疫情背景下长江中游地区典型饮用水源中PPCPs分布特征与风险评估

对新冠疫情（COVID-19）背景下长江中游武汉段的18个集中式饮用水源地共26个采样点进行水体样品采集.采用超高效液相色谱三重四极杆串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）对样品中的药品与个人护理品（PPCPs）的31种物质进行检测,分析了PPCPs的污染特征和生态与健康风险.结果表明,在26个采样点中,共检出23种PPCPs,其中有5种物质在所有点位均有检出,ΣPPCPs浓度范围介于102.44~745.78 ng·L^-1,平均值为206.87 ng·L^-1.检出污染物浓度最高的物质为水杨酸和强力霉素,浓度范围介于28.24~534.24 ng·L^-1和28.72~416.60 ng·L^-1.从空间分布来看,汉江抗生素类PPCPs浓度整体高于长江,而其他种类PPCPs,则表现为长江较高于汉江.生态风险评价结果表明,汉江的生态风险高于长江,藻类风险水平高于无脊椎动物和鱼类,其中水杨酸、强力霉素、林可霉素和金霉素对藻类风险水平较高.健康风险评价结果表明,饮水途径对成人及儿童产生的风险范围分别介于1.14×10^-4~1.36×10^-1和1.04×10^-4~8.21×10^-1,风险水平总体较低,但儿童健康风险高于成人,需要引起重视.通过与近年来长江和汉江流域PPCPs的检出情况对比,疫情背景下长江武汉段PPCPs的污染水平属于中等水平,汉江武汉段的PPCPs污染水平较高.     

兰州市大气PM10中重金属和多环芳烃的健康风险评价

以现场采样监测和问卷调查方式,结合美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型,对兰州市大气PM₁₀中重金属、PAHs及其健康风险进行了研究.结果表明:兰州市大气PM₁₀中重金属和PAHs具有明显的季节特征,冬季高于夏季;人群对重金属和PAHs的日均暴露剂量在9.60×10^-5~1.06×10^-3 mg·kg^-1·d^-1之间,儿童的日均暴露剂量高于成人,男性高于女性;Zn和4环及4环以上的PAHs对总暴露剂量的贡献率较高.无论致癌风险还是非致癌风险,研究区均高于对照区,男性高于女性,其中,男性儿童致癌风险最高,预期寿命损失为2.17 d.冬季研究区和对照区的致癌风险均高于美国EPA推荐的可接受风险水平.     

典型岩溶区土壤和地下水中多环芳烃的分布特征及健康风险研究

以重庆市典型岩溶槽谷为研究区,采集其地下河流域内的土壤和地下水样品,分析了16种优控多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量、时空分布特征及致癌、非致癌健康风险.结果表明,土壤和地下水在不同样点间的PAHs含量及健康风险差异明显,与国内外其它地区相比,青木关和南山流域内土壤和地下水PAHs的污染水平较低,两地下河流域内土壤PAHs的组成以高环为主,地下水中则以低环为主,土壤PAHs的健康风险值为5.53×10^-8~4.57×10^-7,整体处于低致癌风险水平,其中,二苯并[a,h]蒽（DahA）的致癌风险最高,贡献率达80%以上;地下水PAHs的健康风险值为5.83×10^-8~1.32×10^-6,经口摄入途径的致癌风险水平较高.南山地下水样点间健康风险值波动比较大,受点源污染影响明显,其地下水的健康风险已超过可接受水平（1.0×10^-6）.     

