三氯生对水生生物的毒性效应研究进展

三氯生(TCS)作为一种广谱抗菌剂,在个人护理品中的广泛应用,将使其不可避免地释放到水环境中.随着在河流、湖泊、河口系统等水环境以及水生生物体内检测到TCS,TCS对于水生生物的生态毒理效应引起了学者们的广泛关注.本文概述了TCS在水环境及水生生物体内的赋存状况,归纳总结了TCS对水生生物的急性毒性、亚急性毒性、酶及基因毒性、内分泌干扰性及其降解产物毒性,最后展望了TCS对水生生物的生态毒理效应这一研究领域的发展方向.     

重金属对水生生物的生态毒理效应及生物耐受机制研究进展

近年来,随着国民经济的快速发展,重金属以其特有的性质而被大量的应用于生产生活当中,同时也由于各种原因造成了水体重金属污染现象。水体重金属污染不仅对水生生物的生长和繁殖造成了严重的威胁,同时也威胁到人类的健康。因此,重金属污染具有潜在的生态与健康风险。本文主要概括介绍了重金属对水生植物、动物、微生物的生态毒理效应以及水生生物对重金属的各种耐受机制,展望了重金属对水生生物生态毒理效应的未来研究重点和方向。     

水生生态系统中微塑料对微藻的生态毒理效应研究进展

作为一种新污染物,微塑料引起的环境问题日益严重,引起的生物效应和健康风险备受关注。微塑料粒径小,比表面积大,易成为各种污染物的载体,影响水生生物的生长繁殖或沿食物链传递,从而威胁到水生生态系统的安全。然而微塑料对水生生物的毒性作用机理尚不明确,因此,微塑料对水生生态系统的影响在很大程度上仍然是未知的。微藻是水生食物链的基础,是水生生态系统的基本组成部分,也是实现多种生态系统功能的关键生物,了解微塑料对微藻的生态毒性效应有助于评估其生态风险。本文基于已有研究,通过个体-种群-群落-生态系统等不同尺度综合论述微塑料对微藻的生态毒理效应,解析微塑料对微藻毒性作用的影响因素,包括浓度、粒径、形状、表面电荷和添加剂等。在此基础上,提出当前领域存在的问题和未来研究的重点方向。期望能为今后的微塑料毒性作用研究提供理论基础和数据参考。     

河岸蜘蛛——多样水生生态系统中PCB污染的指示生物

栖息在河岸的蜘蛛越来越多地被用来追踪水生生态系统中存在和流出污染物的空间格局。然而,我们对蜘蛛在何种情况下可有效标志水生污染的认识有限。本研究力证在具有高生境异质性的水生生态系统中,能够有效地利用河岸蜘蛛来追踪沉积物中多氯联苯(PCBs)污染的空间格局。2011年到2013年,在五大湖共同关注区(AOC)的Manistique河流域,对2类常见科属的河岸蜘蛛进行采样,结果表明生物体内的ΣPCB浓度的空间格局能够普遍地追踪采样点范围内沉积物中ΣPCBs的空间变化。该研究区域位于密歇根北部半岛南岸(Manistique,MI,US),是一个河口生态系统,包括港口、河流、回水和湖泊等栖息地。沉积物ΣPCB浓度用总有机碳浓度进行归一,解释了11个采样点中41%的以脂类归一的蜘蛛ΣPCB浓度变异。此外,2类常见河岸蜘蛛类群(园蛛科Araneidae和长脚蛛科Tetragnathidae)的ΣPCB浓度高度相关(r² > 0.78),并且按全年计算其平均ΣPCB浓度两者相似。结果表明,在异质性的水生生态系统中,例如在河流入海口,会因为栖息地和污染物变化在水生生物分类中的差别不明显,河岸蜘蛛就可能成为水生和河岸食物网中PCB有效性的标记物。此外,对于为不同种群大型结网蜘蛛提供生存条件的海岸线开发和沿岸植被的生境异质性,目前的方法具有很强的适用性。
精选自Kraus, J. M., Gibson, P. P., Walters, D. M. and Mills, M. A. (2017), Riparian spiders as sentinels of polychlorinated biphenyl contamination across heterogeneous aquatic ecosystems. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 36: 1278–1286. doi: 10.1002/etc.3658
详情请见http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3658/full
     

