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生活垃圾填埋场空气中VOCs组成及年际变化 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
采用SUMMA罐采样-气相色谱-质谱法采集并分析了2006—2010年4、10月上海某生活垃圾填埋场及周边环境空气中挥发性有机物(VOCs)的种类和含量变化情况。结果表明,共检测出34种VOCs化合物,以单环芳烃、甲基乙基酮、卤代脂肪烃为主,其中19种化合物属于美国环保局重点控制的空气中有害污染物;填埋区作业面是填埋堆体内部VOCs释放的重要途径之一,其中甲基乙基酮、甲苯、乙苯、间/对-二甲苯对TVOCs质量浓度贡献率超过60%;生活垃圾填埋场及周边环境空气中TVOCs质量浓度年季变化较稳定,但同年度内秋季浓度高于春季。 相似文献
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采用自制垃圾填埋甲烷测量装置对衡阳某垃圾处理站临时堆放的处于发酵期的垃圾开展浓度测定试验,探究垃圾填埋气中甲烷在短期内产生的时空规律。结果表明:填埋场中甲烷浓度存在明显的气体分层现象,其浓度主要与纵向填埋深度呈正相关,与距填埋场边界的水平距离呈负相关;填埋初期,距离地表越近,同一水平方向甲烷浓度在不同区域变化较大,随着填埋时间的增长其浓度变化趋于稳定;填埋场内部温度与垃圾埋深和外界温度成线性相关,并且与垃圾埋深成反比,与外界温度成正比。 相似文献
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在兰州市不同室外环境区域布设4个采样点,使用PSW-6型安德森(Andersen)6级筛孔撞击式空气微生物采样器采集大气细菌气溶胶,分析其浓度和粒径日变化特征。结果表明,不同季节各采样点的大气细菌气溶胶浓度上午时段为88 CFU/m3~1 335 CFU/m3,下午时段为78 CFU/m3~865 CFU/m3。除了夏季兴隆山上午时段外,其余不同季节各采样点上、下午时段的大气细菌气溶胶粒径均主要分布于Ⅰ级—Ⅳ级(>2.10μm),占比为 70.54%~93.94%;Ⅴ级(1.10 μm~2.10μm)和Ⅵ级(0.65 μm~1.10 μm)大气细菌粒子占比较低,仅为6.06%~29.46%。 相似文献
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以厌氧填埋场中垃圾的降解过程为依托点,从渗滤液的水质特征和填埋气的组成两个方面筛选出判断指标,最后建立判断填埋垃圾降解阶段的指标体系.结果表明,ρ(BOD5)/ρ(COD)可以反映出渗滤液的可生化性,从而间接反映出填埋垃圾所处的降解阶段,是判断填埋垃圾降解阶段的重要定量指标. 相似文献
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在室内用ANDERSEN生物粒子采样器进行了不同采样时间对采集空气细菌和真菌粒子浓度,粒数中值直径效果的研究,结果表明,在1-12min内,采集的空气细菌和真菌粒子浓度随采样时间的增加而减少,呈明显的负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.903和-0.688,P值均大于0.05,另外,在采样过程中,空气真菌比细菌耐受采样空气冲击力的能力强,采样时间对空气细菌和真菌粒子的粒度分布和粒数中值直径的影响不明显。 相似文献
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通过对北京某垃圾填埋场大气中不同区域挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)的定性和定量分析,研究了其中部分VOCs的季节性特点和浓度分布规律。结果表明,夏、冬2季分别检测出98种和86种化合物,有12种美国环保署(USEPA)优先控制污染物在夏、冬季样品中均有检出。夏季样品中VOCs的浓度大多比冬季高,有的甚至高1个数量级以上。采用不同卫生填埋技术的各代表性区域的臭气浓度也呈现出规律性变化。为加强科学管理,减少扩散,降低风险提供参考。 相似文献
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Shih-Tseng Lee Ching-Chieh Liang Tsung-Yi Chien Feng-Jen Wu Kuang-Chung Fan Gwo-Hwa Wan 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2018,190(3):178
The interrelationships between ventilation rate, indoor air quality, and energy consumption in operation rooms at rest are yet to be understood. We investigate the effect of ventilation rate on indoor air quality indices and energy consumption in ORs at rest. The study investigates the air temperature, relative humidity, concentrations of carbon dioxide, particulate matter (PM), and airborne bacteria at different ventilation rates in operation rooms at rest of a medical center. The energy consumption and cost analysis of the heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system in the operation rooms at rest were also evaluated for all ventilation rates. No air-conditioned operation rooms had very highest PM and airborne bacterial concentrations in the operation areas. The bacterial concentration in the operation areas with 6–30 air changes per hour (ACH) was below the suggested level set by the United Kingdom (UK) for an empty operation room. A 70% of reduction in annual energy cost by reducing the ventilation rate from 30 to 6 ACH was found in the operation rooms at rest. Maintenance of operation rooms at ventilation rate of 6 ACH could save considerable amounts of energy and achieve the goal of air cleanliness. 相似文献
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Airborne bacteria emissions from oxidation ditch with rotating aeration brushes were investigated in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Beijing, China. Microbial samples were collected at different distances from the rotating brushes, different heights above the water surface, and different operation state over a 3-month period (April, May, and June) in order to estimate the seasonal variation and site-related distribution characteristics of the microorganisms present. The concentration of bacterial aerosol was analyzed by culture methods, while their dominant species, genetic structure and diversity were assayed using bio-molecular tools. Results showed that total microbial concentrations were highest in June and lowest in April. The mechanical rotation caused remarkable variation in concentration and diversity of culturable airborne bacteria before and after the rotating brushes. The highest concentration was observed near the rotating brushes (931?±?129–3,952?±?730 CFU/m3), with concentration decreasing as distance and height increased. Bacterial community polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis indicated that diversity decreased gradually with increasing height above the water surface but remained relatively constant at the same height. All dominant bacteria identified by DNA sequence analysis belonged to Firmicutes. Pathogenic species such as Moraxella nonliquefaciens and Flavobacterium odoratum were isolated from the bioaerosols. Due to the serious health risks involved, exposure of sewage workers to airborne microorganisms caused by brush aerators should be monitored and controlled. 相似文献
