四氯乙烯污染对小麦幼苗抗氧化酶系的影响

通过室内模拟试验,采用愈创木酚法、高锰酸钾滴定法、氮蓝四唑法分别测定了四氯乙烯(PCE)污染小麦幼苗的过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)等抗氧化物酶系,研究了PCE污染对植物生物学指标的影响,以评价土壤PCE污染的生态毒性效应,为土壤性质的变化趋势提供依据.结果表明,PCE浓度较低时,POD、SOD活性被激活,表现出明显的抗氧化能力,但PCE浓度过高时则抑制POD和SOD的活性诱导作用;小麦幼苗中CAT活性只有在PCE为0.10mg/kg时被激活,其他浓度时CAT活性均受到抑制;随着时间的延长,POD、CAT的活性均呈激活态势,而SOD活性在PCE浓度较低时呈降低趋势,在PCE浓度较高时,SOD活性升高.     

1,2,4-三氯苯对成年斑马鱼和幼鱼几种酶活性的影响

实验室条件下,通过1,2,4-三氯苯(1,2,4-TCB)染毒对成年斑马鱼及幼鱼体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性进行测定和比较,从而确定1,2,4-TCB暴露对斑马鱼的毒性机制。结果发现,低质量浓度(2、4、8mg/L)1,2,4-TCB处理对SOD活性有一定的应激作用,且在第8天明显高于对照组;16mg/L 1,2,4-TCB对SOD活性明显抑制。4～10d时4mg/L处理组CAT活性与对照组呈显著差异,2、4、8mg/L处理组CAT活性随时间延长先升高后降低。各处理组AKP活性在前4d基本无显著变化,2、4mg/L处理组AKP活性在第8天与对照组呈极显著差异;16mg/L处理组AKP活性低于对照组。斑马鱼胚胎暴露1,2,4-TCB孵化第6天后,3.46mg/L处理组幼鱼蛋白质与对照组呈显著差异,其他处理组与对照组无显著差异。各处理组幼鱼体内SOD、CAT和AKP活性与对照组基本无显著变化。幼鱼比成年斑马鱼对1,2,4-TCB影响更加敏感。     

对氯苯酚废水处理引起的活性污泥有机毒性

以处理难降解有机污染物对氯苯酚(4-CP)模拟废水的序批式好氧活性污泥系统为研究对象,探讨活性污泥在降解4-CP的过程中污泥有机毒性的形成与空间分布规律,以及污泥有机毒性随时间的变化趋势。处理组污泥用10 mg/L的4-CP模拟废水进行驯化。控制SBR系统的水力停留时间(HRT)和污泥停留时间(SRT)分别为12 h和20 d。结果表明,随着驯化时间的延长,处理组污泥毒性先升高后降低,最终达到稳定状态。在整个运行过程中,处理组污泥毒性始终高于对照组。4-CP的吸附与降解实验表明,污泥外层胞外聚集物(EPS)主要起吸附4-CP且向内层传递的作用,污泥有机毒性主要是由4-CP的降解过程引起,少部分由污染物吸附所致。     

利用成组生物测试评估某城市典型污水处理工艺

设计了一组基于生物标记物的生物测试方法,并用于评价某城市4个典型污水处理工艺对水中痕量有毒有机物的去除效果.测试方法包括检测芳烃(Ah)受体效应物质生物毒性的EROD(7-乙氧基-3-异吩噁唑酮-脱乙基酶)试验、类雌激素效应物质的重组基因酵母生物毒性试验和遗传毒性物质的SOS/umu试验.结果表明,4个典型的城市污水处理工艺对Ah受体效应物质、类雌激素效应物质和遗传毒性物质都有一定的去除效果,其中A2/O处理工艺对3类物质的去除效果最明显;空气曝气活性污泥工艺对直接遗传毒性物质的去除效果较好,但对Ah受体效应物质的去除效果一般,倒置A2/O处理工艺和氧化沟处理工艺也能够较好地去除这3类物质,两种处理工艺效果相当.采用成组生物标记物方法可以对城市污水中的痕量有毒有机物进行毒性筛选或测试,适用于水处理工艺的风险评价.     

