硫酸锰废渣的浸出毒性及无害化处理的研究

研究了硫酸锰废渣的主要金属元素组成及浸出毒性,并采用锰渣加石灰混合的方法进行无害化处理。结果表明,硫酸锰废渣浸出液中Mn和Cd含量超标,锰渣加石灰混合的方法能有效降低废渣的浸出毒性,锰渣与石灰的质量比为25∶2效果最佳。     

铬渣污染场地修复技术研究进展

铬渣对中国地下水、地表水和土壤造成了严重污染,并对生态环境和人体健康构成了巨大威胁。开展对铬渣污染场地的修复工作已迫在眉睫。在分析铬污染特性的基础上,阐述了国内外最新铬污染场地修复技术研究动态,并概括分析了其不足与未来铬渣污染场地修复技术的发展趋势。     

水库型河流锰污染应急监测技术研究

以贵州和湖南的跨省锰污染事故为例，详细阐述了该污染事故开展应急监测的全过程，并就水库型河流锰污染事故应急监测方案、分析技术选择、监测力量配置、质量控制等内容进行探讨，并总结了应急监测的技术和管理经验。     

广东某含铊硫酸冶炼堆渣场土壤中重金属的污染特征

选取广东某硫酸厂工业堆渣周围土壤样品,重点研究了土壤剖面T1、cd、Pb、Zn四种重金属元素总量及形态分布特征.研究结果表明,该废渣在自然淋滤条件下已经对周围土壤产生了T1、Cd、Pb、Zn污染,并且T1、Pb、Cd较Zn污染严重.形态分析表明,堆渣场周围土壤中这些重金属主要是以残渣态和铁锰氧化物(氢氧化物)结合态存在.外围土壤受到的这些重金属污染及对环境的潜在危害大于废渣下伏土壤,其中在堆渣下伏土壤中主要以富集为主,而外围土壤中主要以迁移为主,且已经向土壤深处约30cm处进行了迁移.这些重金属污染物在表层土壤中未达到饱和状态,将继续在下伏土壤表层发生累积作用并且使横向土壤受污染的范围进一步扩大.     

基于综合环境风险的砷污染场地优控筛选方法

污染场地的优控筛选是国家和地区污染场地管理的关键环节,有利于提高污染场地修复的高效性和经济性。研究以污染源强、污染途径脆弱性和受体敏感性作为筛选的主要因素,构建了基于综合环境风险的优控重金属污染场地筛选方法。通过调查某市15个砷渣污染场地,利用综合环境风险指数法分析区域不同污染场地的危害程度,据此推算不同污染场地危害 程度大小次序,并设置不同情景进行敏感性分析,从而筛选出某市优控砷渣污染场地名单。结果表明:污染场地H15和H12在不同权重情景下均处于高危害程度水平,为优控污染场地；H2在多数情景下危害程度较高,确定为备选优控污染场地。     

晴隆锑矿和煤矿矿集区岩溶地下水环境质量评估

锑是环境中广泛分布、具有慢性毒性和潜在致癌性的典型毒害重金属,是一种新兴的全球性环境污染物。过去对锑的地球化学行为研究较多,但对岩溶地下水的环境质量影响的研究较少。选择锑矿和煤矿分布广泛的贵州晴隆县境内龙摆尾地下河为研究对象,对研究区的地表水和地下水的水化学特征和污染特征进行研究,以《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)和《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)中的Ⅲ类标准值为评价标准对该地区水质予以评价。结果表明:在锑矿未开采情况下,第四系碧痕营组地下水中锑的浓度较高,平均值为1.55μg/L,最高为6.32μg/L;锑、砷的迁移受氧化还原条件的控制;岩溶地下水整体来说水质符合生活饮用水标准,但碧痕营组水中锑、锰超标,龙潭组中节理裂隙水存在pH、锰超标情况;而煤矿开采污染的地表水中锰、铁的污染具有普遍性,含量均超过地表水环境质量标准的限值,且超标倍数较大。因此,该研究区岩溶地下水可直接作为饮用水源,而碧痕营组和龙潭组中地下水须做处理后才可饮用。     

拉林河流域地下水污染特征分析

应用自主研发的傍河取水水质监测与污染预警管理系统对拉林河流域地下水进行污染评价和污染成因分析。通过对样品的采集和分析,说明拉林河流域地下水铁、锰、氨氮和硝酸盐劣于国家地下水环境3级标准,且空间分布具有较强的异质性,可能具有一定的环境生态风险。通过改进的模糊数学法评价拉林河流域地下水污染,提出针对傍河取水工程的地下水保护方案。     

甲醛肟分光光度法测定水及废水中锰

在pH9.0～10.0范围内,甲醛肟与锰形成一棕色络合物可于450nm下进行测定。铁等阳离子的干扰可用盐酸羟胺和EDTA消除。方法适用于饮用水及未受严重污染的地面水及某些工业部门排放废水锰的测定。     

