Soil loss and conservation in the black soil region of Northeast China: a retrospective study

The black soil region in Northeast China is an important region for cereal grain production in the country. However, several decades of overexploitation and unsustainable land use practices have caused substantial loss of soil and soil productivity. The dominant soil erosion processes in the black soil region are water, wind and meltwater erosion, of which water erosion on the slope farmland is the major contributor to soil erosion. According to landforms and characteristics of soil and water loss, the black soil region of Northeast China can be classified as the rolling hill area, the low mountain–hill ravine area, and the farming-pastoral area. As a result, land use strategies, including the Three Defense Lines control pattern, the Pyramid Style control pattern, and the control pattern of Minimum Exploiture and Maximal Protection, are proposed for the three respective areas. Moreover, conservation tillage and participatory management are the promising measures that have not been widely implemented in the black soil region until now.     

黄土高原丘陵沟壑区土壤侵蚀遥感定量与信息系统研究——以陕西米脂县为例

本文在调查了米脂县土壤侵蚀现状和土地利用现状的基础上,对目前由于不合理的土地利用结构和耕作方式而造成人为加速侵蚀的问题作了分析,并认为土壤侵蚀是制约黄土高原丘陵沟壑区农业经济发展的根本原因。构成黄土高原丘陵沟壑区的基本地貌组合单元是小流域,它几乎包括了该区域的所有土地类型、地貌要素以及土壤侵蚀类型。因此以小流域为侵蚀系统的研究边界,分别对峁边线以上的面蚀、细沟侵蚀区和峁边线以下的沟蚀、重力侵蚀区进行土壤侵蚀的遥感定量分析,建立相应的侵蚀定量模型。在此基础上,探讨了为土壤侵蚀动态监测、水土保持和土地资源合理利用决策服务的土壤侵蚀信息系统的设计思想。该系统以小流域为基本设计单元,侵蚀定量模型为专业接口,重点考虑了系统的地学分析和专业数学模型的建立与应用功能。     

Sustainability： A view from the wind-eroded field

This article explores the assessment of sustainability in fields subject to wind erosion. In the first part, simple sustainability audits are examined, as of soil depth and nutrients. Direct measurement of these characteristics has many problems, largely because of huge variability in space and time at all scales. Modelling still has its problems, but it may be possible to overcome many of them soon. It is true that wind erosion preferentially removes soil nutrients, but there are imponderables even here. The nutrient balance in many of these soils includes considerable input from dust. In West Africa, it has been shown that the amounts of calcium and potassium that are added in dust are sufficient to fertilize dispersed crops. In mildly acidic sandy soils, such as those found on the widespread palaeo- aeolian deposits, much of the phosphorus is fixed and unavailable to plants by the time it is removed by wind erosion, so that erosion has no added downside. Most of the nutrients carried by dust have been shown to travel close to the ground （even when they are attached to dust-sized particles）, and so are trapped in nearby fallow strips, and are thus not lost to the farming system. Second, the sustalnabillty of a whole semi-arid farming system is explored. Wind erosion in semi-arid areas （like China, the Sahel and Norflawestern Europe） generally takes place on aeolian deposits of the recent geological past. Most of these soils are deep enough to withstand centuries of wind erosion before they are totally lost to production, and some of these soils have greater fertility at greater depth （so that wind erosion may even improve the soil）. Finally some remarks are made about environmental change in relation to sustainability.     

不同利用方式对草甸草原抗风蚀能力的影响

为了解不同利用方式对呼伦贝尔草甸草原抗风蚀能力的影响,采用植被凋查结合风洞实验的方法对不同利用方式条件下的草甸草原植被变化和草甸草原原状土的抗风蚀能力进行了研究.结果表明,草甸草原不同利用强度条件下临界风蚀风速(v)随植被盖度(Cover)的变化基本服从二次幂函数关系.随着利用强度的增加,植被盖度降低,在同样风速条件下(大于临界风蚀风速),风蚀率迅速增加.较轻的利用强度下,当植被盖度保持在63%时,在风速为25 m/s条件下风蚀率也很小,而当植被盖度<35%时,在风速为20～25 m/s条件下,风蚀率随植被盖度的下降迅速上升.草甸草原区的免耕农田由于完全失去植被的保护,每分钟狂风(25 m/s)造成的土壤风蚀量达到682.1 kg/hm2,接近1 a的土壤平均生成量(1 000 kg/hm2).     

