滨河污水处理厂出水氯与紫外消毒对比试验研究

选择氯和紫外消毒技术对深圳滨河污水处理厂二级出水进行中试研究,比较了氯、紫外消毒技术的消毒效果、持续杀毒能力、消毒安全性、消毒成本和受水质量参数影响程度五方面内容并得到相应的数据以进行横向对比。据试验结果和该污水处理厂工程实际情况,推荐采用紫外污水消毒工艺。     

再生水消毒副产物的检测、生成与控制

在水资源紧缺的当下,污水再生利用是一项重要的环保战略更是资源战略.消毒能有效杀灭病菌和阻断介水疾病的传播,是保障再生水用水安全的重要手段.然而,消毒剂会不可避免地与水中有机物发生反应形成具有毒害效应的消毒副产物.围绕污水在再生消毒过程中所产生的消毒副产物,针对其检测识别方法、生成条件（前体物、消毒工艺及水质条件对消毒副产物生成的影响）以及控制方法（源头控制、过程控制及末端控制）进行综述.在此基础上,对再生水消毒副产物的未来研究动态进行了探讨,可为保障再生水的安全利用提供依据.     

顺序氯化对微生物、副产物和生物稳定性的综合控制

在中试规模试验中,研究了“短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序氯化消毒工艺”对微生物、消毒副产物和生物稳定性指标的控制效果.该顺序氯化消毒工艺综合利用了游离氯消毒灭活微生物迅速彻底,氯胺消毒副产物生产量低的特点,通过氯化消毒技术的组合,安全经济地实现了消毒卫生学和消毒副产物指标的双重控制.该消毒工艺对细菌总数、异养菌平板计数、总大肠菌群指标的控制效果略好于传统游离氯消毒,对脊髓灰质炎病毒和大肠杆菌f2噬菌体的灭活效果与游离氯相同.相同原水条件下,顺序氯化消毒工艺比游离氯消毒工艺产生的三卤甲烷浓度减少35.8%～77.0%;卤乙酸减少36.6%～54.8%.消毒进水水质越差,顺序氯化消毒工艺在消毒副产物控制方面就越有优势.该工艺对生物稳定性指标的控制效果明显高于游离氯消毒.     

控制消毒副产物及前体物的优化工艺组合

为实现对消毒副产物的控制,比较了新开发的顺序氯化消毒工艺与传统氯消毒工艺在常规工艺、常规+深度处理工艺、预氧化+常规+深度处理工艺中对消毒副产物及其前体物的去除特性.与传统的氯消毒相比,顺序氯化消毒工艺可以有效减少消毒副产物的生成量,THMs减少35.8%～77·0%,HAAs减少36·6%～54·8%;而且消毒进水水质越差,短时游离氯后转氯胺的消毒工艺就越有优势.对最简单的传统工艺进行顺序氯化消毒产生THMs和HAAs为18·51μg/L和19·25μg/L,低于采用最复杂工艺:预臭氧氧化+常规+臭氧-活性炭工艺进行传统氯消毒的副产物生成量(THMs19·40μg/L,HAAs24·70μg/L).对消毒副产物前体物去除和副产物控制有明显效果的前处理工艺是臭氧-活性炭工艺和预臭氧氧化.建议采用传统工艺的水厂改造时优先考虑顺序氯化消毒工艺和臭氧-活性炭工艺.     

污水处理消毒技术及发展方向

水循环过程中因受自然因素和人类的生活生产活动的影响,杂质和异物带入水循环形成污水。污水主要包括城市生活污水、工业废水和径流污水。若这些污水若不经处理就排入地面水体,就会使河流、湖泊受到严重污染。污水经过二级处理后,仍可能有病原菌,因此必须对污水进行消毒。本文分析比较了紫外线消毒以及氯消毒技术的适用条件、优缺点,还比较分析比较了二氧化氯消毒以及臭氧消毒技术的适用条件与优缺点,并对污水消毒技术的发展方向进行了探讨。     