南通市某钢丝绳行业集中区降尘中重金属污染状况评价

针对南通市钢丝绳行业集中区重金属污染问题,分析降尘中的铅、镉、铬、铜、镍、铁、锌、锰等重金属含量,并采用污染指数法和地累积指数法对降尘中重金属污染状况进行评价。结果表明,该集中区降尘中重金属污染程度依次为Zn>Pb>Cd>Cu>Fe>Mn>Ni>Cr,铅、锌为主要污染因子,铅、锌污染级别均处于重污染级别。     

白银市土壤重金属污染源分析及防治措施

通过对白银市土壤调查结果进行评价分析,发现东大沟土壤重金属污染较为严重。同时对土壤重金属污染来源进行讨论,认为大面积土壤重金属来源主要是农民节流灌溉所引起的,小范围的土壤污染可能由于固体废弃物(如铬渣等)的堆存造成。其他污染源对土壤造成的污染较轻,但长期的污染物积累也会造成很大的污染。在此基础上提出防治重金属污染的措施。     

花垣河锰污染及其成因分析

对花垣河河水中8个监测断面（S1-S8）水样和堆积在河岸附近MnSO4废渣及其浸出液中Mn、Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn等5种重金属元素的总量进行了分析。结果表明，花垣河河水中Mn和Cd质量浓度超过《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）V类水体标准；MnSO4废渣浸出液中Cd超过《危险废物鉴别标准》（GB5058．3—1996）规定值。将花垣河河水中Mn、Cd、Pb、Cu和Zn的含量与MnSO4废渣浸出液中相应的元素含量进行相关性分析，r=0．957（P〈0．01），表明堆积在花垣河河岸附近MnSO4废渣是可能造成花垣河污染的主要来源。     

电镀废水中重金属的回收处理技术

电镀企业产生的漂洗水中含有大量的重金属,处理后生成的电镀重金属污泥属于危废,国家有相关的处置规定,若处置不当,会对环境造成二次污染,并且造成重金属的流失。介绍了利用离子交换法、电解法、膜分离技术、电去离子法等相关方法回收电镀漂洗废水中重金属的国内外的研究进展;从源头抓起,减少了电镀企业重金属元素的排放量,同时对废水的合理回用提供一些可行性方案。     

Environmental impact of plantations in and around the petroleum refinery: a case study

Plantation or green belt (GB) grown around the factories and industrial premises improves the condition of land, mitigates air pollution (as the plants serve as a sink for pollutants and check the flow of dust, etc.), and reduces the level of noise pollution. The software developed by NEERI for the determination of the optimal width of GB in and around an industry is based on the pollution attenuation coefficient of selected plant species of deciduous trees existing in the region. The assessment of the impact of these plantations/green belts of 500-m width in and around a petroleum refinery in the west coast of India is evaluated for reducing/managing various waste generated, and it is observed that the overall efficiency is more than 60%.     

Spatial distribution,temporal variation,and sources of heavy metal pollution in groundwater of a century-old nonferrous metal mining and smelting area in China

This study first presents the spatial distribution, temporal variation, and sources of heavy metal pollution in groundwater of a nonferrous metal mine area in China. Unconfined groundwater was polluted by Pb, Zn, As, and Cu, in order, while confined karst water in the mines showed pollution in the following sequence: Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb, and As. Pollution by Pb was widespread, while Zn, As, Cu, and Cd were found to be high in the north–central industrial region and to decrease gradually with distance from smelters and tailings. Vertically, more Pb, Zn, Cu, and Cd have accumulated in shallow Quaternary groundwater, while more As have migrated into the deeper fracture groundwater in the local discharge area. Zn, Cd, and Cu concentrations in groundwater along the riverside diminished owing to reduced wastewater drainage since 1977, while samples in the confluence area were found to have increasing contents of Pb, Zn, As, Cu, and Cd since industrialization began in the 1990s. Sources of heavy metals in groundwater were of anthropogenic origin except for Cr. Pb originated primarily from airborne volatile particulates, wastewater, and waste residues and deposited continuously, while Zn, Cd, and Cu were derived from the wastewater of smelters and leakage of tailings, which corresponded to the related soil and surface residue researches. Elevated As values around factories might be the result of chemical reactions. Flow patterns in different hydrogeological units and adsorption capability of from Quaternary sediments restricted their cross-border diffusion.     