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Duquenne P Simon X Koehler V Goncalves-Machado S Greff G Nicot T Poirot P 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2012,14(2):409-419
Bioaerosol concentrations were investigated in a totally indoor composting facility processing fermentable household and green wastes to assess their variability. Stationary samples were collected by filtration close to specific composting operations and then were analysed for cultivable mesophilic bacteria, thermophilic bacteria, mesophilic fungi, thermophilic fungi, endotoxins and total airborne bacteria (DAPI-staining). Indoor concentrations exceeded the background levels, between 500 and 5400 EU m(-3) for endotoxins, 10(4) and 10(6) CFU m(-3) for cultivable bacteria and generally below 10(5) CFU m(-3) for airborne cultivable fungi. No significant (p > 0.05) differences were observed between the indoor composting operations. Successive 30 minute bioaerosol samples were collected to investigate the variation of cultivable mesophilic microorganisms over the work shift. Concentrations of mesophilic bacteria and fungi varied up to 1 log unit depending on the time at which they were collected in the day. Total airborne particles, counted using an optical particle counter, were present at up to 10(8) particles m(-3) and several concentration peaks were noted. Values for total airborne bacteria were roughly 70-fold higher than cultivable bacteria. These results raise the question of the sampling strategy (duration of sampling; number of samples to be collected) used in similar studies. They provide new bioaerosol concentration data in a composting facility and suggest that the filtration sampling method might be a useful tool for exposure measurements in that occupational environment. 相似文献
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Deloge-Abarkan M Ha TL Robine E Zmirou-Navier D Mathieu L 《Journal of environmental monitoring : JEM》2007,9(1):91-97
Aerosols of water contaminated with Legionella bacteria constitute the only mode of exposure for humans. However, the prevention strategy against this pathogenic bacteria risk is managed through the survey of water contamination. No relationship linked the Legionella bacteria water concentration and their airborne abundance. Therefore, new approaches in the field of the metrological aspects of Legionella bioaerosols are required. This study was aimed at testing the main principles for bioaerosol collection (solid impaction, liquid impingement and filtration) and the in situ hybridization (FISH) method, both in laboratory and field assays, with the intention of applying such methodologies for airborne Legionella bacteria detection while showering. An aerosolization chamber was developed to generate controlled and reproducible L. pneumophila aerosols. This tool allowed the identification of the liquid impingement method as the most appropriate one for collecting airborne Legionella bacteria. The culturable fraction of airborne L. pneumophila recovered with the liquid impingement principle was 4 and 700 times higher compared to the impaction and filtration techniques, respectively. Moreover, the concentrations of airborne L. pneumophila in the impinger fluid were on average 7.0 x 10(5) FISH-cells m(-3) air with the fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) method versus 9.0 x 10(4) CFU m(-3) air with the culture method. These results, recorded under well-controlled conditions, were confirmed during the field experiments performed on aerosols generated by hot water showers in health institutions. This new approach may provide a more accurate characterization of aerobiocontamination by Legionella bacteria. 相似文献
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Juliana V. Teixeira Sandra Miranda Ricardo A. R. Monteiro Filipe V. S. Lopes Joana Madureira Gabriela V. Silva Nazaré Pestana Eugénia Pinto Vítor J. P. Vilar Rui A. R. Boaventura 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(1):59-72