组合氯化消毒工艺的卤代消毒副产物生成特性

比较4种单独使用氯或组合氯化消毒工艺在较长管网停留时的卤代消毒副产物生成情况.4种工艺为单独游离氯消毒、氯胺消毒、清水池游离氯消毒后转氯胺的先氯后氨消毒、短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序氯化消毒工艺.结果表明,游离氯消毒工艺在管网停留时间长时,卤代消毒副产物会持续大量的生成,而一氯胺消毒工艺生成的卤代消毒副产物量很低.目前使用较为普遍的先氯后氨消毒工艺与游离氯消毒相比,可以降低卤代消毒副产物的生成量,管网停留24 h时,三卤甲烷的生成量降低了9.6%,卤乙酸的生成量减低了42%.但是先氯后氨消毒工艺由于游离氯接触时间约为2 h,卤代消毒副产物已经大量生成.短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序氯化消毒工艺,由于控制了游离氯的接触时间,可以在保障消毒工艺灭活微生物效果的同时更为有效地控制卤代消毒副产物,管网停留24 h时,三卤甲烷的生成量与单独游离氯消毒工艺相比降低了48%,卤乙酸的生成量减低了72%.因此,顺序氯化消毒工艺可以更好地控制卤代消毒副产物的生成,提高水质安全性.     

南水北调丹江口水库水氯(胺)化消毒副产物产生特性与消毒工艺对比

系统研究了南水北调中线工程水源——丹江口水库水在氯(胺)化消毒条件下,常规消毒副产物的产生特性,考察了消毒方式、消毒剂投加量、接触时间、p H和溴离子浓度等因素的影响,并对消毒工艺参数进行了优化.结果发现,丹江口水库水经氯化消毒可产生三氯甲烷、二氯一溴甲烷等常规含碳和较低浓度二氯乙腈、三氯硝基甲烷等含氮消毒副产物,而氯胺化消毒仅产生三氯甲烷和三氯硝基甲烷等消毒副产物(disinfection by-products,DBPs).自由氯消毒过程产生的各类型DBPs浓度约为氯胺消毒的7.5倍,短时自由氯转氯胺方式DBPs产生量介于两者之间;随着自由氯投加量增加,各类型消毒副产物均呈现增加趋势,投加量大于2 mg·L-1后DBPs增加量较少.随氯胺投加量增加,三氯甲烷生成量变化不大,投加量大于2mg·L-1后可产生三氯硝基甲烷等副产物.随反应时间延长,自由氯的衰减速率明显大于氯胺,同时消毒副产物增长量明显快于氯胺消毒.随着p H升高,自由氯消毒后三卤甲烷含量呈现增加趋势,而氯胺消毒后变化不明显.随溴离子浓度的增加,自由氯和氯胺消毒后副产物类型均向溴代DBPs转变,同时总生成量明显增加,自由氯消毒DBPs增长量明显大于氯胺消毒过程.丹江口水库水采用氯胺化消毒可以降低消毒副产物的生成风险,如采用自由氯消毒方式,水厂需根据实际常规处理工艺重点控制自由氯的投加量等参数.     

顺序氯化消毒工艺的研究

研究了短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序消毒工艺.结果表明,该消毒工艺对指示微生物的灭活效果优于游离氯消毒,游离氯和氯胺存在协同消毒作用;对脊髓灰质炎病毒和大肠杆菌f₂噬菌体的灭活效果与游离氯相同.相同原水条件下,顺序氯化消毒工艺产生的三卤甲烷浓度比游离氯消毒工艺减少35.8%～77.0%;卤乙酸减少36.6%～54.8%.消毒进水水质越差,顺序氯化消毒工艺在消毒副产物(DBP)控制方面就越具优势.     

