蚯蚓生态滤池对农村生活污水的深度净化效果

本实验利用多级蚯蚓生态滤池对农村生活污水进行处理研究,分别考察了不同季节蚯蚓生态滤池对COD、TN、NH4+-N和TP的去除效果,同时利用PCR-DGGE技术对不同季节的微生物群落进行初步分析。结果表明,夏季COD、TN、NH4+-N和TP的平均去除率分别达到86.05%、89.02%、98.48%和99.1%;出水浓度17.86、4.96、0.605和0.047 mg/L。冬季COD、TN、NH4+-N和TP的平均去除率分别达到83.29%、93.26%、96.96%和92.7%;出水浓度22.68、2.63、1.02和0.37 mg/L。不同季节出水水质均达到了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A类标准。蚯蚓生态滤池内的微生物多样性冬季的要比夏季的丰富,且冬季滤池内微生物种类从上至下逐渐增加,符合污染物去除效率的变化。     

新型人工湿地生态填料净化生活污水的试验研究

采用单一粒级的碎石作为粗骨料,水泥、粉煤灰和化学添加剂为胶结材料制备了2种新型人工湿地生态填料(以下简称人工生态填料),分别为普通人工生态填料(ES-C)和内置空隙人工生态填料(ES-V),对比研究了2种人工生态填料和普通碎石填料对模拟农村生活污水的净化处理效果,探讨了影响其去除效果的几个因素。结果表明,处理第5天,效果最好的ES-V对COD、NH4+-N和TP的去除率分别为83.13%、75.25%和75.17%,浓度达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级B标准;普通碎石填料的NH4+-N去除率比人工生态填料低30%左右,TP的去除率约为人工生态填料的一半。当COD/NH4+-N(质量比)为9～13,NH4+-N负荷为20～55mg/L时,人工生态填料对NH4+-N的去除效果较好;TP为3～10mg/L时,人工生态填料对TP有较高的去除率。最后从物理、化学和生化作用3个方面探讨了人工生态填料的去污机制。     

阿科蔓氧化塘净化城市微污染河水中试研究

采用添加阿科蔓生态基的曝气氧化塘对长春市新凯河污染河水进行了中试实验。研究结果表明,氧化塘中COD、NH+4-N和TP的去除率随季节变化较大,高温溶解氧不足时,曝气能明显提高污染物去除率。低温时,低强度曝气有利于温度的传递,延长氧化塘的运行时间。溶解氧大于2 mg/L时,夏季时COD去除率最高达到40.89%,NH+4-N去除率最高达到57.11%,秋季时TP去除率最高达到34.65%。COD、NH+4-N和TP的平均出水浓度分别达到37.92、4.02和0.56mg/L,基本满足地表水Ⅴ类水质要求。     

生态-人工渗滤技术在高速公路收费站生活污水处理中的应用

研究了生态-人工渗滤组合技术在高速公路收费站生活污水中的处理效果。结果表明:在水力负荷为1.5m3/(m2.d),湿干比为1∶3的条件下,系统对COD、SS、NH4+-N、TP均有较好的去除效果,进水中COD、SS、NH4+-N以及TP浓度分别由126~218、123~186、19.89~32.69、2.75~4.53 mg/L降到出水的8~56、7~28、0.45~1.95和0.12~0.40 mg/L,COD、SS去除率分别在80%、85%以上,NH4+-N、TP的去除率均在90%以上。此研究显示,生态-人工渗滤技术在工程应用良好,基建和运行成本较低,在处理远离城市的生活废水时具有巨大的优势。     

交替缺氧/好氧CAST工艺污染物去除特性

以模拟城市污水为处理对象,采用循环式活性污泥法(CAST)反应器,对交替缺氧/好氧模式下系统去除污染物的性能进行了研究。结果表明,运行期间系统内有机物的去除率稳定,出水COD小于40 mg/L,COD平均去除率为91.7%;NH4+-N、TN的平均去除率分别为83.9%、72.4%,出水TN以NO3--N为主;系统的除磷性能良好,磷酸盐的平均去除率为90.6%。此外,出水COD、TN和TP均达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB-18918-2002)的一级A要求。     

组合填料生物滤池处理锦纶废水二级出水的性能研究

为解决纺织行业水回用问题,采用陶粒和活性炭组合填料生物滤池对锦纶废水二级生物处理出水进行了深度净化,并考察了气水比和水力负荷对曝气生物滤池处理效果的影响.研究结果表明,曝气生物滤池处理效果良好,平均出水COD、NH4 -N和TN分别为32 mg/L、1.5 mg/L和8.1 mg/L.随着气水比的增加,COD和NH4 -N平均去除率相应提高,TN平均去除率先增大后降低,当气水比为2∶1时,COD、NH4 -N和TN平均去除率分别为48.30%、84.24%和42.18%;随着水力负荷的增加,COD、NH4 -N和TN平均去除率均降低,当水力负荷为0.39 m3/m2·h时,COD、NH4 -N和TN平均去除率分别为48.33%、84.81%和42.54%.     