固定毒性配比法研究重金属与土霉素的联合毒性

为了研究重金属与药物二元混合体系的联合毒性,选择3种重金属盐CdCl_2、K2Cr_2O_7、CuSO_4与土霉素(OTC)为混合物组分,以固定毒性配比法构建3组二元混合物体系:CdCl_2-OTC、K2Cr_2O_7-OTC和CuSO4-OTC。固定的毒性配比分别为4∶1、3∶2、1∶1、2∶3和1∶4。应用微板毒性分析法,测定单一物质及二元混合物对费氏弧菌(Vibrio.fishceri)的联合毒性,通过比较实验数据与浓度加和模型预测值,分析混合物的毒性作用方式。结果表明:依据单一物质EC50值,它们的毒性从大到小依次为:CuSO_4CdCl_2K_2Cr_2O_7OTC;重金属与OTC二元混合体系均表现出拮抗作用;在选取的毒性配比范围内,CdCl2-OTC和K_2Cr_2O_7-OTC混合物的拮抗作用强弱在一定范围内浮动,并不随毒性配比的变化而变化。然而,CuSO_4-OTC混合物中,联合毒性随着OTC比例的增大,作用方式由显著拮抗向加和趋近。这说明混合物中各组分的浓度组成影响CuSO_4-OTC混合物对V.fishceri的联合作用方式,但是CdCl_2-OTC和K_2Cr_2O_7-OTC并不受影响。     

微生物燃料电池型生物毒性传感器对5种典型农药的毒性检测

目前,微生物燃料电池(microbialfuelcell,MFC)型生物毒性传感器被广泛用于检测重金属、氰化物和抗生素等污染物,但将其应用于检测农药的研究极少.为此,探究了MFC型生物毒性传感器对溴氰菊酯、敌百虫、百菌清、莠去津和烟嘧磺隆5种典型农药的检测性能.实验结果表明:这5种典型农药的响应(产电抑制率)均与其浓度的对数呈良好的线性关系,且溴氰菊酯、敌百虫、百菌清、莠去津和烟嘧磺隆使MFC型生物毒性传感器产电抑制率达到10％的质量浓度分别低至0.016、0.070、0.013、0.005和0.033 mg·L-1;中毒后,MFC型生物毒性传感器的恢复时间随农药浓度的增加而延长,但240 min内均可快速恢复稳定;另外,这5种典型农药所配制的不同混合农药的生物毒性均高于单一农药.以上结果表明,MFC型生物毒性传感器对这5种典型农药的响应灵敏,检出限较低且中毒后恢复速度快,具有快速检测和预警水体农药污染的应用潜力.     

土壤辛硫磷污染对蚯蚓的生态毒理效应研究

采用经济合作与发展组织(OECD)标准法配置的人工土壤研究了不同初始质量浓度(25、50、100 mg/kg)辛硫磷对蚯蚓的生态毒理效应,测定了不同老化时间(7、14、21、28 d)下蚯蚓体内及土壤中辛硫磷含量及各项生态毒理指标。结果表明:28 d内辛硫磷在蚯蚓体内及土壤中的含量持续降低;蚯蚓体内蛋白质随老化时间的延长逐渐降低;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随辛硫磷初始浓度增加总体呈先升后降的趋势,随老化时间的延长,SOD活性总体降低,而CAT活性先降后升;28 d时丙二醛(MDA)含量达到最高,且随辛硫磷初始浓度增加而总体显著提高(P0.05);土壤酸性磷酸酶(ACP)活性随辛硫磷初始浓度增加而总体提高,而土壤脲酶(UE)活性随老化时间的延长总体增加。综合而言,SOD活性、CAT活性、MDA含量及土壤ACP活性可作为评价辛硫磷生态毒理效应的生物标志物,在有机磷农药的环境安全性评价过程中应给予考虑。     