两点短时游离氯后转氯胺的顺序氯化消毒工艺研究

基于顺序氯化消毒工艺的原理,采用两点短时游离氯后转氯胺的两点顺序氯化消毒工艺,即在过滤和清水池前的两点分别加氯,并在清水池加氯后立即加氨转化为氯胺消毒的工艺,该工艺在常规处理工艺的给水厂进行了消毒试验.结果表明,加氯点的适当提前,不仅有利于控制消毒副产物的生成量,而且有效抑制了滤池中的生物膜滋生.两点顺序氯化消毒工艺中生成的卤代消毒副产物比相同条件下一次性加入等量的氯消毒剂的消毒方法产生的三卤甲烷(THMs)平均减少了51.6％,卤乙酸(HAAs)平均减少了46.7％.细菌学指标HPC的结果也显示出了该工艺在保障水质的微生物安全方面的优势.     

饮用水消毒副产物处理技术及其进展

论述和比较了饮用水中消毒副产物的各种控制技术,提出电场处理因其高效、成本低廉和不带二次污染等特点,是未来饮用水消毒副产物极有前途和实用的处理技术,并结合目前研究进展指出该技术的不足和亟待完善的方向。     

用常规净水工艺处理含盐矿井水的试验研究

本文对含放射性、氟化物、苯并(α)芘、硫酸盐、铁锰等超标复杂矿井水进行了试验研究,得出:在一定条件下用曝气、配水、混凝沉淀、过滤消毒等常规净水措施处理生活饮用水达标是可行的。     

Occurrence and formation of disinfection by-products in the swimming pool environment: A critical review

Disinfection of water for human use is essential to protect against microbial disease; however, disinfection also leads to formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs), some of which are of health concern. From a chemical perspective, swimming pools are a complex matrix, with continual addition of a wide range of natural and anthropogenic chemicals via filling waters, disinfectant addition, pharmaceuticals and personal care products and human body excretions. Natural organic matter, trace amounts of DBPs and chlorine or chloramines may be introduced by the filling water, which is commonly disinfected distributed drinking water. Chlorine and/or bromine is continually introduced via the addition of chemical disinfectants to the pool. Human body excretions (sweat, urine and saliva) and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (sunscreens, cosmetics, hair products and lotions) are introduced by swimmers. High addition of disinfectant leads to a high formation of DBPs from reaction of some of the chemicals with the disinfectant. Swimming pool air is also of concern as volatile DBPs partition into the air above the pool. The presence of bromine leads to the formation of a wide range of bromo- and bromo/chloro-DBPs, and Br-DBPs are more toxic than their chlorinated analogues. This is particularly important for seawater-filled pools or pools using a bromine-based disinfectant. This review summarises chemical contaminants and DBPs in swimming pool waters, as well as in the air above pools. Factors that have been found to affect DBP formation in pools are discussed. The impact of the swimming pool environment on human health is reviewed.     

饮用水消毒的若干技术问题探讨

对饮用水中余氯测定存在的问题、余氯与加氯量的关系、水中消毒剂残余量的控制等饮用水消毒所涉及的若干技术问题进行了试验研究和探讨。通过试验摸索出1种测定余氯的分光光度法,作为对目视比色法的修正。     

饮用水氯化消毒过程的动力学模型研究进展

饮用水氯化消毒的安全性问题一直是水处理领域的研究重点,其氯化消毒过程动力学过程模型的建立,对于饮用水含氯量监测、评价及生成消毒副产物的控制具有重要意义。本文概述了饮用水氯化消毒过程的有关动力学模型研究现状及进展,从模型依据的机理和表达形式等方面分析了饮用水氯化消毒过程的动力学模型研究进展,介绍了广泛应用的几种模型,如Clark自由氯衰减模型、Valentine氯胺衰减模型等,通过对相关模型的原理、异同点、优缺点、适用性的对比及对影响模型的因素分析,对氯化消毒过程中动力学模型的今后发展趋势作了展望。     

Research progress of disinfection and disinfection by-products in China

Disinfection is an indispensable water treatment process for killing harmful pathogens and protecting human health. However, the disinfection has caused significant public concern due to the formation of toxic disinfection by-products(DBPs). Lots of studies on disinfection and DBPs have been performed in the world since 1974. Although related studies in China started in1980 s, a great progress has been achieved during the last three decades. Therefore, this review summarized the main achievements on disinfection and DPBs studies in China, which included:(1) the occurrence of DBPs in water of China,(2) the identification and detection methods of DBPs,(3) the formation mechanisms of DBPs during disinfection process,(4) the toxicological effects and epidemiological surveys of DBPs,(5) the control and management countermeasures of DBPs in water disinfection, and(6) the challenges and chances of DBPs studies in future. It is expected that this review would provide useful information and reference for optimizing disinfection process, reducing DBPs formation and protecting human health.     

紫外消毒系统的应用及其研究进展

介绍了紫外消毒系统的一般结构,综述了消毒反应器的发展及分类,讨论了国内外常用的消毒反应器结构,提出未采设计消毒系统的研究重点.     

Effects of disinfection efficiency on microbial communities and corrosion processes in drinking water distribution systems simulated with actual running conditions

The effects of disinfection efficiency on microbial communities and the corrosion of cast iron pipes in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) were studied. Two annular reactors (ARs) that simulated actual running conditions with UV/Cl₂ disinfection and chlorination alone were used. High chlorine consumption and corrosion rate were found in the AR with UV/Cl₂. According to functional genes and pyrosequencing tests, a high percentage of iron recycling bacteria was detected within the biofilm of the AR with Cl₂ at early running stage, whereas siderophore-producing bacteria were dominant in the biofilm of the AR with UV/Cl_2. At the early running stage, the sequential use of UV light and an initial high chlorine dosage suppressed the biomass and iron-recycling bacteria in both bulk water and biofilms, thereby forming less protective scales against further corrosion, which enhanced chlorine consumption. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis showed that the bacterial communities in the ARs shaped from within rather than being imported by influents. These results indicate that the initial high disinfection efficiency within the distribution system had not contributed to the accumulation of iron-recycling bacteria at the early running stages. This study offer certain implications for controlling corrosion and water quality in DWDSs.     

高铁酸盐对微生物的灭活特性及影响因素

高铁酸盐是一种集氧化、消毒和絮凝等多功能于一体的水处理剂,具有广阔的应用前景。综述了高铁酸盐在消毒方面的研究进展,包括高铁酸盐对细菌和病毒的灭活特性及影响消毒效果的主要因素,并将高铁酸盐与氯、臭氧等常规消毒技术在消毒效果、消毒机理、消毒副产物生成量等方面进行了详细比较。高铁酸盐在较宽的pH范围内对不同水体中的细菌和病毒均呈现较好的灭活效果,pH、温度和有机物是影响高铁酸盐消毒效果的重要因素,高铁酸盐和其他消毒技术联用将是未来研究的关注点。     

The impact of iodinated X-ray contrast agents on formation and toxicity of disinfection by-products in drinking water

The presence of iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM) in source waters is of high concern to public health because of their potential to generate highly toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs). The objective of this study was to determine the impact of ICM in source waters and the type of disinfectant on the overall toxicity of DBP mixtures and to determine which ICM and reaction conditions give rise to toxic by-products. Source waters collected from Akron, OH were treated with five different ICMs, including iopamidol, iopromide, iohexol, diatrizoate and iomeprol, with or without chlorine or chloramine disinfection. The reaction product mixtures were concentrated with XAD resins and the mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the reaction mixture concentrates was measured. Water containing iopamidol generated an enhanced level of mammalian cell cytotoxicity and genotoxicity after disinfection. While chlorine disinfection with iopamidol resulted in the highest cytotoxicity overall, the relative iopamidol-mediated increase in toxicity was greater when chloramine was used as the disinfectant compared with chlorine. Four other ICMs (iopromide, iohexol, diatrizoate, and iomeprol) expressed some cytotoxicity over the control without any disinfection, and induced higher cytotoxicity when chlorinated. Only iohexol enhanced genotoxicity compared to the chlorinated source water.