水蚀风蚀交错带小流域生态环境综合治理模式研究

水蚀风蚀交错带是黄土高原侵蚀最严重的地区和黄河下游河床粗泥沙的主要来源区，其生态环境脆弱、治理难度大，加之晋陕蒙能源基地的大规模开发，也带来了新的环境问题。鉴于治黄和煤田开发及生态环境整治的紧迫需要，以水蚀风蚀交错带六道沟小流域为试区，分析研究了该区水蚀风蚀时空分布规律及脆弱生态环境特征，提出以防治水蚀和风蚀为中心，以提高生态经济效益和持续发展为目标，以基本农田优化结构和高效利用及植被建设为重点，建立具有防蚀固沙兼高效生态经济功能的大农业复合生态系统综合治理模式，取得了良好的社会与经济效益。     

保护性耕作对黑河流域农田土壤水分利用的影响

为了探讨保护性耕作节水、 增产潜力及其在黑河流域的适应性,设计20 cm留茬(NS20)、 20 cm留茬压倒(NPS20)、 40 cm留茬(NS40)、 40 cm留茬压倒(NPS40)和传统耕作(CT)5个处理,研究了保护性耕作对黑河流域农田土壤含水量、 产量和水分利用效率(WUE)的影响.结果表明:相对传统耕作,保护性耕作增加了土壤贮水量:在2003年和2004年休闲期结束后,NPS40、 NS40、 NS20和NPS20表层0~30 cm土壤贮水量较CT分别增加30.22%、 27.29%、 20.92%、 13.64%和48.32%、 38.90%、 29.85%、 23.28%;2004、 2005两年播种期0~5 cm土壤含水量NPS40、 NS40、 NPS20和NS20较CT分别增加37.29%、 37.10%、 21.49%、 41.90%和33.99%、 40.17%、 8.90%、 38.44%;播种到拔节期留茬高度越大,土壤贮水量越多,在相同高度的留茬处理中,干旱年份压倒处理保水效果较好,降雨相对较多的年份立茬处理保水效果较好;拔节后各层土壤贮水量之间差异减小.保护性耕作增加作物产量和水分利用效率,尤其是NPS20,2004年和2005年产量和WUE较传统耕作分别增加53.08%、 5.85%和52.04%、 7.30%.     

风蚀与环境若干问题及思考

本文从风蚀对植物生长环境的影响、风蚀与尘暴、人为活动与风蚀三个方面对风蚀与环境的关系进行了评述,并对今后的研究方向提出了建议.     

基于土地利用与植被恢复情景的土壤侵蚀演变特征

基于土地利用与植被恢复情景,使用USLE和土壤风蚀方程对坝上地区水蚀和风蚀强度进行估算。结果表明：（1）2015年坝上地区风蚀、水蚀和总侵蚀强度均值分别为8.83±5.15 t·ha^-1·a^-1、4.37±6.62 t·ha^-1·a^-1和13.22±8.18 t·ha^-1·a^-1;风蚀占总侵蚀67%,水蚀占33%。（2）土地利用调整情景下,风蚀、水蚀和总侵蚀强度分别减少4.9%~9.9%、2.9%~8.3%和4.3%~9.3%;土地利用+植被恢复情景下,风蚀、水蚀和总侵蚀强度则分别减少6.3%~13.8%、5.2%~16.2%和5.9%~14.3%。（3）土地调整面积与风蚀强度减少率呈对数关系,与水蚀强度减少率呈指数关系,与总侵蚀强度减少率呈线性关系（P<0.01）。本文结果可以为土壤侵蚀方程计算及区域土壤侵蚀防治提供数据参考。     

Socio-economic factors in soil erosion and conservation

Farmer decisions with regard to production and land use are strongly influenced by socio-economic factors. In the developed world, the role of agricultural subsidies, quotas and guaranteed prices is especially important. In the past there have been many examples of economic signals which led to unfortunate and unforeseen environmental consequences (‘perverse subsidies’), including soil erosion. The problems were neglected because of an emphasis on increases in productivity and the fact that many of the costs were hidden or were external to the farm and were borne by society. In recent years ‘agri-environmental measures’ have begun to reverse the trend towards environmental degradation.     