基于概率方法的中国居民饮水途径砷暴露健康风险评估

通过文献调研收集我国3类主要饮用水类型的总砷浓度.通过回归模型获得不同年龄段人群饮水暴露参数分布模式.基于概率方法评价不同水体和不同人群由于砷暴露造成的致癌风险和非致癌风险.结果发现,全国各类水体的总砷浓度几何均值为（13.0±38.1）μg·L^-1.其中饮用水中的最高砷浓度出现在内蒙古,广西和山西饮用水中也有较高总砷检出.与相关标准中的砷浓度标准相比,未经处理的井水和未经处理的地表水源水超标的概率分别为23.2%和18.4%.非致癌风险评估发现,井水和地表水源水饮用人群超过单日暴露剂量阈值的概率分别为24.0%和19.5%.致癌风险评估发现,我国全人群终生饮水砷摄入导致的致癌风险（LCR）中位数为3.22×10^-5,处于可接受水平.其中18~45岁人群有最大的风险贡献,LCR中位数为1.37×10^-5.井水和地表水源水饮用人群LCR仍有一定概率超过美国环保署（US EPA）规定的严重风险水平.综上所述,我国居民存在潜在的饮用水砷暴露健康风险,需要进一步加强饮用水砷污染控制以降低砷引发的健康风险和保障饮水安全.同时建议加强风险阈值研究以期真实反映砷暴露风险,为保护居民健康提供科学依据.     

柳江流域饮用水源地重金属污染与健康风险评价

为说明柳江流域饮用水源地的重金属元素含量特征及饮用水水质对人体健康的潜在危害,于2016年1~12月对柳江干流及主要支流的水体进行常规水质指标和Cd、As、Cr、Hg、Zn、Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn等金属元素进行分析检测,并采用美国EPA推荐使用的健康风险评价模型对饮用水源地的健康风险进行评价.结果表明,Cd、As、Cr、Zn、Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn含量未超过我国地表水环境质量标准（GB 3838-2002）的限值,Hg含量存在超标.对重金属含量进行Pearson相关性分析,其中Cd、Pb、As与Fe可能具有相似的来源,Cu、Cr、Hg、Zn之间污染具有多源性,9种重金属含量与pH值间均不存在显著相关性.柳江流域饮用水源地致癌重金属元素健康风险成人和儿童分别为4.52E-04 a^-1和5.91E-04 a^-1,非致癌健康风险成人和儿童分别为8.96E-09 a^-1和1.14E-08 a^-1.致癌重金属Cr、As、Cd通过饮水途径所造成的人均年健康风险分别表现为Cr > As > Cd,风险值范围为3.58E-06~1.21E-04 a^-1,Cr和As的风险值大于ICRP所推荐的风险水平5.0×10^-5 a^-1.该研究区内重金属元素非致癌健康风险值范围为3.53E-12~2.87E-09 a^-1,均在EPA推荐的可接受水平内,初步认为不会对人体健康产生明显危害.流域主要健康风险来源于致癌物.Cr和As是柳江流域水环境产生健康风险的主要污染物,应当优先列为柳江流域水环境风险管理的主要对象.     

重庆市长寿湖水库表层水体重金属时空分布及风险评价

为了解重庆市长寿湖水体污染状况和环境风险,采集并分析了不同季节的表层水体重金属（Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb）浓度,探究长寿湖重金属时空变化和分布特征,进一步评估其污染水平和健康风险.结果表明,6种重金属均低于《地表水环境质量标准》（GB 3838-2002）Ⅰ类标准,但近年来呈现增加趋势,Cu、As和Pb增加趋势显著（P<0.05）.不同重金属时空分布存在差异,在时间上,水体Cr和Cd在夏季较高,As和Zn在春季较高,Pb和Cu分别在秋季和冬季较高;在空间上,Cr、As、Cu、Zn和Pb总体在水库南部出水口、西北部龙溪河入水口及水库中部较高,Cd在水库北部的滞水区较高.长寿湖水体重金属整体为低污染水平,水体Cr和Cu存在轻度污染,其他重金属为清洁水平.饮水是水体重金属致癌及非致癌风险的主要暴露途径,水体Cr和As的健康风险值较高,分别为6.2×10^-10 ~3.0×10^-4和5.1×10^-8 ~3.9×10^-5,其对儿童和成人的总健康风险贡献率分别达到87.18%和87.20%（Cr）及12.73%和12.71%（As）,对儿童和成人均存在一定的致癌风险.因此,需要重点关注长寿湖水体Cr和Cu的环境风险,以及Cr和As的健康风险,以期为长寿湖水体污染防治及环境质量的改善提供科学依据,合理开发利用水资源.     