卤虫属在水生生态毒理学中的研究进展

在环境问题日益突出的今天,生态毒理学研究对于生态系统健康发展与生态系统服务功能的提升至关重要。水生生态毒理学作为生态毒理学研究重点领域之一,正逐渐成为科研人员的关注点。目前,水生生态毒理学主要研究环境中的有毒有害物质对水生生物的毒性效应及其对生态系统的影响。作为生态毒理学研究中常用的实验动物,卤虫属动物已被广泛应用于污染物暴露、环境因子干扰、食物链传递和生态风险评价等方面。虽然,卤虫在多个研究领域都有应用,但是,由于生态毒理学发展还不完善,特别是研究人员前期对环境毒理学与生态毒理学两者界定不清,目前尚无卤虫在水生生态毒理学研究中的综合论述。本文精准检索搜集了在生态毒理学领域中卤虫研究的相关文献,深入阅读,从物种特征、优缺点与应用范围;孵化饲养标准与质量控制;实验类型与暴露方式;主要关注指标与研究目的;存在问题与展望5个方面展开论述,对卤虫在水生生态毒理学中的研究进展进行了综合概括。     

硝基苯环境效应的研究综述

硝基苯污染威胁着人类和生态系统健康,国外有关硝基苯的环境毒理的研究已经广泛展开,但我国仍处于起步阶段.文章综述了国内外硝基苯环境效应的研究进展,介绍了其基本理化性质、用途、环境基准和标准值、污染的生态毒理效应以及其在生态系统中的迁移转化规律.研究认为环境中的硝基苯属于低毒污染物,但难溶于水,易溶于有机溶剂,难以降解,造成水体和土壤污染的持续时间长,且能够在生物体内积累,产生生物放大效应,因此,高浓度的硝基苯对生态系统和人体健康造成较大的生态风险;不过,阳光中的近紫外线、γ射线、声波振荡以及生物分解等作用可自然环境中硝基苯有降解作用,而生物和物理吸附能降低其浓度,从而降解其毒性.目前,有关自然生态系统中硝基苯迁移转化过程之间协同作用与相互影响的研究还有待于进一步深入.     

硝基苯环境效应的研究综述

硝基苯污染威胁着人类和生态系统健康,国外有关硝基苯的环境毒理的研究已经广泛展开,但我国仍处于起步阶段.文章综述了国内外硝基苯环境效应的研究进展,介绍了其基本理化性质、用途、环境基准和标准值、污染的生态毒理效应以及其在生态系统中的迁移转化规律.研究认为环境中的硝基苯属于低毒污染物,但难溶于水,易溶于有机溶剂,难以降解,造成水体和土壤污染的持续时间长,且能够在生物体内积累,产生生物放大效应,因此,高浓度的硝基苯对生态系统和人体健康造成较大的生态风险;不过,阳光中的近紫外线、γ射线、声波振荡以及生物分解等作用可自然环境中硝基苯有降解作用,而生物和物理吸附能降低其浓度,从而降解其毒性.目前,有关自然生态系统中硝基苯迁移转化过程之间协同作用与相互影响的研究还有待于进一步深入.     

水生系统中溶解态有机质的激发效应研究进展

溶解态有机质(DOM)的迁移转化是影响水环境生物地球化学循环和生态系统功能的重要过程.DOM是来源丰富、化学结构和活性不同的成千上万种化合物的混合物.其中,活性组分的存在可能促进微生物对惰性组分的降解,形成清除惰性DOM的一个重要机制,即激发效应,对全球碳循环和生态系统产生深远影响.当前,水生系统DOM激发效应研究主要运用各种化学和生物的方法,监测添加活性DOM对惰性DOM的降解速率和微生物丰度与群落结构的改变.在不同的研究体系中,存在正激发、负激发和无激发等3种效应,受到活性DOM和惰性DOM的特征、微生物响应特征和环境因子等的综合作用.新方法的应用和典型区域、典型事件的观测,将有助于评估水生系统DOM的激发效应、深入理解DOM的微生物转化过程.     

