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施用高锌猪粪对土壤环境污染的影响 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
采用饲喂含锌微量元素添加剂的猪排出的猪粪(试验猪粪)和畏产的猪排出的猪粪(普通猪粪)作小麦--水稻盆栽试验。供试土壤为酸性黄壤,中性冲积土、石灰性紫色土。结果表明:三组土壤上都是随着试验组猪粪施用量增大,土壤全锌残留量和有效锌含量俞高。如每年以小麦--水稻轮作方式种植,长期施用高锌猪粪(以施用量最低10g/盆计),根据土壤pH的不同,则12年 ̄28年间土壤中锌含量可能超过国家土壤环境质量标准的二级 相似文献
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用西宁市区1992~1994年178个酸雨观测降水样本,对降水的pH值和电导率做了统计,并结合气象条件进行了分析。经统计分析发现:西宁市区酸雨降水样本9个,酸性降水量达106.5mm,酸雨的频率为5.1%,占总降水量的8.69%,降水的年平均pH值(pH)为6.46属中性,酸雨多发生在暖季(5~9月)。 相似文献
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峨眉山野生黄连资源研究与评价 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
通过对峨眉山地区的野生黄连资源状况研究,加深对当地有关资源生态学与资源价值的认识。通过野外生境调查和伴生种恒有度分析和资源经济性与稀有性评价,指出当地2个野生黄连种类极其伴生种具有明显的岩生性,它们的分布生境及其伴生植物区系存在较大的区别,其中峨眉野连(Coptis omeiensis(Chen)C.Y.cheng)垂直分布幅较宽,喜中性土壤和阴湿环境;古蔺黄连(C.gtdinensis T.Z.Wang)分布海拔较高且局限,立地土壤呈强酸性,稍喜阳。目前广泛栽培的黄连(C.chinensis Franch)具有更好的综合经济性状,而当地的2个野生黄连类型具有明显的资源稀有性。其中值得注意的是,峨眉野连根茎及叶部的有效成份小檗碱的含量高于其它各种,具有值得重视的资源保护与利用价值。 相似文献
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Papadopoulos A Prochaska C Papadopoulos F Gantidis N Metaxa E 《Environmental management》2007,40(4):719-726
The objective of this study was to determine the levels of major phytotoxic metals―including cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel
(Ni), and zinc (Zn)―in agricultural soils of Western Macedonia, Greece. We also wanted to determine the possible relationships
among elements and between soil properties and elemental concentrations. Surface soil samples, n = 570, were collected and
analyzed. The results of the elemental analysis showed that the mean metal concentrations were consistent with reported typical
concentrations found in Greek agricultural soils in the cases of Zn and Cu. Cd exhibited lower and Ni higher mean concentrations
than the typical levels reported in the literature. Metal concentrations in the majority of the examined samples (>69%) were
found to be higher than the respective critical plant-deficiency levels. However, only 0.4% and 0.2% of the analyzed soil
samples, respectively, exhibited Cd and Ni concentrations higher than the levels that cause plant toxicity, as referenced
by other investigators. These results suggest that the soils studied can be considered as unpolluted with respect to the examined
food-chain metal contaminants. However, the levels of the metal concentrations in some of the soil samples, and the low correlation
of the metals with soil properties, suggest an anthropogenic rather that lithogenic origin. 相似文献
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Use of mechanistic models is an increasingly accepted way to evaluate complex processes. The Barber-Cushman model provides a means to simulate nutrient uptake once information on root system characteristics, nutrient uptake, and soil nutrient supply are developed. Objectives of this study were to determine during a growing season: (i) root growth for 1-yr-old black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.), and red maple (Acer rubrum L.) seedlings; (ii) net plant increase in N, P, K, Ca, and Mg; (iii) soil solution and solid phase nutrient concentrations; and (iv) the influence of root growth and soil nutrient supply changes on nutrient uptake using the Barber-Cushman model. Seedlings were grown in pots containing A horizon soil from two forest sites. Measurements were made on five occasions during the growing season. Root growth averaged 41.5 cm d-1 for red maple compared with 28.0 and 16.7 cm d-1 for cherry and oak, respectively. Seventy-five percent of root growth occurred at the end of the growing season. Total plant N showed the greatest change (25-58%) due to soil source. Model simulations underestimated observed uptake by 31 to 99%. A clear relationship between soil solution nutrient concentration and plant uptake, an important assumption of the model, was not observed. Results indicate care will need to be exercised in the development and use of root growth and nutrient supply values in mechanistic models. 相似文献
