云南粳稻核心种质杂种后代孕穗期耐冷性研究

以236份云南地方粳稻核心种质和云南主栽梗稻Oryza satica品种合系35配制的杂种F5、BC1F4、BC2F3和BC3F2为材料,在昆明自然低温平均17.8℃(冷害)条件下,对亲本及其后代进行孕穗期耐冷性研究.结果表明:①亲本耐冷性状间的相关性明显高于其杂种后代,不同世代间总体趋势为随着回交世代增加其性状间相关性减弱.在亲本及其杂种后代间耐冷指标性状穗颈长、穗下节长、每穗实粒数、每穗秕粒数与结实率均呈较高的(≥0.370)极显著(n=236,R0.01=0.181)相关.②株高、穗颈长、穗下节长等耐冷性状在亲本强弱耐冷系统群间的差异明显,表现为亲本耐冷性强的材料秆和穗较长、穗粒数较多,同一性状变异程度减小.但随着回交代数的增加,这些性状的平均值逐渐趋同于轮回亲本,差异减小.③穗颈长、穗下节长、每穗实粒数、每穗秕粒数与结实率在5个稻作区间的变化规律呈现一致性,亲本和F5的差异较大,而BC2F4、BC2F3和BC3F2的差异较小,且趋同于轮回亲本.通过连续回交,在BC3F1即可获得耐冷性状表现良好的材料.     

云南稻核心种质F2主要形态性状变异及地理生态研究

种质资源是水稻育种的重要基因来源.掌握育种材料遗传背景信息,可为发掘优异种质,选育优良性状新品种提供依据.以548份云南稻核心种和云南主栽籼稻品利慎屯502(Oryza satica)、粳稻品种合系35(Oryzasatica)配制的杂种F2(498份)为材料,采用群体遗传学的方法,研究云南稻核心种质杂种F2代的11个形态性状的综合变异系数、遗传多样性指数(Shannon指数)及其地理分布.结果表明:(1)F2存在明显的性状分化和遗传变异,以有效穗、穗颈长、穗下节长、每穗实粒数、秕粒数、总粒数和结实率的综合变异系数高,遗传多样性丰富;(2)滇西南(临沧、思茅、德宏、西双版纳)和滇东南(文山、红河)的材料在表型性状上存在更大的分化,综合变异系数高,遗传多样性丰富;保山、昭通、曲靖次之;怒江、丽江、迪庆、大理最低.     

两个高结实率的同源四倍体水稻恢复系农艺性状及细胞遗传学比较研究

以高结实率的同源四倍体水稻恢复系T4002和T4063为材料进行农艺性状及细胞遗传学比较研究.结果表明,T4002和T4063具有大穗、大粒、叶色浓绿、根深杆壮、株型理想、抗倒、适应力强、分蘖较好、结实率高等农艺性状.T4002和T4063染色体组成均为2n=4x=48,花粉母细胞(PMC)具有较为理想的减数分裂行为,配对染色体的比率在99%以上;其平均染色体构型分别为0.05Ⅰ 19.96Ⅱ(9.89rod 10.07ring) 0.01Ⅲ 2.20Ⅳ和0.11 Ⅰ 19.17Ⅱ(8.90rod 10.37ring) 0.09Ⅲ 2.26Ⅳ 0.01 Ⅵ,平均交叉分别为37.470 0和37.042 6.T4002和T4063PMC减数分裂各个时期单价体和三价体的比例低,而中期Ⅰ(MI)PMC观察到较多二价体和四价体,其最大频率的染色体构型分别为12Ⅱ6Ⅳ和10Ⅱ7Ⅳ.MI单价体、三价体和多价体频率,后期Ⅰ(AI)、末期Ⅰ(TI)和末期Ⅱ(TII)异常染色体行为都与花粉育性和结实率呈负相关.AI染色体滞后细胞比率同TI异常细胞比率呈极显著正相关,表明AI染色体滞后是TI微核形成的主要原因.多价体数目与TII异常形成四分孢子的PMC比率显著相关,表明多价体不仅影响AI(相关系数0.72)和TI(相关系数0.79),且显著影响减数分裂Ⅱ染色体分配,从而影响TII正常四分小孢子形成.AI染色体滞后细胞比率同TI异常细胞比率呈极显著正相关,暗示影响AI染色体分离及TI微核形成的基因很可能是显性单基因.图1表5参28     

