废塑料再生企业排污河道沉积物酞酸酯污染特征与生态风险评价

为研究酞酸酯(PAEs)的环境行为及其生态风险,特选择有近30年废塑料处理历史的莱州市沙河镇珍珠河流域为研究对象,采集了26个0～10 cm表层沉积物样品与8个10～30 cm底层沉积物样品,采用GC-MS测试了被USEPA列为优先控制污染物的6种PAEs含量,分析其污染水平、空间分布、表层与底层沉积物中PAEs含量差异并进行生态风险评价.结果表明,表层沉积物中酞酸酯总含量(∑_6PAEs)范围为nd～39.36 mg·kg~(-1),平均含量为10.42 mg·kg~(-1);DEHP含量范围为nd～35.90 mg·kg~(-1),平均含量为9.46 mg·kg~(-1),占∑_6PAEs的90.8%.底层沉积物中酞酸酯总含量(∑_6PAEs)范围为nd～97.11 mg·kg~(-1),平均含量为21.64 mg·kg~(-1);DEHP含量范围为nd～93.9 mg·kg~(-1),平均含量为20.4 mg·kg~(-1),占∑_6PAEs的94.1%.底层沉积物中DEHP与DnOP的贡献率较表层高,但表层沉积物中各类PAEs及∑_6PAEs含量高于底层沉积物.在空间特征上,PAEs与废塑料处理产业集中区域密切相关,同时显示出与河道动力学相关的不均衡性.生态风险评价显示,该地PAEs污染具有较大的不可接受的生态风险.     

江苏产区大蒜中邻苯二甲酸酯含量检测及溯源分析

邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)对生态环境和农产品安全的潜在威胁已引起世界各国的广泛关注.在江苏省邳州市大蒜核心产区采集了11种大蒜样品、 106个表层土壤和4种农膜样品,通过GC-MS法分析了大蒜、土壤和农膜中的16种PAEs含量,并通过水培试验研究了邳州主栽大蒜品种大青稞对6种优先控制类PAEs的吸收和运输特征.结果表明,邳州大蒜蒜瓣中主要PAEs种类为邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP),ω(DBP)和ω(DEHP)平均值分别为0.611 mg·kg^-1和0.167 mg·kg^-1,显著高于市售大蒜品种.蒜头中DBP和DEHP含量大小顺序依次为：蒜头皮>蒜瓣皮>蒜瓣.大蒜土壤中的PAEs种类主要为邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)、 DBP和DEHP,检出率均为100%.与美国环保署制定的土壤PAEs控制标准比,DMP和DBP含量超过控制标准,超标率分别达100%和63.2%,其他3种PAEs含量均低于控制标准,但ω(DEHP)平均值达486μg·...     

中山市农业区域土壤-农产品中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)污染特征

在广东省中山市农业区域范围内共采集了65个表层土样和37个农产品样品,采用GC-FID检测方法分析了土壤和农产品样品中被美国环境保护署(EPA)优先控制的6种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)化合物含量,并对其污染水平、污染程度进行了评价.结果表明,中山市农业土壤样品中6种PAEs化合物总浓度(ΣPAEs)范围为0.14~1.14 mg·kg-1,平均含量为0.43mg·kg-1,检出率为100%.不同土地利用类型中土壤的ΣPAEs含量大小顺序依次为菜地果园地稻田.与美国土壤6种优控的PAEs控制标准相比,邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)含量超过控制标准,超标率分别为93.85%和27.69%,其余4种优控PAEs化合物的含量均低于美国标准.总体上,中山市农业土壤中ΣPAEs含量处于较低水平.中山市农产品中ΣPAEs含量范围为0.15~3.15 mg·kg-1,平均含量1.12 mg·kg-1,蔬菜中ΣPAEs的含量高于水稻和水果.农产品中PAEs含量低于美国和欧洲食品建议指标,健康风险很小.DBP和DEHP在土壤、农产品中占ΣPAEs的百分比和检出率均较高,是中山市PAEs污染物的主要组成部分.不同种类农产品-土壤中的ΣPAEs、DBP存在显著正相关,其中蔬菜-菜田土壤的Pearson相关系数(r)分别为0.81(P=0.000)、0.75(P=0.000),水稻-稻田土壤中二者的r分别为0.74(P=0.036)、0.65(P=0.041),水果-果园土壤中相关系数分别为0.66(P=0.029)、0.78(P=0.045).不同农产品对土壤中6种PAEs化合物的累积能力存在明显差异,但对ΣPAEs总量的富集系数均大于1.因此,在农业区域土壤质量评价过程中,应重视农产品自身特性对PAEs吸收和累积的影响.     