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Many soils of the Mediterranean region with a semiarid climate are subjected to progressive degradation as a result of water erosion. Biosolids and municipal solid wastes (MSW) were surface-applied once at three rates (40, 80, and 120 Mg ha(-1)) to different plots in a degraded semiarid ecosystem. The study was conducted to determine the effects of such applications on soil chemical properties and native vegetation over a three-year period. Soil N, P, and K initially increased with increasing biowaste application rates, but then decreased over time. Levels of Zn and Cu were higher in MSW than biosolid-treated plots, and increased in both years after application. Concentrations of soil Cd, Pb, Ni, and Cr did not change as a result of biowaste amendment in the study period. The growth of native plants was enhanced by the addition of biowastes. Total plant canopy and plant biomass increased significantly and remained higher in all treatments than in the control plot over the three-year period. The species richness of native plants decreased with increasing biowaste rates. Differences in the development of native plant communities between treatments were observed, and were more remarkable three years after biowaste application. Tissue N, P, K, Zn, and Cu levels increased with the biowaste application rate, but concentrations of tissue Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr did not increase significantly. Biowastes applied at the rate of 80 Mg ha(-1) gave rise to the most favorable soil and native vegetation results while avoiding environmental risks. 相似文献
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Mansour Talebizadeh Daniel N. Moriasi Jean L. Steiner Prasanna H. Gowda Haile Tadesse Amanda M. Nelson Patrick J. Starks 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2019,55(4):994-1008
Global sensitivity analysis can be used for assessing the relative importance of model parameters on model outputs. The sensitivity of parameters usually indicates a temporal variation due to variation in the environmental conditions (e.g., variation in weather or plant growth). In addition, the size of averaging window by which the outputs of a model are aggregated or averaged may impact parameter sensitivities. In this study, temporal variation of parameters sensitives, model performance, as well as the impact of the size of time‐averaging window on evapotranspiration (ET) prediction using the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model are investigated. To achieve these goals, an open‐source package named PARAPEX was developed in R and used to perform dynamic sensitivity and model performance analysis of APEX using parallel computation. PARAPEX reduced the computation time from 5,939 to 379 s (using 20 and 1 computation nodes, respectively). The sensitivity analysis results indicated the parameters accounting for the reducing effect of plant cover on evaporation from the soil surface, the effect of soil on the plant root growth, and the effect of cycling and transformation dynamics of organic matter at the top soil layer as the top sensitive parameters based on the mean daily simulated ET and the Nash–Sutcliffe model performance measure. The dynamic performance analysis indicated poor ET predictions by APEX during the growing seasons. Editor's note : This paper is part of the featured series on Optimizing Ogallala Aquifer Water Use to Sustain Food Systems. See the February 2019 issue for the introduction and background to the series. 相似文献
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Growth responses of herbaceous mimosa (Mimosa strigillosa Torr. and Gray), a potential new reclamation species in the SE USA and Mexico, to nine soil pH scales were studied under a controlled environment at Nacogdoches, TX, USA. Twenty seeds were planted in each of 40 (nine scales plus one control in four replicates) 20.3-cm pots filled with Tonkawa sandy soil. These pots were treated with H2SO4 or Ca(OH)2 to adjust each pot to its designated pH level. After 15 days of seeding, the emergence rate was at best about 50–70% for pH 4.7–6.6. The plant can survive and grow at soil pH as low as 4.7, but the optimum growth seems to be on soils with pH ranging from 6.2 to 7.1. At this pH range, the plant exhibits higher values of green and dry biomass, longer shoot growth and lower root/shoot weight and length ratios. The survival rate was greater than 90% for all treatments, except for pH 4.1. There were no nutrient deficiencies in plant tissues on soil pH 4.7 or higher. The plant allocated more growth to the shoot under optimum conditions, but more growth to the roots under environmental stress. It is not suitable for herbaceous mimosa to grow on soils with pH 4.1 or less. 相似文献
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Growth and yield response of marigold to potting media containing vermicompost produced from different wastes 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Investigations were made to assay the influence of vermicomposts, prepared from (i) cow dung (CD) and (ii) sugar mill wastewater
treatment plant sludge spiked with horse dung, on the growth and productivity of marigold plants in pot culture experiments.