鄂尔多斯草原地区土地风蚀沙化及其防治

本文论述了鄂尔多斯草原地区土地风蚀沙化过程、风蚀沙化类型、风蚀沙化的阶段和特征、引起风蚀沙化的自然因素和人类因素、风蚀沙化土地的恢复过程和整治风蚀沙化土地的措施。     

Sustainable land management practices as providers of several ecosystem services under rainfed Mediterranean agroecosystems

Little is known about the multiple impacts of sustainable land management practices on soil and water conservation, carbon sequestration, mitigation of global change and crop yield productivity in semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystems. We hypothesized that a shift from intensive tillage to more conservative tillage management practices (reduced tillage optionally combined with green manure) leads to an improvement in soil structure and quality and will reduce soil erosion and enhance carbon sequestration in semiarid Mediterranean rainfed agroecosystems. To test the hypothesis, we assessed the effects of different tillage treatments (conventional (CT), reduced (RT), reduced tillage combined with green manure (RTG), and no tillage (NT)) on soil structure and soil water content, runoff and erosion control, soil carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, crop yield and carbon sequestration in two semiarid agroecosystems with organic rainfed almond (Prunus dulcis Mill) in the Murcia Region (southeast Spain). It was found that reduction and suppression of tillage under almonds led to an increase in soil water content in both agroecosystems. Crop yields ranged from 775 to 1,766 kg ha^?1 between tillage treatments, but we did not find a clear relation between soil water content and crop yield. RT and RTG treatments showed lower soil erosion rates and higher crop yields of almonds than under CT treatment. Overall, higher soil organic carbon contents and aggregate stability were observed under RTG treatment than under RT or CT treatment. It is concluded that conversion from CT to RTG is suitable to increase carbon inputs without enhancing soil CO₂ emissions in semiarid Mediterranean agroecosystems.     

滇池双龙流域不同土地利用方式下土壤侵蚀与土壤养分分异

在滇池双龙流域选取耕地、撂荒地、草地和林地4种土地利用方式,分别取0～40 cm土壤样品,测定样品中的137Cs比活度及w(TN)、w(TP)、w(TOC),同时根据土壤有机质中δ13C(稳定性碳同位素丰度)的剖面分布特征,分析不同土地利用方式对该流域土壤侵蚀程度、土壤养分分异及有机质来源和变化的影响. 结果表明:①耕地、撂荒地、草地和林地土壤的137Cs比活度分别为0.65、0.21、3.92和0.61 Bq/kg,土壤侵蚀模数大小表现为耕地>撂荒地>林地>草地. ②不同土地利用方式下,土壤剖面w(TOC)、w(TN)和w(TP)的平均值差异显著(P<0.001);w(TOC)表现为草地＞林地＞耕地＞撂荒地,w(TN)表现为草地＞耕地＞林地＞撂荒地,w(TP)表现为耕地＞草地＞林地＞撂荒地;各种土地利用方式土壤剖面养分质量分数均随土壤深度增加呈降低趋势. ③耕地、撂荒地、草地和林地土壤的δ13C平均值分别为-22.28‰±1.49‰、-23.29‰±0.24‰、-26.32‰±0.25‰和-25.94‰±0.22‰,推断该区域土壤有机质主要来源于陆生C₃植物. 土壤剖面δ13C的变幅差异反映了土壤有机质分解程度的强弱,δ13C变化规律表现为耕地＞林地＞草地＞撂荒地. ④土壤侵蚀模数越大,w(TOC)和w(TN)越低,草地和林地土壤侵蚀程度较低,土壤养分流失量较小,更有利于土壤质量的改善和流域水环境的保护.      

耕作措施对绿洲灌区冬小麦田蒸散特征的影响

针对甘肃河西地区日渐严重的风蚀、水资源紧缺和蒸散量大等问题,于2005～2006年通过大田定位试验研究了不同耕作措施冬小麦田蒸发蒸腾特性及其影响因子。结果表明,免耕秸杆覆盖（NTS）及免耕立茬（NTSS）能显著降低土壤水分蒸发量（E）、提高水分利用效率（WUE）,且NTS优于NTSS。当裸露土壤水分过度蒸发耗损使0～10cm含水量低于13%时,覆盖处理（NTS、NTSS）的蒸发量（E）高于无覆盖处理（T、TIS及NT）,叶面蒸腾量也相对较高。TIS、NT一天中蒸发量始终高于覆盖处理,而T的蒸发主要集中在上午。蒸腾速率（T_r）与叶温（T_l）、气孔导度（G_s）和气温（T_a）呈极显著正相关,与相对湿度（RH）呈极显著负相关;E与地温（ST）呈极显著正相关而与RH呈极显著负相关。     