同源四倍体水稻变异胚囊分类及结实性影响因素

以秋水仙素加倍的同源四倍体水稻三系株系具有高比率的变异胚囊.各种胚囊变异类型在抽穗前1～2 d的主穗和第一分蘖穗中出现频繁,造成正常胚囊的比率大幅降低.按变异胚囊的结构特点和形成方式,变异胚囊分为4种类型:退化型、结构变异型、无融合生殖型和反足细胞增殖型.退化型胚囊包括小胚囊和完全退化胚囊,前者仍有较小的胚囊腔而后者胚囊腔缺失;结构变异包括八核七细胞结构的缺失、重复和位置异常,反映了蓼型胚囊典型结构不同形式的变异;无融合生殖胚囊发生比率极低,主要包括反足胚和卵细胞胚;反足细胞的增殖比较频繁,这导致四倍体胚囊的多样性进一步增加,也对结实性带来一定影响.相关分析表明,同源四倍体水稻结实主要来自3部分:正常胚囊、正常型小胚囊和反足细胞增殖型胚囊.这3种胚囊可能具有较好的育性,其对结实率的贡献程度分别为正常蓼型胚囊的72.44%,正常型小胚囊的15.12%,反足细胞增殖型胚囊的12.44%;完全退化型胚囊和位置异常型胚囊对结实率分别表现出显著和极显著的负相关,表明二者可能是结实性的抑制因素.图2表2参24     

不同种源地云南稻核心种质主要形态性状的遗传特征

揭示云南稻核心种质资源特性、遗传变异特点,对资源的合理利用,指导育种工作,具有重要的意义.以541份云南稻核心种质为材料,在昆明地区生态条件下对其11个形态性状的遗传参数进行研究.结果表明:所研究的11个形态性状广义遗传力在65?%之间,穗颈长、实粒数、秕粒数和结实率的遗传力最大,且均表现出较大的遗传变异,选择潜力较大; 同一性状的遗传差异籼粳间不明显,而稻作区间则存在一定差异.利用本群体进行新品种选育时,应考虑各形态性状的表现特点和遗传潜力大小.对穗颈长、实粒数和结实率系统选育时,滇中一季籼稻粳稻区、滇南单双季籼稻区和南部边缘水陆稻区3个稻作区的材料选择效果较好.     

亚热带和温带生态条件下粳稻品种产量潜力评价

对2001-2002年滇超2号、滇超4号、云粳436、云光8号、云光9号五个中国和Hwadong、Nongan、Jinmi、Sangju、Singeumo五个韩国粳稻(Oryza sativa)品种为材料,在亚热带生态环境下的云南省宾川县和温带环境下的韩国水原进行试验,结果表明:亚热带生态条件下实际产量和产量潜力分别比温带条件下高2.46 t·hm-2和4.04 t·hm-2,达极显著水平.亚热带生态下具有较高的产量潜力的主要原因是具有较多的颖花量,每平方米比温带生态条件下多19 200朵,同时收获指数和生物产量较高,两种生态条件下差异达极显著水平.对产量构成因子进行通径分析结果表明,亚热带生态条件下对产量的影响顺序是:穗粒数＞有效穗＞结实率＞千粒质量,温带生态条件下对产量的影响顺序是:结实率＞穗粒数＞千粒质量＞有效穗.因而,在亚热带生态条件下,增产的途径是在稳定穗粒数的基础上,适当降低有效穗而大力增加结实率;而温带生态条件下应在稳定结实率的基础上,适当降低穗粒数而大力增加有效穗.     

两种生态下粳稻近等基因系形态性状与糙米元素间的关联性

昆明自然和阿子营冷水下鉴定了亲本及其十和田×NIL回交的BC5F5群体264个材料12个性状及ICP-AES测定了昆明自然下糙米17种矿质元素,并研究了该群体两点12个性状间及其17种矿质元素间的相关,结果表明:(1)阿子营冷水条件下该群体9个形态性状的平均值及其变异系数与昆明常温条件下相近,但穗实粒数、秕粒数及结实率3个耐冷性指标性状的平均值及其变异系数差异较大.(2)冷水条件下十和田 NIL群体形态性状间的相关比常温条件下吏密切,冷水条件下有42对呈显著或极显著相关(-0.823**～0.954**)而常温条件下仅有1 9对呈显著或极显著相关(-0.206**～0.432**).(3)在昆明常温和阿子营冷水下BC5F5群体及其亲本12个形态性状与糙米17种矿质元素组成的408对性状中仅有糙米9种矿质元素(S、Fe、Na、P、Zn、Ca、K、Mg和Mn)与孕穗期耐冷指标性状密切相关.     