松花江表层沉积物PAEs分布特征及生态风险评价

为揭示松花江干支流表层沉积物中邻苯二甲酸酯类(phthalate esters,PAEs)的空间分布特征及其生态风险状况本文利用气相色谱三重四级杆质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对松花江干支流表层沉积物中6种PAEs的含量分布和组成特征进行了分析,并采用商值法和环境风险水平(ERL)法对其生态风险状况进行评价.结果表明:①松花江干支流沉积物6种邻苯二甲酸酯(∑_6PAEs)含量范围(以干重计)为6 832.5～36 298.9ng·g~(-1)(平均值为18388.6ng·g~(-1)),邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)为主要组分,干流点位∑_6PAEs含量(6 832.5～36 298.9 ng·g~(-1),平均值为18 616.9ng·g~(-1))与支流点位∑_6PAEs(10 367.6～26 593.3ng·g~(-1),平均值为18 264.1ng·g~(-1))差异不显著(P0.05),支流点位各PAEs单体含量与干流点位差异不大.从上游到下游干支流∑_6PAEs含量呈现先降后升的趋势.农业自然区域∑_6PAEs平均含量(18 677.5 ng·g~(-1))与城市工业区域(18 063.7 ng·g~(-1))相近(P0.05),DBP和DEHP是两区域内的主要PAEs两者平均值贡献率高达98%以上.②松花江干支流表层沉积物中∑_6PAEs主要来源于人类日用品、农业生产以及含有增塑剂的工业生产.③松花江表层沉积物中DMP和BBP对水生生物无生态风险,DEP具有低水平生态风险,而DEHP和DBP对水生生物具有高生态风险.     

西湖景区土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯污染水平、来源分析和空间分布特征

为考察杭州西湖景区土壤环境中邻苯二甲酸酯(phthalate esters,PAEs)的污染情况,本研究采集了西湖景区4种不同土地利用类型土壤共42个土壤样品,利用气相色谱三重四级杆质谱联用仪(GC-MS/MS)对所有样品中6种PAEs的含量水平和组成情况进行了分析,并采用主成分分析法和普通克里金插值法对不同土地利用类型土壤中PAEs的来源与空间分布进行了详细探讨.结果表明,西湖景区6种邻苯二甲酸酯累计含量(ΣPAEs)范围为597. 6～7 360. 1μg·kg~(-1),邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)是3种主要的PAEs污染物,三者总含量平均值贡献率高达98. 43%,而DEHP作为含量最高的PAEs单体贡献率为66. 28%;不同土地利用类型土壤中的PAEs组成由于其来源不同而具有差异性,交通运输与游客活动是西湖景区内PAEs的主要来源; 6种PAEs主要分布在西湖景区的东北区域,呈现出由北向南、自东向西递减趋势.     

银川市东郊设施蔬菜基地土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征及健康风险评价

在宁夏银川市东郊设施蔬菜基地共采集49个表层土样,采用气相色谱质谱联用检测方法,分析了土壤中16种邻苯二甲酸酯(Phthalate esters,PAEs)化合物含量,并对其污染分布、污染特征进行了评价,同时对美国EPA和欧盟优先控制的6种PAEs进行了人体暴露的健康风险评价.结果表明,银川市东郊设施蔬菜基地土壤中16种邻苯二甲酸酯化合物(∑16PAEs)的含量范围为2.123~17.271 mg·kg~(-1),平均值和中位数分别为5.120和4.324 mg·kg~(-1).土样中DMP、DEP、Dn BP、DIBP和DEHP的检出率为100%.其中,DMP、Dn BP和DEHP是研究区土壤中PAEs污染物的主要组成部分,DMP、Dn BP和DEHP分别占∑16PAEs总量的46.03%、26.55%和10.32%,三者之和占∑16PAEs的82.79%,占美国EPA 6种优先控制污染物水平的86.16%.对人体健康风险评价表明,研究区6种优先控制化合物对人体产生的非致癌风险均1,未超过EPA推荐的非致癌水平,表明非致癌风险在可接受范围之内.对于DEHP单体,居民通过饮食途径的致癌风险为(0.779±1.370)×10-5,超过EPA推荐的致癌水平,应引起一定的重视,而BBP和DEHP其它非饮食途径的致癌风险都在可接受范围,不会对人体健康产生危害.     