Modelling interactions and feedback mechanisms between land use change and landscape processes

Land use changes and landscape processes are interrelated and influenced by multiple bio-physical and socio-economic driving factors, resulting in a complex, multi-scale system. Consequently in landscapes with active landscape processes such as erosion, land use changes should not be analysed in isolation without accounting for both on-site and off-site effects on landscape processes. To investigate the interactions between land use, land use change and landscape processes, a case study for the Álora region in southern Spain is carried out, coupling a land use change model (CLUE) and a landscape process model simulating water and tillage erosion and sedimentation (LAPSUS). First, both models are run independently for a baseline scenario of land use change. Secondly, different feedbacks are added to the coupled model framework as ‘interaction scenarios’. Firstly effects of land use change on landscape processes are introduced by means of a ‘changed erodibility feedback’. Secondly effects of landscape processes on land use are introduced stepwise: (i) an ‘observed erosion feedback’ where reallocation of land use results from farmers’ perception of erosion features, and (ii) a ‘reduced productivity feedback’ whereby changes in soil depth result in a land use relocation. Quantities and spatial patterns of both land use change and soil redistribution are compared with the baseline scenario to assess the cumulative effect of including each of the interaction mechanisms in the modelling framework.Overall, total quantities of land use change (areas) and soil redistribution do not differ much for the different interaction scenarios. However, there are important differences in the spatial patterns of both land use and soil redistribution. In addition, by incorporating the perception and bio-physical feedback mechanisms, land use types with stable or increasing acreages are increasingly relocated from their original positions, suggesting a current location on landscape positions prone to soil erosion and sedimentation. Implementing the ‘reduced productivity feedback’ causes most of these effects. Another important outcome is that on-site land use changes trigger major off-site soil redistribution dynamics. These off-site effects are attributed to down slope or downstream changes in sediment transport rates and/or discharge caused by changes in land surface characteristics.The results of this study provide insight into the interactions between different processes occurring within landscapes and the influence of feedbacks on the development of the landscape. The interaction between processes goes across various spatial and temporal scales, leading to difficulties in linked model representation and calibration and validation of the coupled modelling system.     

示踪法在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用及存在的问题

鉴于用示踪法研究土壤侵蚀已成为国际社会普遍关注的热点问题,结合国内外最新研究进展,主要介绍了放射性核素示踪（137Cs,210Pbex,7Be,复合核素）、稀土元素（REE）示踪、磁性示踪等3类主要示踪法在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用概况及进展,结合示踪法在土壤侵蚀研究中的特点,分析了示踪法在土壤侵蚀研究中存在的问题以及在今后的发展方向和应用前景。     

世界三大黑土区水土流失与防治比较分析

论文首先明晰了黑土及黑土区的概念与范围界定,将中国东北黑土区分为典型黑土区与黑土区两个层次。在此基础上对世界三大黑土区在成土条件,开发利用过程、水土流失及水土流失防治模式方面进行了对比分析。通过比较分析认为:在自然条件上虽然三大黑土区具有一定的相似性,但我国东北黑土区由于地势起伏相对较大,更易遭受水土流失的危害;国外两大黑土区大规模的开发利用比我国黑土区相对早一些,大规模的农业开垦与不合理的耕作方式是世界三大黑土区水土流失与土地退化的主要原因;国外两大黑土区主要以风蚀为主,我国东北黑土区则是以水蚀为主,但风蚀面积也较大;国外两大黑土区在耕作制度、土地使用政策、水土保持资金投入、水土保持宣传教育及科学试验等方面已经采取了相对有效的措施,我国在这些方面还相对滞后。通过对国外黑土区水土流失治理的借鉴与思考,提出了我国东北黑土区在水土流失防治方面亟待解决的几个问题。     