转Osepsps抗草甘膦水稻不同生境适合度及对稻田杂草的影响北大核心CSCD

携带适合度优势基因的转基因作物如果长期存活于栽培系统之外,抗性基因可能转移到野生近缘种并带来生态问题.以转Osepsps基因水稻EP为材料,以非转基因受体"明恢86"为对照,通过田间定位试验,研究半野生生境下转Osepsps基因水稻的营养生长、繁殖能力以及稻田杂草的种类、频度和密度等指标变化,分析转Osepsps基因在半野生生境中的生态适合度以及对稻田杂草群落的影响.连续2年试验的结果显示:在常规栽培和半野生生境下,转基因稻与非转基因稻的株高、分蘖数、单株穗数、单株总粒数、单株实粒重和千粒重等指标没有显著差异;但结实率显著受环境影响,半野生生境下转基因水稻2年结实率为50.33%和17.72%,相比对照的68.82%和30.27%均显著下降(P<0.05);2012年转基因稻单株实粒数为335粒,显著少于非转基因对照的548粒(P<0.05).转基因稻与非转基因稻稻田的杂草种类均为9科9属9种;栽培稻田杂草密度和频度显著低于半野生稻田;相同生境下转基因稻与非转基因稻稻田杂草频度、密度总体上没有差异.本研究表明,与非转基因对照相比,转epsps基因稻生态适合度没有显著提高,在半野生生境下有所下降,其生态风险不高于栽培稻.     

籼粳杂种不育突变体91FS育性特征和RAPD及RFLP分析

91FS是一个稳定遗传的籼粳杂种水稻新型不育突变体，育性特征表现为，雌雄配子和受精过程正常，约25%的受精卵发育成胚，约75%的受精卵终止发育，与91FS群体约25%的结实率吻合，而且六代保持不变；91FS的RAPD和RFLP的谱带六代保持稳定和一致，与91FS的杂种性状和育性表达的稳定性也是吻合的；91FS与籼粳杂种可育材料91FM和以91FS为父本的杂交F     

降温期灌水和叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾对早稻产量的影响

为筛选灌水和叶面喷施磷酸二氢钾的最佳方案,防御降温对早稻的伤害,以杂交早稻‘淦鑫203’为材料进行分期播种,于2014-2015年气温下降期,开展灌水3-4 cm水层、8-10 cm水层、8-10 cm水层夜灌日排(分别记为T1、T2、T3)和叶面喷施0.1%、0.3%、0.5%浓度的磷酸二氢钾(KH_2PO_4)(分别记为T4、T5、T6)的试验处理,以稻田0-1 cm水层为对照,研究不同处理对早稻产量构成的影响.结果表明,降温期灌水和叶面喷施KH_2PO_4提高了早稻的叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、光合速率和产量.分蘖期灌水提高了有效穗数、穗粒数和结实率进而增加产量,穗分化期灌水通过提高穗粒数和结实率而增产,而穗分化期叶面喷施KH_2PO_4则提高了穗粒数、结实率和千粒重进而增产.早稻灌水增产效果排序为T3, T2 T1 CK,叶面喷施KH_2PO_4为T5 T6 T4 CK.本研究表明,降温期采取灌水(8-10 cm水层)和喷施0.3%浓度的KH_2PO_4技术措施可减少水稻6%的产量损失,有效防御降温伤害.     

用SSR标记检测同源四倍体与二倍体水稻的遗传差异

随机选用分布于水稻(Oryza stativa L.)12条染色体上的15对SSR(simplej sequence repeats)引物，对18种中科院成都生物所培育的四倍体水稻和9种大面积种植的二倍体水稻进行了SSR多态性分析．11对具多态性的引物共检测到33条多态性条带，平均每对引物检测到3个等位基因．研究结果发现，所用同源四倍体水稻的基因组与二倍体水稻基因组大部分相同，只是在某些位点上具有差异，并筛选出部分SSR标记来区分二倍体与其同源四倍体．本研究还对二倍体与同源四倍体之间遗传差异的原因进行了初步的探讨．图2表2参12     