会仙岩溶湿地丰平枯时期地下水金属元素污染与健康风险

以我国面积最大的亚热带低海拔岩溶湿地为研究区,对该区不同时期（丰水期、平水期和枯水期）地下水27组样品中10种金属元素（Cd、Cr、As、Al、Cu、Pb、Zn、Mn、Hg和Fe）进行测试和分析,分别运用综合污染评价法、多元统计分析及健康风险评价模型揭示了丰平枯时期地下水中10种金属元素的污染特征、分布状况和健康风险.结果表明,研究区地下水中金属元素的平均浓度大小为：Mn > Fe > Zn > Al > Hg > Cr > Cu > Cd > As > Pb,丰水期Mn（1022.00 μg·L^-1）和平水期Hg（42.40 μg·L^-1）最大浓度超过我国相关水质标准限值.据污染评价结果,丰水期地下水中仅Mn污染等级出现Ⅵ,Cd、Al、Zn、Fe污染等级均为Ⅲ,平水期仅Hg污染等级为Ⅵ,仅Al污染等级为Ⅲ.从金属元素超标组分、浓度和污染特征看,枯水期水质优于丰水期和平水期.地下水中Zn、Cd、Mn和Al浓度受人类活动影响,时间尺度特征不明显,As、Fe、Cu和Cr浓度即受人类活动影响,又具有一定时间尺度特征,Hg和Pb浓度主要表现为时间尺度特征.据健康风险评价结果,地下水中10种金属元素通过饮用水和皮肤入渗2种途径暴露的人群总健康风险大小为：平水期 > 丰水期 > 枯水期,Cr通过饮用水途径在丰水期（8.03×10^-5 a^-1和8.76×10^-5 a^-1）、平水期（1.15×10^-4 a^-1和1.26×10^-4 a^-1）和枯水期（8.72×10^-5 a^-1和9.51×10^-5 a^-1）引起的成人和儿童致癌风险均高于5.0×10^-5 a^-1,Cr是引起致癌健康风险的主要金属元素.从饮用水安全角度,饮用前应对会仙岩溶湿地部分地下水中Mn、Hg和Cr进行一定控制.     

喹诺酮类抗生素在城市典型水环境中的分配系数及其主要环境影响因子

沉积物作为抗生素在水环境中的主要赋存介质,越来越多的研究关注抗生素在水体-沉积物中的分配行为;但此前研究多基于实验室模拟,而在自然水环境中抗生素的分配行为及其与环境因子相关性研究则较少关注.鉴于此,以石家庄市地表水和沉积物为研究对象,采用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法（HPLC-MS）分析石家庄水环境中喹诺酮类（QNs）抗生素的时空分布特征,计算其在水和沉积物中的分配系数,并确定自然水环境中分配系数的主要环境影响因子.结果表明：①在石家庄市水体和沉积物中QNs含量分别为8.0~4.4×10³ ng·L^-1和16~2.2×10³ ng·g^-1,其中恩诺沙星（ENR）和氧氟沙星（OFL）分别是水体和沉积物中主要的QNs抗生素;②石家庄市水体中QNs总含量呈现12月（1.0×10⁴ ng·L^-1）大于4月（5.5×10³ ng·L^-1）的趋势,沉积物中QNs亦呈现12月（7.8×10³ ng·g^-1）大于4月的趋势（6.2×10³ ng·g^-1）;③石家庄市水环境中QNs抗生素的分配系数变化范围为34~2.9×10⁵ L·kg^-1,且呈现12月大于4月的趋势;④相关性分析结果表明,总氮（TN）、硝氮（NO₃^--N）、亚硝氮（NO₂^--N）和氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）与大部分QNs［OFL、诺氟沙星（NOR）、ENR、双氟沙星（DIF）和喹酸（OXO）］分配系数显著相关,温度（T）、总有机碳（TOC）和总溶解性固体颗粒物（TDS）与个别QNs［马波沙星（MAR）和DIF］分配系数显著相关.因此,水体富营养化水平会影响抗生素在水体-沉积物中的分配行为.     