三氯生和三氯卡班对人体肝细胞DNA损伤的研究

三氯生（TCS）和三氯卡班（TCC）作为优良的抗菌和消毒剂,在药物和个人护理用品中广泛使用。近几年来,TCS和TCC在各种环境介质和生物体中被频繁检出,并引起国内外环境科学工作者的重点关注。目前,有关TCS和TCC对水生生物的毒性研究已有大量的报道,其对人体健康危害的报道仍较少。为了评估TCS和TCC对人体的遗传毒性,利用彗星实验研究两种污染物对正常人肝细胞（L02）DNA的损伤效应。结果发现：三氯生和三氯卡班皆能引起人体肝细胞的DNA损伤,并呈现显著的剂量-效应关系和时间效应关系。相比于TCS而言,L02细胞对TCC更为敏感,在低暴露剂量（2.38μmol.L-1）下就可以引起DNA断裂损伤。该结果有助于进一步揭示TCS和TCC对人体毒害的机制,更全面的评估两种污染物对人体健康的风险。     

微囊藻毒素及其与其他环境污染物的联合毒性研究进展

微囊藻毒素(microcystins,MCs)是一种蓝藻代谢产物,在全球富营养淡水生态系统中广泛分布,高浓度的MCs不仅对水生生物造成负面影响,还会与水体中共存污染物发生相互作用,影响彼此在生物体内转化代谢和毒性效应.因此,开展MCs与多种环境污染物的复合污染对不同生物的毒性研究十分必要,其对水体复合污染风险评价和防控...     

微塑料污染的水生生态毒性与载体作用

近年来微塑料的水生生态环境污染与生态毒害问题引起了科学界的广泛关注。在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,本文对水生态环境中微塑料的来源、形成与分布展开分析;对微塑料污染的生态毒性研究进展给予评述;并深入探讨了微塑料在生态系统中扮演的多重载体角色。鉴于微塑料污染的严峻现实,我国应尽快开展有关微塑料环境污染和生态毒理方面的系统研究,并辅以政策引导和经济支持。     

微塑料污染的水生生态毒性与载体作用

近年来,微塑料的水生生态环境污染与生态毒害问题引起了科学界的广泛关注。在总结国内外相关研究的基础上,本文对水生态环境中微塑料的来源、形成与分布展开分析;对微塑料污染的生态毒性研究进展给予评述;并深入探讨了微塑料在生态系统中扮演的多重载体角色。鉴于微塑料污染的严峻现实,我国应尽快开展有关微塑料环境污染和生态毒理方面的系统研究,并辅以政策引导和经济支持。     

水土环境介质中阿特拉津修复过程研究进展

除草剂阿特拉津农用后的残留物会随地表径流或地下渗漏作用进入江河湖泊等自然水体,由于阿特拉津的环境内分泌干扰作用,其会造成水资源污染和水生态失衡。根据阿特拉津的生产和使用状况,将阿特拉津的污染对象分为土壤、市政污水、河流湖泊等地表水和地下水系统模块,分别阐述了这几种环境介质中阿特拉津的物理、化学和生物修复技术以及阿特拉津在修复过程中的变化特点,介绍了土壤在淋溶过程中阿特拉津的固定手段和今后污染水体中阿特拉津修复的研究重点。     

Geologic processes influence the effects of mining on aquatic ecosystems

Geologic processes strongly influence water and sediment quality in aquatic ecosystems but rarely are geologic principles incorporated into routine biomonitoring studies. We test if elevated concentrations of metals in water and sediment are restricted to streams downstream of mines or areas that may discharge mine wastes. We surveyed 198 catchments classified as "historically mined" or "unmined," and based on mineral-deposit criteria, to determine whether water and sediment quality were influenced by naturally occurring mineralized rock, by historical mining, or by a combination of both. By accounting for different geologic sources of metals to the environment, we were able to distinguish aquatic ecosystems limited by metals derived from natural processes from those due to mining. Elevated concentrations of metals in water and sediment were not restricted to mined catchments; depauperate aquatic communities were found in unmined catchments. The type and intensity of hydrothermal alteration and the mineral deposit type were important determinants of water and sediment quality as well as the aquatic community in both mined and unmined catchments. This study distinguished the effects of different rock types and geologic sources of metals on ecosystems by incorporating basic geologic processes into reference and baseline site selection, resulting in a refined assessment. Our results indicate that biomonitoring studies should account for natural sources of metals in some geologic environments as contributors to the effect of mines on aquatic ecosystems, recognizing that in mining-impacted drainages there may have been high pre-mining background metal concentrations.     