中小学塑胶跑道中邻苯类塑化剂的含量监测与健康风险评估研究

近几年,"毒跑道"事件的持续爆发引起了社会公众的极大关注.邻苯二甲酸酯类(Phthalate Acid Esters, PAEs)塑化剂是塑胶跑道中的风险因子之一,但其含量监测与风险评估仍未见报道.本研究采集了13个地市中小学的83个塑胶跑道样本,使用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析6种PAEs的含量,并应用美国环保署提供的PAEs评估方法评估其健康风险.结果表明,94.0%的塑胶跑道样品中检出PAEs,其中,邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)检出率最高,达91.6%.6种PAEs(DEHP、DBP、DIDP、DINP、DNOP、BBP)含量之和(∑6PAEs)为0～26665 mg·kg~(-1),中位数为1850 mg·kg~(-1).经评估,塑胶跑道中6种PAEs的非致癌风险均低于1,对人体无明显非致癌危害.儿童和成人PAEs的致癌风险分别为8.84×10~(-6)和8.17×10~(-6),表明有一定致癌风险,但在可接受范围内.6种PAEs中,DEHP对非致癌风险和致癌风险的贡献度最大,并且儿童的风险高于成人.因此,将PAEs纳入中小学塑胶跑道的风险物质,并进行严格管控具有显著的必要性.     

废塑料再生地农田土壤邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征

为了解废旧塑料再生行业对周边农田土壤环境的影响,在莱州沙河镇废旧塑料再生基地内部及周边区域采集22个农田土壤样品,文章利用高效液相色谱法对样品中6种邻苯二甲酸酯含量(PAEs)进行了检测,并对其污染特征及健康风险进行了分析。结果表明,基地农田土壤中6种PAEs总量介于4.63～15.59 mg/kg之间,邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)检出率均为100%;DEHP、DBP和BBP是主要的PAEs,分别占∑_6PAEs的32.96%、30.55%和26.73%。基地内部农田土壤中PAEs含量显著高于外部区域,总体表现为与基地的距离越远,农田土壤中PAEs含量越低。健康风险评估表明,成人和儿童对PAEs的暴露风险主要通过饮食途径,部分采样点BBP、DEHP和DnOP的非致癌风险值>1,存在非致癌风险;成人和儿童通过饮食途径对BBP和DEHP暴露的致癌风险值超过EPA推荐的致癌水平,应引起一定的重视。     

长江流域武汉段水体中邻苯二甲酸酯含量研究

通过采集长江武汉段水质样品,利用GC/MS法测定样品中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)含量,探讨了该河段PAEs的分布特征.结果表明:14种PAEs单个种类检出率达100％,回收率均在50％左右;其中,邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)及邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)三种污染物含量较高,平均...     

第二松花江中下游水体邻苯二甲酸酯分布特征

通过采集和分析第二松花江中下游水和底泥样品,探讨了该河段水体中邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)含量及其分布特征。结果表明第二松花江中下游水体中PAEs以邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸双(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)两种为主。水中PAEs总量较高,DBP和DEHP含量均已超过我国地表水标准限值。底泥中PAEs总量与国内外一些河流底泥中的含量相近,但DBP和DEHP含量均已超过了美国华盛顿州的警戒标准。底泥中PAEs含量沿程分布总体上均呈现先增加后减少的特征;水体中PAEs含量及其分布特征主要受流域内工农业活动的影响。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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