The soil was used as potting media, and vermicomposts were amended with it in 10, 20, 30 and 40% ratio. A total of nine different
potting media were prepared. The fertility status of soil and vermicomposts was quantified. There were significant differences
in the fertilizer quality of soil and both the vermicomposts. Maximum numbers of flowers was produced in the potting media
containing 30% of CD vermicompost and minimum was reported in control (soil without amendments). The diameter of biggest flower
was reported in the potting media containing 40% of sugar mill wastewater treatment plant sludge vermicompost. Results showed
that the addition of vermicompost, in appropriate quantities, to potting media has synergistic effects on growth and flowering
of plants including number of buds, number of flowers, plant shoot biomass, root biomass, plant height and diameter of flowers. 相似文献
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This paper communicates the effect of bioremediation on the performance of Okro plant (Abelmoshus esculentus) in a typical Niger Delta soil that has received 5% crude oil pollution level. Biodegrading bacteria such as Pseudomonas
fluorescen, Acinetobacteria iwofii, Bacillus
subtilus, Arthrobacter
globiformis that was isolated from previously polluted soils was introduced into the samples. The treatment combinations are as follows
(A) = control without crude oil; B = soil + crude oil, (C) = soil + crude oil + microbes, (D) = soil + crude oil + microbes,
(E) = soil + crude oil + microbes + fertilizer (F) soil + microbes and (G) = soil + fertilizer. The treatment (E) gave the
highest number of leaves, % crop emergence, plant biomass, microbial population and degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon compared
to any of the treatments that had received crude oil. This suggested that fertilizer application does not only stimulate microbial
growth but it provides the plant with more available nutrients required for plant growth. 相似文献
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为摸清广安市城市集中式饮用水水源地一、二级保护区周边土壤环境状况,采用单项污染指数评价法和内梅罗综合污染指数法,对广安市河流型、水库型两种典型饮用水水源地保护区土壤污染状况进行评估,并简要分析周边环境敏感点。结果表明:水库型水源地29个、河流型水源地44个土壤检测样品均未检出镉,铜、锌、铅、镍、总铬、汞、砷均检出,变异系数分别在16.6%~62.1%和15.3%~56.6%之间,说明水源地周边土壤环境受到外界的干扰显著;水库型、河流型水源地土壤中铜、锌、铅、镍、总铬、汞、砷污染指数均小于1,表明两处水源地均未受到已检重金属污染;水库型、河流型水源地内梅罗综合污染指数范围分别为0.16~0.68、0.14~0.44,全部点位内梅罗综合污指数评价等级均为Ⅰ级,表明这两处的饮用水水源地周边土壤是清洁安全的。 相似文献
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Olson PE Castro A Joern M Duteau NM Pilon-Smits E Reardon KF 《Journal of environmental quality》2008,37(4):1439-1446
Phytoremediation offers an ecologically and economically attractive remediation technique for soils contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In addition to the choice of plant species, agronomic practices may affect the efficiency of PAH phytoremediation. Inorganic nutrient amendments may stimulate plant and microbial growth, and clipping aboveground biomass might stimulate root turnover, which has been associated with increases in soil microbial populations. To assess the influence of fertilization and clipping on PAH dissipation in a nutrient-poor, aged PAH-contaminated soil, a 14-mo phytoremediation study was conducted using perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) as a model species. Six soil treatments were performed in replicate: unplanted; unplanted and fertilized; planted; planted and fertilized; planted and clipped; and planted, clipped, and fertilized. Plant growth, soil PAH concentrations, and the concentrations of total and PAH-degrading microorganisms were measured after 7 and 14 mo. Overall, planting (with nearly 80% reduction in total PAHs) and planting + clipping (76% reduction in total PAHs) were the most effective treatments for increased PAH dissipation after 14 mo. Fertilization greatly stimulated plant and total microbial growth, but negatively affected PAH dissipation (29% reduction in total PAHs). Furthermore, unplanted and fertilized soils revealed a similar negative impact (25% reduction) on PAH dissipation after 14 mo. Clipping did not directly affect PAH dissipation, but when combined with fertilization (61% reduction in total PAHs), appeared to mitigate the negative impact of fertilization on PAH dissipation. Therefore, fertilization and clipping may be included in phytoremediation design strategies, as their combined effect stimulates plant growth while not affecting PAH dissipation. 相似文献
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Rogers HH Runion GB Prior SA Price AJ Torbert HA Gjerstad DH 《Journal of environmental quality》2008,37(2):395-400
The rise in atmospheric CO(2) concentration coupled with its direct, often positive, effect on the growth of plants raises the question of the response of invasive plants to elevated atmospheric CO(2) levels. Response of two invasive weeds [purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.)] to CO(2) enrichment was tested. Plants were exposed to ambient (375 micromol mol(-1)) or elevated CO(2) (ambient + 200 micromol mol(-1)) for 71 d in open top chambers. Photosynthetic rate did not differ between CO(2) treatments for either species. Conductance was lower in purple nutsedge and tended to be lower in yellow nutsedge. Purple nutsedge had higher instantaneous water use efficiency; a similar trend was noted for yellow nutsedge. Purple nutsedge had greater leaf area, root length and numbers of tubers and tended to have more tillers under high CO(2). In yellow nutsedge, only tuber number increased under CO(2) enrichment. Leaf dry weight was greater for both species when grown under elevated CO(2). Only purple nutsedge made seed heads; CO(2) level did not change seed head dry weight. Root dry weight increased under the high CO(2) treatment for purple nutsedge only, but tuber dry weight increased for both. Total dry weight of both species increased at elevated CO(2). Purple nutsedge (under elevated CO(2)) tended to increase allocation belowground, which led to greater root-to-shoot ratio (R:S); R:S of yellow nutsedge was unaffected by CO(2) enrichment. Findings suggest both species, purple more than yellow nutsedge, may be more invasive in a future high-CO(2) world. 相似文献