137Cs示踪技术在滦河源区栗钙土风蚀速率估算中的应用

对采集于滦河源区3个栗钙土剖面中的27个土层样品的pH、有机碳含量、碳酸钙含量、密度及质地进行了化验分析,运用ADCOM100超低本底γ谱仪测定了土壤样品1377Cs的比活度.结果表明,自然栗钙土以及被风蚀土壤剖面中137Cs比活度随深度呈指数递减式分布,其最大渗透深度可达约30cm;利用137Cs示踪技术估算的研究区土壤风蚀速率在0.1842cm·a-1和0.2897cm·a-1之间;栗钙土不同粒径土壤颗粒中137Cs的比活度差异显著,即细粒(粒径≤0.10mm的极细砂、粉粒和黏粒)中137Cs比活度大于细砂(0.10～0.25mm)中137Cs比活度大于粗粒(0.25～2.00mm的中砂、粗砂和极粗砂)中137Cs比活度.可见,运用137Cs示踪法可以定量估算区域土壤风蚀速率,但需综合考虑137s在土壤中的分布、土壤有机质含量和质地等因素,以使其结果将更为准确.     

北京市平原区裸露地风蚀扬尘排放量

以北京市平原区为研究对象,基于美国国家航空航天局（NASA）的陆地卫星（Landsat系列）遥感资料,设计算法批量提取裸露地信息,并结合通用扬尘排放模型,计算估计北京市平原区的裸露地风蚀扬尘源中PM₁₀、PM_2.5的排放系数及年排放量,建立了北京市各区的裸露地风蚀扬尘排放清单.研究表明,1987~2016年间北京市平原区裸露地面积减小了约600km²;风蚀扬尘最严重的地区为大兴区,其次为通州区;以气候年均值为参数计算获得,2016年北京平原区裸露地由于风蚀扬尘效应产生的PM₁₀年排放量为7591.7t,这一排放量与前人研究估算的北京裸地风蚀扬尘PM₁₀排放量较为接近.在此基础上,进一步引入月和季度尺度气候参数,并对模型进行改进,探讨了逐月和季度累计的扬尘排放结果.进一步的研究表明：北京市平原区裸露地面积具有显著季节变化特征,2月裸露地面积最大,可达4500km²,8月最小为500km²;基于月气候参数和季度气候参数结合每月卫星资料反演获得的裸地面积估算,逐月累计的PM₁₀年排放量可达55175t,分季度累计PM₁₀年排放量为39294t.这说明当前常采用的裸地扬尘估算方法,由于扬尘排放模型的气候参数采用年均值,忽视了风蚀过程的季节差异,将会导致裸地风蚀扬尘的极大低估.     

沙质农田作物不同间作采收模式休耕期的防风效应

油沙豆(Cyperus esculentus)是集粮、油、牧、饲于一体的高利用价值新兴经济作物,在我国沙区调整种植结构及沙化土地改良中有重要作用. 油沙豆茎块在采收过程中易破坏表层土壤、引发风蚀,因此,探究油沙豆防风阻沙的保护性耕作模式是实现油沙豆在沙区种植的重要前提. 本文基于乌兰布和沙漠油沙豆农田现有间作模式,通过风洞模拟试验,探究不同风速下6种间作模式(2种间作作物×3种带间距)的防风蚀效果. 结果表明:①不同带间距模式在各风速下的风速廓线均呈对数形式,粗糙度随带间距的增加而减小. ②间作作物对垂直流场结构分布特征有显著影响,间作玉米各带间距模式近地表风速均低于当地起沙风速(6 m/s);间作向日葵各带间距模式近地表风速均高于起沙风速,约为9 m/s. ③风速对各间作模式的防风效能具有显著影响,防风效能随风速的增大呈减小趋势. ④间作带的防风效能随带间距的增加而减小,表现为带间距8 m>带间距16 m>带间距24 m. 间作玉米模式的防风效能大于间作向日葵模式,其中,玉米带间距8 m及16 m的模式其近地表防风效能均大于50%,是油沙豆农田防风阻沙的最优模式. 研究显示,考虑到农田的经济效益,带间距16 m的间作玉米模式是油沙豆农田兼顾生态效益和经济效益的最优间作模式.      

低山丘陵区风电项目生态恢复环境监理探析

低山丘陵区风力发电场项目建设对生态的破坏日益明显,可造成严重水土流失。通过对辽宁省低山丘陵区风力发电场项目生态恢复环境监理的分析,结合相关环境保护要求,阐述了低山丘陵区风力电场生态恢复的措施,并对其环境监理技术要点及问题处理进行了探讨。