含17β-雌二醇饮用水氯化消毒前后水质生物毒性的变化

选择饮用水中经常暴露的17β-雌二醇(E2)为研究对象,考察了含有E2饮用水在氯化消毒前后的水质生物毒性变化规律。小球藻急性毒性实验结果表明,不同浓度E2(0、2、4、8、16 mg·L~(-1))单独暴露条件下,其对小球藻的生长抑制率呈现出较为明显的剂量-效应关系,即随着E2暴露浓度的升高,对小球藻的生长抑制率有所增加;在较高氯投量下(E2与氯摩尔浓度比值为1∶2和1∶5),氯化消毒后水样对小球藻的生长抑制率均高于氯化消毒前,而在低氯投量下(E2与氯摩尔浓度比值为4∶1和1∶1),水样对小球藻的生长抑制率均低于氯化消毒前,表明低氯投量可降低E2产生的水质急性毒性风险。小球藻酶活性实验结果表明,无论是SOD活力、CAT活力,还是MDA含量,并没有出现因受E2暴露和氯氧化胁迫而产生显著上升的趋势,表明E2单独暴露或E2经氯化消毒后并不会对小球藻的酶活性产生显著影响。     

铜、镉对水螅的急性和联合毒性作用

试验研究重金属铜(Cu2 )、镉(Cd2 )对水螅的急性毒性和联合毒性作用,探索水螅(Hydra sp.)对Cu2 、Cd2 以及两者混合的毒性效应,为水产动物病害的防治中合理使用消毒、杀虫剂以及水体污染评价提供一些参考信息.结果表明,Cu2 对水螅的24 h半致死浓度(LC50)、48 hLC50、72 hLC50、96 hLC50分别为0.072、0.054、0.042、0.037 mg/L;Cd2 对水螅的24 hLC50、48hLC50、72 hLC50、96 hLC50分别为0.001 70、0.000 63、0.000 36、0.000 36 mg/L;Cu2 、Cd2 对水螅的安全浓度分别为3.7×10-4、3.6×10-6mg/L.水螅对两种重金属的毒性反应既快速又敏感,其中Cu2 对水螅的毒性较Cd2 快,但Cd2 的毒性比Cu2 的强.等毒性配比的两种重金属混合液对水螅的毒性大于单一毒性,为协同作用.两种重金属对水螅的LC50随试验时间的延长而减小,它们对水螅的安全浓度远低于渔业水质标准.     

常见拟除虫菊酯和有机磷农药对鱼类的急性及其联合毒性研究

以崇明岛前卫村中心湖中鲫鱼、鲤鱼、鲢鱼及泥鳅作为实验动物.进行了氯氰菊酯(原药和商品)、氰戊菊酯(原药和商品)、毒死蜱(原药和商品)、甲氰菊酯(商品)、溴氰菊酯(商品)、辛硫磷(商品)以及乙酰甲胺磷(商品)7种供试农药对实验鱼种的急性毒性及联合毒性实验,并检测了前卫村中心湖水体中18种有机磷农药和4种拟除虫菊酯农药,其中检出了1种有机磷农药(毒死蜱)和3种拟除虫菊酯农药(氰戊菊酯、氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯).结果表明,在单一农药急性毒性实验中,鲤鱼对供试农药表现较敏感,其次是鲫鱼和鲢鱼,而泥鳅对农药的耐药性最强;7种供试农药中,拟除虫菊酯农药相对于有机磷农药表现出较高的急性毒性,其实验鱼种的半数致死浓度(LC60)皆在μg/L级;对拟除虫菊酯农药(氯氰菊酯,氰戊菊酯)与有机磷农药(辛硫磷、乙酰甲胺磷)进行的联合毒性实验结果表明,除了暴露时间为24、48 h时氰戊菊酯与辛硫磷混配对鲢鱼的毒性实验表现为协同作用外,其余皆为拈抗作用.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils

This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine～ amitrole～ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log K_ow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides.