长江中下游部分城市岸段沉积物中重金属的生物可利用性特征分布

2007年10月对长江中下游部分城市岸段河道底质和边滩共31个站位沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)和4种同时可提取态重金属(SEM)含量及其空间分布特征进行了研究,结果表明:河道底质中∑SEM浓度范围为0.20～0.94μmol/g,平均值为0.45μmol/g;AVS浓度范围为0.01～0.08μmol/g,平均值为0.03μmol/g。边滩沉积物中∑SEM浓度范围为0.35～1.57μmol/g,平均值为0.91μmol/g;AVS浓度范围为0.01～0.14μmol/g,平均值为0.04μmol/g。沉积物中∑SEM与有机碳(R=0.714,p≈0.000)、含水率(R=0.401,p=0.025)和Eh(R=0.368,p=0.042)呈显著正相关关系,而AVS与各个环境因子并不存在显著相关性;依据不同的生物有效性评价方法对沉积物中重金属的生物有效性的判断表明,长江中下游中泓底质沉积物比边滩沉积物中重金属对底栖生物具有更高的潜在危害性。     

官厅水库-永定河沉积物中AVS-SEM的分析

酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)与同步提取的重金属(SEM)之间的比例关系是控制缺氧性沉积物中重金属生物有效性及毒性的主要因素．本文设计了一套新型吹气．吸收装置测定水体沉积物中的AVS，提高了AVS的回收率及测定操作的稳定性．并应用此装置测定了官厅水库-永定河水体沉积物中AVS-SEM的分布。     

沉积物中重金属Pb和Cd对河蚬的毒性效应研究

以河蚬为受试生物,以存活率、呼吸抑制率为测试终点,研究了沉积物和上覆水中重金属Pb、Cd对底栖生物的毒性效应,并探讨了沉积物中酸挥发性硫化物(acid volatile sulfide,AVS)和同时提取金属(simultaneously extracted metals,SEM)对重金属生物有效性的影响。结果表明,沉积物中Pb、Cd对河蚬致死效应较低,当Pb、Cd浓度分别为400、100 mg獉kg-1,连续暴露21 d时,致死率低于20%;沉积物中Pb、Cd对河蚬14 d的呼吸抑制率EC50分别为519和151 mg獉kg-1;上覆水中Pb和Cd离子浓度较低,对生物毒性效应贡献可以忽略;SEM/AVS值和生物呼吸抑制率有着明显的线性相关性,当SEMPb/AVS1,SEMCd/AVS0.6时,重金属对河蚬有明显的毒性效应。     

中华圆田螺对沉积物中十溴联苯醚工业品DE-83的生物积累与转化

为研究沉积物中十溴联苯醚(BDE-209)的生物有效性,将淡水生态系统中常见的底栖动物中华圆田螺(Cipangopaludina cahayensis)暴露于商品DE-83(主要包含92%的BDE-209、6%的BDE-206、1.5%的BDE-207和0.5%的BDE-208)染毒的沉积物,进行60 d养殖实验。根据暴露期间中华圆田螺体内PBDEs含量与同系物组成的变化,探讨了田螺对DE-83的富集动力学、积累常数以及可能发生的生物转化。实验结果显示,DE-83主要同系物均能够被中华圆田螺积累,但是生物有效性非常低,BDE-209、BDE-207和BDE-206的吸收速率常数(k_s)为0.029～0.042 d^-1,BDE-207 > BDE-206 > BDE-209。依据动力学参数推算的生物-沉积物积累因子(BSAF)非常低,分别为0.05(BDE-209)和0.02(BDE-206和BDE-207)。暴露20 d后,中华圆田螺体内有低溴代同系物检出,其含量随暴露时间延长而增加,说明BDE-209在中华圆田螺体内发生了生物转化。     

顾桥采煤沉陷积水区重金属分布与迁移特征

为了探讨上覆水-间隙水-沉积物层面微量元素的分布特征与潜在迁移趋势,系统采集淮南矿区顾桥采煤沉陷积水区上覆水和沉积物样品各10个,通过高速离心获得相应间隙水样品。利用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)及原子荧光光谱法(AFS)测试分析了各样品中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Sb、Zn含量,并采用重金属污染指数法和地累积指数法评价上覆水体及沉积物中重金属污染程度。结果表明,(1)总体而言,顾桥采煤沉陷积水区上覆水水质较好,符合鱼类养殖的水质标准;间隙水中Cr、Cd和Zn的质量浓度分别达到193.11、2.14和176.18μg·L~(-1)。水质基准法生物毒性评价结果显示,间隙水中Cr、Cd和Zn对水生生物具有潜在生物毒性;沉积物中As、Cd、Cu、Cr、Ni的含量均值超过淮南土壤背景值和中国沉积物综合平均值,其中Cd平均质量分数高达1.114mg·kg~(-1),明显富集。(2)从垂直分布来看,水体中重金属的分布趋势表现为:沉积物间隙水上覆水。(3)分配系数结果表明,Cd、Zn、Sb易从沉积物中迁移进入上覆水中,具有较高的潜在环境危害。相关性分析结果显示,上覆水体中As与Mn、Cu与Cd具有相同污染源;间隙水中多种重金属之间的相关性较好,部分重金属具有同源性,沉积物中Ni与Zn、Mn的来源相似。(4)地累积指数结果表明,沉积物中Cd为偏重度污染,Cr为轻度污染,重金属总体污染程度为:CdCrSbCuAsNi=MnZn,顾桥采煤沉陷积水区水体沉积物中重金属Cd、Cr具有潜在生态危害,应引起管理者重视。     

