期尤为突出。2016年,中国北方地区重度及以上污染天数比例超过10%,采暖期优良天数比例较非采暖期下降22.8%,重度及以上污染天数比例升高10.1个百分点。颗粒物浓度呈现明显的冬季高、夏季低的特点,最高值一般出现在12月至次年1月,最低值一般出现在7—9月。2013—2016年,北方地区空气质量呈较为明显的改善趋势,PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度总体呈下降趋势,但2014年以来采暖期同期比较显示,PM2.5浓度呈缓慢升高趋势,采暖期空气污染形势十分严峻。颗粒物浓度呈现明显的空间分布规律,采暖期石家庄、保定、衡水、邢台、邯郸、安阳等城市为京津冀区域污染最严重的城市。