长江经济带工业来源危险废物污染与处理特征分析及监管对策建议

依据2017年环境统计数据, 分析了长江经济带工业危险废物的污染及处理特征:长江经济带危废产生 量较大的省份是江苏、浙江、云南、湖南和四川；危废种类主要是来源于化工、钢铁、有色和造纸行业的废酸、有色金属冶炼废物、废碱和焚烧处置残渣；各地对危废的处理情况各有优劣。根据以上特征,提出加强对重点 区域的监管和调度,针对特定行业和危废种类,建议出台最佳可行的处理技术,建立区域之间危废管理大平台,促进区域危废处理优势互补和均衡发展,挖掘企业自行处理能力,减轻危废集中处理压力。     

Adsorption of Cotton Fabric Dyestuff Waste Water on Nigeria Agricultural Semi-Activated Carbon

The Kaduna river in Nigeria is in such great environmental stress that the self-purifying capacity of the river has been exceeded as a result of industrial discharges. The river water is blue-green and pollution build-up is evident on the river banks. Techniques were designed to rid the river of visible signs of pollution by incorporating the principles of adsorption and incineration.Semi-activated carbon from agricultural wastes were used to treat the waste water. Residual colors, amber, yellow and orange, were obtained and the solute removed ranged from 96-99.8% and the volatile residue removed by carbon treatment ranged from 3-3.8%. Incineration of 1 kg waste water yielded 40 g solid residue.Adsorption of dyestuff present in the waste water was linear and increased with concentrations of waste water per unit mass of guinea corn carbon. Replicate results yielded: y = 2.5 + 0.130x y = 2.306 + 0.017x where x =log10% concentration of dyestuff waste water (independent variable); y = log10 adsorption of dyestuff waste-weight gramme-1 carbon. Unit of weight = milligramme (dependent variable).For maize carbon, adsorption was linear but decreased with increasing concentrations. Replicate results were: y = 1.583 - 0.21x y = 0.52 - 0.32x x and y here are the same as above; with cane sugar carbon, adsorption was independent of concentrations. Student t-test showed no statistical difference between the replicates at the 99.5% level.     

A GIS-based Study for Optimizing the Total Emission Control Strategy in Lanzhou City

A geographic information system (GIS)-based approach with spatial analysis advantages was developed to optimize the total emission control scheme on air pollution in Lanzhou, combined with Models-3 modeling system and a linear programming model. GIS system is mainly used for establishing a multifactor assessment model to quantitatively divide environmental functional zone, and also used for selecting control sites in linear programming model. The results show that most of the urban area belongs to the second type of function, which is 122.8 km² occupying about 76.5% and the third type of about 32.9 km² occupying 20.5%. To reach the air quality up to the national standard in the entire control area, some large-emission factories need to cut emissions from 19% to 27%. For small but low-emission height sources, the cut may be as high 40%. The improvement of the ecological environment is urgently needed for controlling the background particle pollution in Lanzhou city.     

真藓对碳酸盐型锰矿区重金属污染的指示意义

锰矿开采产生重金属污染,对周围环境造成影响,有必要对矿区重金属进行监测。研究以典型碳酸盐型锰矿——南茶锰矿(按职能划分为4个功能区:矿井区、废石区、选矿区、蓄矿区)为对象,以区域内真藓Bryum argenteum为材料,结合相关分析、聚类分析、主成分分析、变异系数等方法考察了真藓和土壤中重金属的含量及其可能的来源。结果表明:各功能区均受到不同程度的人为干扰,人为干扰越强,区域污染越严重。在不同污染梯度的功能区内,真藓的重金属(Fe、Mn、Zn、Cr、Ni、Ba、Co、Mo、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu、Tl、As、Sb)含量与土壤重金属含量显著正相关(P<0.05),说明真藓是监测碳酸盐型锰矿重金属污染的有效指标。真藓指示南茶锰矿除了可能受到采矿活动的强烈影响外(Mn、Cu、Fe、Zn、Cr、Ni、Mo、Ba),还受到来自运输车辆的机械磨损、排放及采矿活动的复合污染(Tl、Cd、Pb、As、Sb),识别结果与区域重金属分布情况吻合,表明真藓具有识别重金属污染的能力。在今后碳酸盐型锰矿污染防治工作中,可将真藓作为重金属污染监测的生物材料。     

基于高分辨率影像的固体废物自动识别技术

随着经济快速发展,工业固废、非正规垃圾、未覆盖建筑渣土等固体废物急剧增加,对区域生态环境造成极大威胁。固废堆场具有面积小、分布散等特点,目前国内仍缺少针对各类固废堆场的遥感自动识别研究。为此,基于国产高分辨率卫星遥感数据,根据野外实地光谱采集结果,分别开展了未覆盖建筑渣土、工业固废及非正规垃圾的自动识别方法研究,提取研究区各类固废堆场。结果表明:未覆盖建筑渣土在蓝波段与绿波段分别存在"吸收谷"与"反射峰",基于该特征构建的比值指数模型,结合直方图双峰法阈值分割可以有效提取未覆盖建筑渣土区域;工业固废、非正规垃圾2种固废类型多样,光谱反射率没有明显规律,结合其纹理、色调等特征,采用面向对象多尺度分割、支持向量机监督分类方法能够较好地识别2种类型固废;基于自动化提取技术并结合人机交互判读方法,提取的研究区未覆盖建筑渣土、工业固废及非正规垃圾等3种固废堆场的精度分别达到96.83%、88.26%、85.71%,各类固体废物遥感识别精度较高,极大提高了固废监测效率。