石化废水处理厂中耐药菌和耐药基因的分布特征与去除效能解析

抗生素耐药性污染已成为全球新兴环境问题之一.本研究选取某座石化废水处理厂,对耐药菌（ARB）和3种形态耐药基因（ARGs）：细胞内耐药基因（iARGs）、细胞外附着态耐药基因（aeARGs）和游离态耐药基因（feARGs）的分布特征与去除效能开展研究.结果表明,废水处理厂中检出四环素、磺胺和氨苄西林这3类ARB,其绝对浓度为8.45×10²~2.38×10⁵ CFU·mL^-1.厌氧处理可使这3类ARB绝对浓度下降0.04 lg~0.21 lg;曝气和沉淀处理对ARB的影响因其类型而异;出水ARB绝对浓度高出进水水平0.12 lg~0.63 lg.活性污泥中aeARGs和iARGs绝对丰度分别为1.96×10⁷~3.02×10¹⁰ copies·g^-1和5.22×10⁷~4.15×10¹⁰ copies·g^-1;而废水中feARGs绝对丰度为5.90×10⁸~1.01×10¹² copies·L^-1.厌氧处理可去除0.13 lg~0.65 lg aeARGs和0.04 lg~0.28 lg iARGs;曝气和沉淀处理对aeARGs和iARGs的去除效果受ARGs类型和形态影响;出水中feARGs绝对丰度较进水升高0.06 lg~0.81 lg.冗余分析表明,ARB浓度与COD、Cl^-和总氮浓度显著正相关（P<0.05）;aeARGs丰度与COD和总氮浓度显著正相关（P<0.05）;iARGs和feARGs丰度均与重金属浓度显著正相关（P<0.05）.本研究证实了石化废水处理厂具有ARB和不同形态ARGs的富集风险,并为特种工业废水耐药性污染研究与防治提供理论基础.     

2016~2017年长荡湖流域河湖系统营养盐时空分布机制分析

以江苏省常州市长荡湖流域河湖系统为研究对象,基于野外监测与室内分析,探讨了水体氮、磷等营养盐的时空分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明,2016~2017年长荡湖流域河湖系统氮、磷污染突出,河流TN、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、TP和Chla平均质量浓度和高锰酸盐指数分别为（3.70±0.76）mg ·L^-1、（1.81±0.42）mg ·L^-1、（1.03±0.61）mg ·L^-1、（0.38±0.31）mg ·L^-1、（25.74±37.00）μg ·L^-1和（6.35±0.81）mg ·L^-1.河流总氮污染季节差异明显,表现为冬、春季劣于夏、秋季,河流总磷污染表现为秋、冬季劣于春、夏季,空间差异表现为北 > 西北 > 南 > 东部,河流处于中~高度富营养化状态.湖区TN、NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、TP和Chla平均质量浓度和高锰酸盐指数分别为（2.25±0.94）mg ·L^-1、（0.98±0.47）mg ·L^-1、（0.19±0.14）mg ·L^-1、（0.11±0.03）mg ·L^-1、（18.71±8.76）μg ·L^-1和（4.59±1.09）mg ·L^-1,氮、磷质量浓度均超过Ⅲ类水标准,在空间上表现为从西部向东、南部降低的趋势,湖区处于轻~中度富营养状态.丹金溧漕河、通济河与薛埠河等河流是长荡湖流域河湖水系的主要污染物输送通道,丹金溧漕河干流输送氮、磷年通量最大,约为通济河和薛埠河年通量总和的10~12倍.长荡湖流域河流氮、磷污染同时受到农业面源污染物流失与城镇污水排放的影响.土地利用方式转变和大气沉降是导致长荡湖流域河湖系统氮、磷污染加剧的重要驱动因素.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.