The main objective of this work was to quantify and characterize the major indoor air contaminants present in different stages of a municipal WWTP, including microorganisms (bacteria and fungi), carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide ammonia, formaldehyde, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). In general, the total bacteria concentration was found to vary from 60 to >52,560 colony-forming units (CFU)/m3, and the total fungi concentration ranged from 369 to 14,068 CFU/m3. Generally, Gram-positive bacteria were observed in higher number than Gram-negative bacteria. CO2 concentration ranged from 251 to 9,710 ppm, and CO concentration was either not detected or presented a level of 1 ppm. H2S concentration ranged from 0.1 to 6.0 ppm. NH3 concentration was <2 ppm in most samples. Formaldehyde was <0.01 ppm at all sampling sites. The total VOC concentration ranged from 36 to 1,724 μg/m3. Among the VOCs, toluene presented the highest concentration. Results point to indoor/outdoor ratios higher than one. In general, the highest levels of airborne contaminants were detected at the primary treatment (SEDIPAC 3D), secondary sedimentation, and sludge dehydration. At most sampling sites, the concentrations of airborne contaminants were below the occupational exposure limits (OELs) for all the campaigns. However, a few contaminants were above OELs in some sampling sites. 相似文献
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Today's large-scale poultry production is often accompanied by high concentrations of airborne microorganisms at working places. However, the microbial communities in those bioaerosols are rarely characterised. In this study, we investigated the bacterial population in bioaerosols from a duck hatchery by both cultivation based and molecular methods and compared the results. Depending on used media, concentrations of airborne culturable bacteria varied between 6 × 10(1) and 7 × 10(6) CFU per m(3) air. The corresponding total cell count of DAPI stained cells was 2 × 10(7) cells per m(3) air. 16S rRNA gene analyses of bacterial isolates and clone libraries revealed a low species richness in hatcheries air, respectively. More than 50% of bacterial isolates were phylogenetically most closely related to bacterial species of the risk group 2 (German TRBA). The sequence composition in clone libraries supported the result of cultivation based approaches, whereby sequences assigned to Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter and Enterococcus are the most common. The high concentration of airborne bacteria which are most closely related to species of potential health risk requires further detailed investigations for these bacterial species. 相似文献
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Airborne dust bioaerosols, ammonia and formaldehyde levels were determined inside two different (ventilated and unventilated) wood working shops. Airborne dust was found at mean values of 4.3 and 3.01 mg m(-3). These levels were higher than that recommended by Egyptian environmental law [1 mg m(-3) indoor maximum allowable concentration (MAC) for hard wood]. The highest frequency of aerodynamic size distribution of airborne wood dust was detected at a diametre of 4.9 microm which was recorded during a machining operation. Total viable bacteria were recorded at a mean value of 10(4) colony-forming units (cfu) m(-3), whereas Gram-negative bacteria were found at very low counts (10(1) cfu m(-3)). Fungi levels were recorded at mean values of 10(3) and 10(2) cfu m(-3) in ventilated and unventilated shops, respectively. Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium and yeast species were dominant isolates. Moreover, actinomycetes were found at a mean value of 10(3) cfu m(-3) at both workshops. Ammonia was detected in relatively low concentrations (mean values of 457 and 623 microg m(-3)), whereas formaldehyde was found in relatively moderate concentrations (mean values of 0.42 and 0.64 ppm). 相似文献
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Weekly variation of atmospheric particle micromorphology and chemistry in Brussels urban environment
Eli Zaady D. Carati L. Brenig P. Vanderstraeten Y. Lénelle A. Meurrens Z. Y. Offer 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,169(1-4):45-54
The purpose of this study was to measure the impact of urban activities on airborne particle dynamics during weekend periods in Brussels urban area. Differences in the granulometry and micromorphology between particles sampled on working days and weekends were studied. We quantified the area, size, number, and the chemistry parameters of the airborne particles and compared between Saturday, Sunday, and Monday. We report and analyze data on airborne particles up to PM10, measured in the Brussels region from October 2002 to September 2003. Our investigation reveals detailed information regarding chemical composition of the airborne particles over the weekend period in the Brussels urban area. Furthermore, the majority of the airborne particles in the Brussels region may belong to sources geographically outside the (in situ) Brussels area. 相似文献