倒置A~2/O-MBR(平板膜)处理城市污水的中试研究

针对城市生活污水,研究了两点进水倒置A2/O-MBR(平板膜)系统(以下简称系统)对COD、NH+4-N、TN、TP、出水SS影响。结果表明,该系统对COD、NH+4-N具有较高的去除率,出水符合GB18918-2002中一级A标准;当混合液回流比为200%时,系统出水TN浓度小于15 mg/L;正常排泥后,系统对TP的去除率达83%左右;平板膜破损会导致出水SS、COD会受到影响。膜对COD、TP、SS有直接截留作用,由于系统出水几乎没有固体损失,可以精确控制污泥龄,有利于世代周期较长的硝化菌和反硝化菌生长;系统中的污泥浓度可以提高至15 000 mg/L,此时,即使进水量提高0.5倍,出水水质仍保持良好。     

一种基于脱氮和除磷分开的强化污染物去除组合工艺中试研究

针对北京等严重缺水地区提高污水综合排放标准,用于地表水和地下水补充水的需求,以强化COD、N和P去除为目的,研发了N和P不同单元处理的缺氧立体循环氧化沟单元/好氧立体循环氧化沟单元/除磷过滤器单元组合工艺,通过中试实验研究了该工艺的去除效果,并优化了该工艺水力停留时间(HRT)和溶解氧(DO)参数。结果表明,当缺氧和好氧立体循环氧化沟单元的HRT和DO分别为12 h、DO 0.5 mg/L和6 h、2.0 mg/L,除磷过滤器滤速6~8 m/h时,该工艺的平均出水浓度COD 25 mg/L,TN 11 mg/L,NH_4~+-N 1.2 mg/L,TP 0.15 mg/L,平均去除率分别为88%、57%、94%和96%。其中缺氧立体循环氧化沟单元COD、NH_4~+-N和TN平均去除率为70%、80%和57%,好氧立体循环氧化沟单元进一步去除COD和NH_4~+-N(去除率为18%和14%);经缺氧、好氧氧化沟处理去除50%左右的TP,除磷单元吸附作用去除46%的TP。经过该组合工艺处理,COD、N和P都能达到北京市2013年出台的地方污水排放新标准一级B排放要求。     

管式反应器处理生活污水的效能

研发了一种基于射流曝气的管式反应设备,考察了负荷和DO对反应器处理效能的影响。实验结果表明,在温度为15℃、DO 6.0 mg/L、有机负荷为1.0 kg COD/(m3.d)、氮负荷为0.30 kg TN/(m3.d)、HRT为8 h的条件下,管式反应器可使生活污水的COD、NH4+-N及TN分别从335 mg/L、105 mg/L及110 mg/L降至43 mg/L、14 mg/L及18 mg/L,去除率分别为87%、86%和83%。DO对反应器脱氮效能影响显著,DO为6 mg/L时,能构建出同步硝化反硝化系统,NH4+-N和TN的去除率分别为96.6%和86.7%。     

新型阶梯式人工湿地处理生活污水的研究

采用一种新型阶梯式人工湿地处理生活污水,考察了该工艺对COD、BOD5、NH3-N、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)的去除效果,实验结果表明,当水力负荷约为0.44 m3/(m2.d),水力停留时间为3 d时,湿地对COD、BOD5、NH3-N、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)的去除效果较好,平均去除率分别达到90.6%、87.9%、66.7%、63.4%和92.6%,出水COD约为14.1～30.8 mg/L,BOD5约为8.2～13.1 mg/L,NH3-N约为9.9～19.6 mg/L,TN约为17.3～28.7 mg/L,TP小于1.2 mg/L,出水水质优于农田灌溉水质标准(GB5084-2005)。植物种植长状况、温度变化及进水污染物浓度等因素对湿地处理效率有较大影响,总体上来讲,温度大于24℃、植物种植密度越大、进水污染物浓度越低处理效果越好。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响

采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究

中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染     

红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响

研究了遵义红土吸附砷对其动电电位的影响 ,从砷酸根浓度和体系pH对红土动电电位影响的角度作了探讨 ,结果表明 ,砷酸根离子浓度越大 ,Zata电位下降幅度越大 ,Zata电位也越低 ;随着体系pH的升高 ,氧化铁胶体动电电位逐渐下降 ,甚至改变了表面电位的符号。由此得出了红土吸附砷属于专性吸附的结论。     

活性炭三维电极法对印染废水的处理研究

对三维电极方法处理印染废水进行了实验研究,初步探讨了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的机理,对影响处理效果的各种要素,如反应时间、槽电压和pH值等进行了条件实验,得出了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的最佳运行条件为:停留时间120-180 min,槽电压25～30 V,进水pH值6.5～7.5。结果表明,该反应器能有效地降低废水色度,有较高的COD去除效率,并能提高印染废水的可生化性。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.     

Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters

A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L⁻¹, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L⁻¹. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L⁻¹). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L⁻¹, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L⁻¹). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L⁻¹ (Spain) and 0.3 ng L⁻¹ (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected.     

Visualisation of the complexity of EUSES

The interdependencies of parameters applied in the models of EUSES are visualised in a directed connectivity graph. The parameters (inputs, defaults, state variables, outputs) are represented by boxes (nodes) and their relations by lines (edges). The visualisation, on the one hand, clarifies the complexity of the models in EUSES and, on the other hand, creates an overview and transparency. The parameters’ relations to each other can be recognised faster, and the models can be better understood. The complexity was quantified by the number (variety), kind (substance parameter, physico-chemical parameter, concentration, other parameters), and depth (dimension) of the parameter and the number of relations (connectivity). The variety of EUSES (without the modelsSimple Treat andSimple Box whose interior structure is not documented and without the effect and risk characterisation) amounts to 466, the connectivity to 961, and the maximal dimension is 21.