秸秆腐解剂在秸秆还田中的效果研究初报

在大田、微区和盆栽条件下，研究了秸秆腐解剂对小麦、水稻生长及产量的影响，同时研究了秸秆腐解剂对小麦、水稻秸秆腐解速率及对土壤肥力的影响。结果表明，稻、麦秸秆还田时施用秸秆腐解剂对提高稻、麦产量具有明显的增产效果，增产的原因是穗数和粒数增加；稻、麦秸秆还田量不同时，还田量大且配施秸秆腐解剂的效果较还田量小好；麦秸秆还田方式不同时，麦秸以栽稻前耕翻还田且配施秸秆腐解剂的效果较好，上水沤制的效果较差；秸秆腐解剂能促进稻、麦秸秆较快腐解，减轻和防止多量秸秆还田给作物生长带来不利影响，并可稳定和提高土壤养分含量。     

不同生态下云南稻核心种质孕穗期耐冷性状的表型多样性差异

以504份云南地方稻核心种质为材料,在昆明自然低温平均18℃(冷害)和新平27℃(正常)条件下进行孕穗期耐冷性状的表犁多样性生态差异分析.结果表明:(1)在3种生态环境下,云南稻核心种质11个耐冷性状的平均值、标准差、变异系数等参数存在一定差异,总趋势呈现籼稻(Indica)不同环境间这3个特征值差异较粳稻(Japonica)明显;弱耐冷系统群差异较强耐冷系统群明显.(2)不同环境间11个耐冷性状Shannon-weaver遗传多样性指数存在明显差异,体现为正常环境高于冷害环境,粳稻(Japonica)高于籼稻(Indica),强耐冷材料高于弱耐冷材料.这种差异主要由剑叶长、穗颈长、穗下节长、1～2节长、穗长、主穗实粒数和结实率等7个耐冷性状差异所致.     

油菜秸秆还田对水稻根系分布及稻谷产量的影响

根系健康是水稻正常生长及高产的前提,为明确油菜秸秆还田方式和还田量对水稻生长及产量的影响,以秸秆不还田作为对照,设置秸秆半量还田(1.5 t/hm²)、全量还田(3.0 t/hm²)、超量还田(4.5 t/hm²)3个还田量以及秸秆覆盖还田(FG)、秸秆翻埋还田(FM)两种还田方式,通过盆栽和大田试验相结合,研究秸秆处理对水稻根系分布及产量构成的影响.结果显示,秸秆快速腐解期(移栽后第23天)根系总长度、总鲜重及白根长度、白根鲜重均随还田量的增加而减少,但缓慢腐解期(移栽后第53天)覆盖处理总根系变化趋势与前期一致,翻埋处理根系长度和鲜重在FM2、FM3处理较大.覆盖还田促进移栽后期20-50 cm土壤中根系的生长,翻埋还田促进移栽后期各土壤深层根系的生长.覆盖和翻埋还田在返青期分蘖数分别比秸秆不还田减少1个/株和1.67个/株,翻埋还田更不利于返青期分蘖保持,但翻埋处理在移栽后期更有利于分蘖数的增加.单株有效穗在超量还田处理下达到最大值12.11和12.65,但千粒重、结实率、穗着粒数和产量均在全量还田处理下达到最高水平.本研究表明油菜秸秆还田抑制水稻移栽前期根系生长,同时覆盖处理对移栽后期根系生长不利,翻埋处理明显促进移栽后期根系的生长;油菜秸秆还田处理能提高水稻产量,其中以秸秆全量还田效果最佳.(图6表4参38)     

Expanding the limits of the pollen-limitation concept: effects of pollen quantity and quality

Pollination commonly limits seed production, as addition of pollen to stigmas often increases fecundity. This response is usually interpreted as evidence that plants' stigmas receive too few pollen grains to maximize ovule fertilization (quantity limitation); however, many genetic studies demonstrate that poor-quality pollen can also reduce seed production (quality limitation). We explore both aspects of pollen limitation theoretically with a dose-response model that incorporates a saturating negative-exponential relation of seed production to pollen receipt. This relation depends on aspects of ovule production, pollen import, pollen-pistil interactions and seed development, all of which can contribute to pollen limitation. Our model reveals that quantity limitation is restricted to the lowest range of pollen receipt, for which siring success per pollen grain is high, whereas quality limitation acts throughout the range of pollen receipt if plants do not import the highest-quality pollen. In addition to pollinator availability and efficiency, quantity limitation is governed by all post-pollination aspects of seed production. In contrast, quality limitation depends on the difference in survival of embryos sired by naturally delivered pollen vs. by pollen of maximal quality. We briefly illustrate the distinction between these two components of pollen limitation with results from the mistletoe Tristerix corymbosus. Our model also shows that the standard pollen-supplementation technique neither estimates the total intensity of pollen limitation nor distinguishes between its quantity and quality components. As an alternative, we propose a methodological protocol that requires both measurement of seed production following excess pollination with only outcross pollen and quantification of the dose-response relation of seed output to pollen receipt. This method estimates both the total extent of pollen limitation and its two components. Finally, we consider the influences on quantity and quality limitation, which reveals that quantity limitation probably occurs much less often than has been inferred from pollen-supplementation experiments. These interpretations suggest that an expanded perspective that recognizes the fecundity consequences of pollination with poor-quality pollen would promote ecological understanding of pollen limitation.     