Use of Biotic Community Structure as a Measure of Ecological Degradation

The benthic macroinvertebrate communities of two lotic aquatic habitats,namely,the Churni River(C-R)and the Jalangi River(J-R)were compared in this study.One lotic aquatic system(C-R)was polluted by organic pollutants due to discharge of unprocessed sewage water,while the other(J-R)was not affected by such pollution.Evaluations of various physico-chemical properties of water,sediment and different macroinvertebrate communities of the two tropical lotic systems were done in a period from January,2002 to December,2003.A long term temporal change in the macroinvertebrate communities was recorded due to increase in sediment rH value.Sediment redox potential affected by the anthropogenic activities was found to be an important factor for alteration of macroinvertebrate communities in these aquatic ecosystems.A positive correlation has been established between rH and Margalef index in this study.Potassium and the total count of coliform bacteria in water showed significantly higher values for the polluted Churni River than those for the Jalangi River.Fig 3,Tab 4,Ref 34     

沉积物质量综合评价及应用证据权重法的案例分析

水体沉积物是水生生态系统重要的组成部分,沉积物污染将影响整个水生生态系统,因此有必要构建科学全面的水体沉积物质量评价方法,为环境污染修复与监管提供科学依据。已有文献报道了多种沉积物质量评价方法。其中,证据权重法通过对不同的证据进行测定与整合,弥补了传统评价方法的不足,可以对沉积物质量进行科学全面的评价。本文对证据权重法中化学分析、生物毒性和底栖生物群落结构3种证据的测量方法、赋权方法、证据整合与信息解译方法进行了系统评述,并以淡水河为例介绍了用多目标决策理想点法(TOPSIS)整合数据进行沉积物质量综合评价的方法。     

Effectiveness of terrestrial protected areas for conservation of lake fish communities

Freshwater protected areas are rare even though freshwater ecosystems are among the most imperiled in the world. Conservation actions within terrestrial protected areas (TPAs) such as development or resource extraction regulations may spill over to benefit freshwater ecosystems within their boundaries. Using data from 175 lakes across Ontario, Canada, we compared common indicators of fish‐assemblage status (i.e., species richness, Shannon diversity index, catch per unit effort, and normalized‐length size spectrum slopes) to evaluate whether TPAs benefit lake fish assemblages. Nearest neighbor cluster analysis was used to generate pairs of lakes: inside versus outside, inside versus bordering, and bordering versus outside TPAs based on lake characteristics. The diversity and abundance indicators did not differ significantly across comparisons, but normalized‐length size spectrum slopes (NLSS) were significantly steeper in lakes outside parks. The latter indicated assemblage differences (greater abundances of small‐bodied species) and less‐efficient energy transfer through the trophic levels of assemblages outside parks. Although not significantly different, pollution‐ and turbidity‐tolerant species were more abundant outside parks, whereas 3 of the 4 pollution‐intolerant species were more abundant within parks. Twenty‐one percent of the difference in slopes was related to higher total dissolved solids concentrations and angling pressure. Our results support the hypothesis that TPAs benefit lake fish assemblages and suggest that NLSS slopes are informative indicators for aquatic protected area evaluations because they represent compositional and functional aspects of communities.     

Priming effect: bridging the gap between terrestrial and aquatic ecology

Understanding how ecosystems store or release carbon is one of ecology's greatest challenges in the 21st century. Organic matter covers a large range of chemical structures and qualities, and it is classically represented by pools of different recalcitrance to degradation. The interaction effects of these pools on carbon cycling are still poorly understood and are most often ignored in global-change models. Soil scientists have shown that inputs of labile organic matter frequently tend to increase, and often double, the mineralization of the more recalcitrant organic matter. The recent revival of interest for this phenomenon, named the priming effect, did not cross the frontiers of the disciplines. In particular, the priming effect phenomenon has been almost totally ignored by the scientific communities studying marine and continental aquatic ecosystems. Here we gather several arguments, experimental results, and field observations that strongly support the hypothesis that the priming effect is a general phenomenon that occurs in various terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems. For example, the increase in recalcitrant organic matter mineralization rate in the presence of labile organic matter ranged from 10% to 500% in six studies on organic matter degradation in aquatid ecosystems. Consequently, the recalcitrant organic matter mineralization rate may largely depend on labile organic matter availability, influencing the CO2 emissions of both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. We suggest that (1) recalcitrant organic matter may largely contribute to the CO2 emissions of aquatic ecosystems through the priming effect, and (2) priming effect intensity may be modified by global changes, interacting with eutrophication processes and atmospheric CO2 increases. Finally, we argue that the priming effect acts substantially in the carbon and nutrient cycles in all ecosystems. We outline exciting avenues for research, which could provide new insights on the responses of ecosystems to anthropogenic perturbations and their feedbacks to climatic changes.