南四湖表层沉积物重金属的赋存形态及底部界面扩散通量的估算

采用"SOFIE"模拟装置,研究了南四湖污染程度不同的两个湖区(南阳湖及独山湖区)表层沉积物中重金属元素的形态组成,间隙水及界面上覆水中重金属浓度的变化特征.结果表明,南阳湖区沉积物间隙水及界面上覆水中Cr,Cu,Ni,Zn和Pb的浓度均高于独山湖区,这与沉积物中重金属元素的有效结合态含量变化一致,主要与人为污染有关.南阳湖及独山湖区沉积物-水界面±0.5 cm范围内重金属元素具有较高的浓度梯度,间隙水中Fe与Mn浓度明显高于界面上覆水;Cu,Ni,Zn,Pb的浓度均低于界面上覆水;独山湖区沉积物间隙水中Cr浓度与界面上覆水相似,而南阳湖区沉积物间隙水中Cr浓度略高于界面上覆水.采用Fick第一定律,计算得到南阳湖及独山湖区沉积物-水界面附近Cu,Ni,Zn,Pb的扩散通量,分别为-0.23,-1.47,-2.57,-0.04 mmol.m-.2d-1和-0.34,-0.67,-0.48,-0.01 mmol.m-.2d-1,沉积物表现为重金属元素的"汇";而Cr的扩散通量分别为0.03 mmol.m-.2d-1和-0.02 mmol.m-.2d-1,说明污染较重的南阳湖区沉积物中Cr已表现出向上覆水体扩散的特征.     

活性污泥生物炭对沉积物中镉生态毒性的影响

为评价沉积物中生物炭对重金属Cd生态毒性的影响,以底栖动物铜锈环棱螺(Bellamya aeruginosa)为测试生物,采用14-d亚慢性沉积物生物测试研究了不同添加水平的活性污泥生物炭与不同浓度Cd联合作用对Cd的生物积累、肝胰脏细胞DNA损伤以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和丙二醛(MDA)的影响。结果表明,活性污泥生物炭可以显著降低间隙水中Cd含量。当沉积物w(Cd)较低(10μg·g~(-1))时,添加生物炭并不显著降低Cd的生物积累,当沉积物w(Cd)较高(50μg·g~(-1))时,只有w=5%的生物炭才能显著降低Cd的生物积累。活性污泥生物炭对铜锈环棱螺不具有毒性。添加生物炭后,低Cd处理组DNA损伤指数、SOD活性和MDA含量均没有显著改变,提示低Cd沉积物中添加生物炭不影响Cd毒性。就高Cd处理组而言,添加w=1%生物炭也不影响Cd毒性,当添加w=5%生物炭时,DNA损伤显著降低,SOD活性明显升高,MDA含量显著下降,Cd毒性下降约60%。因此,沉积物中Cd生物有效性的降低并不必然导致Cd在铜锈环棱螺体内生物积累的减少。沉积物中较高比例的生物炭通过对Cd的吸附阻控在一定程度上减少了生物积累,从而可以有效地降低毒性。生物炭对沉积物中污染物生态毒性的影响与污染物的种类和浓度以及生物炭用量有关。     

小浪底水库沉积物中重金属污染及生态风险评价

重金属污染已经成为水环境污染防治的重要内容.研究表明,进入水体中的重金属大部分与悬浮物结合,在水流缓慢时,悬浮物逐渐沉积下来,大大降低了水中重金属元素的浓度.在特定的环境地球化学条件下,水库沉积物中重金属可通过一系列物理、化学和生物过程而释放出来,导致水环境"二次污染",严重威胁水库生态环境安全.因此,研究沉积物中重金属的含量变化规律,评价重金属污染的潜在生态风险,探讨其在水体中的迁移转化过程,对于保护区域水环境质量和防治重金属污染具有重要意义.本实验通过采集小浪底水库表层沉积物样品,对水库沉积物中重金属的含量与分布进行研究,并对其潜在的生态     

水体沉积物结合态镉对大型溞（Daphnia magna）的生物毒性研究

选择大型溞(Daphnia magna)作为受试生物,以大型溞体内金属积累量、金属硫蛋白含量和死亡率作为测试指标,考察了上覆水体系与水柱-沉积物共存体系中金属镉(Cd)的毒性状况,探讨了水体沉积物中重金属的生物毒性作用机制.结果表明:暴露于水柱-沉积物共存体系和上覆水体系中的大型溞体内的生物积累量均随沉积物Cd含量的升高而升高,且前者显著高于后者,说明沉积物中的Cd可通过食物吸收等途径对生物体致毒、致害;暴露于两种体系中的大型溞体内的MT含量在低浓度条件下随沉积物中Cd含量的升高而升高,当Cd含量高于800μg·g-1时MT含量大幅度下降,并且两体系之间无显著差别;暴露于两种体系中的大型溞幼溞死亡率无显著差别.上覆水中溶解态Cd和沉积物中可交换态Cd是对水生生物重要的毒性影响形态.     

硫酸盐对墨水湖沉积物间隙水中Mn和Cu的作用

正目前沉积物原位采样和测定的技术主要有透析法、伏安法、半透膜装置、薄膜扩散平衡技术(DET)和薄膜扩散梯度技术(DGT)[1].DET技术中,膜内的水被固定在凝胶上,外部溶液中的离子可自由扩散到凝胶中,通过测定凝胶中不同位置离子的含量获取间隙水浓度的信息,测定的是达到平衡时的浓度.DGT技术以Fick扩散第一定律为其理论基础,可测定自然界中重金属的生物有效态,比形态分级技术更能反映生物体对重金属的吸收.本研究通过DET和DGT的手段,研究硫酸盐对武汉市墨水湖沉积物间隙水中重金属浓度和生物有效性的影响.1材料与方法     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.     

硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.