Effect of sewage water on the growth and yield parameters of wheat and blackgram with different fertilizer levels

Impact of biologically treated domestic sewage water was studied on the growth and yield attributing characters of wheat and blackgram under different fertilizer levels in the field condition. There was no significant difference on the yield and yield attributing characters of wheat. However, yield attributing characters like number of tillers/plant, panicle length (cm), number of grains/panicle and 1,000 grain weight showed increasing trend to the tune of 13.29, 1.59. 5.49 and 3.79 per cent respectively over the tubewell irrigated crop. Yield was also increased to the tune of 3.63 per cent when the crop was irrigated with sewage water. Interactions between irrigation and fertilizer levels were also insignificant. However, sewage water with N60P45K45 responded better on tillering, panicle length, number of grains/panicle and yield of wheat. In case of blackgram, treated sewage water had no significant effect on the grwoth and yield attributing characters, rather sewage water had some negative effect on these parameters. Interactions between irrigation and fertilizer levels were insignificant. But tubewell irrigation with N10P10K10 was more responsive on growth parameters. When the crop was grown with tubewell irrigation and without fertilizer, yield attributing characters were more positively responded.     

施用营养型土壤改良剂对水稻产量和土壤肥力的效应

探讨了营养型土壤改良剂(简称改良剂)对水稻产量、土壤酸度、土壤养分、土壤肥力和土壤物理性能的效应。连续2年4造水稻试验结果表明,施用改良剂比对照稻谷产量增加8.6%~11.3%(平均10.3%),增产达极显著水平,并且有良好后效。施用土壤改良剂具有提高pH,降低活性Al,增加N、P、K有效养分和代换性K、Ca和Mg的效果。     

Evolution of polyploidy and the diversification of plant-pollinator interactions

One of the major mechanisms of plant diversification has been the evolution of polyploid populations that differ from their diploid progenitors in morphology, physiology, and environmental tolerances. Recent studies have indicated that polyploidy may also have major effects on ecological interactions with herbivores and pollinators. We evaluated pollination of sympatric diploid and tetraploid plants of the rhizomatous herb Heuchera grossulariifolia (Saxifragaceae) along the Selway and Salmon Rivers of northern Idaho, USA, during four consecutive years. Previous molecular and ecological analyses had indicated that the tetraploid populations along these two river systems are independently derived and differ from each other in multiple traits. In each region, we evaluated floral visitation rate by all insect visitors, pollination efficacy of all major visitors, and relative contribution of all major pollinators to seed set. In both regions, diploid and tetraploid plants attracted different suites of floral visitors. Most pollination was attributable to several bee species and the moth Greya politella. Lasioglossum bees preferentially visited diploid plants at Lower Salmon but not at Upper Selway, queen Bombus centralis preferentially visited tetraploids at both sites, and worker B. centralis differed between sites in their cytotype preference. Hence, diploid and autotetraploid H. grossulariifolia plants act essentially as separate ecological species and may experience partial reproductive isolation through differential visitation and pollination by their major floral visitors. Overall the results, together with recent results from other studies, suggest that the repeated evolution of polyploidy in plants may contribute importantly to the structure and diversification of ecological interactions in terrestrial communities.     

提高耕地综合生产能力保证粮食安全

粮食是保障国家经济安全的重要战略物资，我国政府一直高度重视粮食安全问题。关注粮食安全问题，不能只重视粮食流通体制的改革，应更多地重视粮食生产领域，即粮食综合生产能力。而粮食综合生产能力又与耕地综合生产能力密切相关。只有稳定提高耕地的综合生产能力，才能提高粮食综合生产能力，保证粮食安全。实行最严格的耕地保护制度，大力实施“沃土工程”，培肥地力，进一步加强农田水利基本建设，改造中低产田，提高耕地综合生产能力，是保证粮食安全的有效措施。