环境执法面临的问题和对策

介绍了当前环境执法面临的主要问题，如基层执法人员业务素质不高；地方保护主义干扰环保执法；缺乏必要的强制手段等，简要分析了其中的原因，并提出相应的对策，如建设高素质、高水平的执法队伍；从立法上赋予环境保护行政主管部门强制的执行权；提高群众的环境法律意识，加强其参与环境执法的程度；加快管理体制创新，逐步完善和理顺环境管理体制等。     

创新促变革服务树形象不断提高环境执法监察能力和水平

环境执法是环境管理的重要内容,是做好环保工作的重要保障手段.近年来,金华市各级环保部门从创新环境执法机制着眼,从狠抓环境执法队伍建设着手,从加大环境执法力度着力,在严厉打击各种环境违法行为、确保全市环境安全、切实维护群众环境权益等方面做了大量工作,取得了较好的成绩.     

创新促变革服务树形象不断提高环境执法监察能力和水平

环境处罚是环境管理的重要内容,是做好环保工作的重要保障手段.近年来,金华市从创新环境执法机制着眼,从狠抓环境执法队伍建设着手,从加大环境执法力度着力,在严厉打击各种环境违法行为、确保全市环境安全、切实维护广大人民群众环境权益等方面做了大量工作,取得了较好的成绩.     

加强思想道德建设与提高环保执法水平初论

主要探讨了加强思想道德建设,对环境执法队伍建设和提高环保执法人员自身素质方面的作用。     

“首次不罚制”在环境执法推行中的问题与建议

根据“首次不罚制”在环境执法中推行的初步实践，指出了该制度自身存在的问题和制度外的制约因素，并提出了克服这些瓶颈因素的建议。     

试论金融危机下的环境监察

当前,全球金融形势严峻,在这一背景下,环境执法的社会环境发生了明显变化,少数地方甚至对“环境与发展孰轻孰重”、“稳定与民生谁先谁后”等问题的认识出现模糊,因此,迫切需要各地环境监察机构审时度势,积极应对,聚焦重点,整体推进。     

对于环境执法监管中的几点建议

针对温总理在2006年全国环境保护大会上提到的现阶段环境执法存在的问题，提出了尽快完善环境法规体系，建立环境执法管理制度；建立完善的领导干部环保政绩考核制度。彻底消除地方保护主义；建立健全公众参与与环境行为公示制度；提高环境监管能力建设，切实加大环境执法力度；创新环境执法思路和手段，严打各种环境违法行为等建议。     

浅谈环境监理现场执法中的障碍及其支撑

分析了目前我国环境监理现场执法中存在的主要障碍，提出了加强环境监理现场执法支撑力度的建议。     

浅谈高效环境执法体制的构建

当前中国的环境执法,普遍存在着效率不高。经综合分析,现有环境立法不完善,是影响环境执法效率的根本原因,地方政府的发展观和政绩观,是影响环境执法效率的重要因素,环境监督管理体制不健全,是影响环境执法效率的体制障碍,环境执法能力薄弱,是影响环境执法效率的客观原因。因此提出,从完善环境法制,强化执法手段;加强环保政绩考核,促使各级政府切实加强环境执法工作;创新环境执法机制,加强环境稽查;强化环境监测在环境执法中的技术监督职能作用;规范环境执法行为,提高环境执法效率;建立公众参与环境执法制度,构建促进环境执法的外环境等,来构建高效的环境执法体制。     

彰显公平追求和谐——全面施行新修订的《水污染防治法》之哲学思考

新修订的《水污染防治法》,通篇洋溢着时代的气息和创新精神,为消除政府、市场“双失灵”的不良倾向,努力克服“地方保护主义”,引导市场客观地反映环境成本,宽严相济,刚柔并用,突出制度创新和机制创新,强调政府责任,主张公民权利,大幅度地提高了违法成本,强力推进了市场主体的外部不经济性内部化,旨在实现社会主义市场经济条件下的公平与和谐。当前,在“两高一低”（守法成本高,执法成本高,违法成本低）的态势之下,无疑必须严格执法,方能彰显公平,追求和谐。在严格执法的同时,应十分注重拓宽守法空间,拓宽创新空间,拓宽法律实施的有效空间,进一步强化政府责任,强化公众参与,调动方方面面保护环境的内在动力,以推动社会经济的全面、协调、可持续发展。     

当前环境行政执法中的难点及其对策

通过在环境行政执法实际上作中遇到的难点问题的分析，提出了解决这些难点的对策和措施。     

环境标准实际执行中的存在问题

从规范环境管理和环境执法出发，结合其实际执行过程使用环境标准存在的问题作了简单归纳，并提出初步建议。     

论环境规划实施的一般模式

环境规划实施是政府相关部门根据环境保护的要求,建立组织机构,分解规划目标,在有效地分配和利用人力、财力、物力以及信息资源的条件下,采取宣传、审批、检查、监测和处罚等手段,使规划目标得以实现的动态过程.其一般模式包括宣传、实施计划、实施检查、验收批准和实施效果评估.中国当前的环境规划需要在保障资金、建立信息交流和共享机制、提高公众的参与水平、人员培训和技术支持、完善行政审批和行政问责机制等方面予以加强,并应尽快建立环境规划的法规体系.     

The rule of sustainability and planning adaptivity

This article confronts present main stream planning approaches against the perspective of ecological sustainability, as relevant for Rule of Law countries and based on a modern environmental law approach. It discusses the setting and implementation of environmental goals against the general experience of massive implementation deficits regarding environmental policies all over the world. In this confrontation, environmental planning, with at least some principles picked up from New Zealand's Resource Management Act, and much more taken from modern environmental law theory on legal operationalisation, is compared to adaptive management approaches which also allow for modifying the environment related goal if implementation fails or seems very difficult. The concept of adaptive environmental planning (AEP) is suggested as a possible road to choose for planning for sustainability, while maximizing development within the framework legally defined by means of environmental limits. This article presents five criteria, all of which must be met by AEP planning. One of these relates to a planning hierarchy which, among other things, leads to the conclusion that coastal planning, if it is intended to aim at sustainability, can not be dealt with in isolation, although such planning might have to meet very complex problems at the regional level.     

环境影响后评价的最新进展与建议

结合《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》的有关条款,探讨了环境影响后评价的概念、分类、适用对象、意义和内容,提出了环境影响后评价的管理和实施程序.结合多年的实践,分析了目前环境影响后评价工作在理论、方法和管理上存在的问题,提出了改进和完善的建议.案例实践表明,开展环境影响后评价有助于提高环境影响评价制度的有效性.     

城市规划的环境影响评价研究初探

环境影响评价法的颁布是中国环境影响评价的一个新阶段。中国至今尚无明确的、系统的规划环境影响评价的技术导则和规范,其评价理论仍在探索之中。分析了国内外规划环境影响评价的历史和现状。从区域环境影响评价的实践经验总结出了城市规划环境影响评价应强调城市发展的可持续性。探讨了该层次评价的介入时间、评价原则、环境影响因素识别及评价内容,提出从生态合理性、绿色化程度等方面考虑城市规划的生态环境影响。     

Socioeconomic constraints on the technological choices in rural sewage treatment

Technological innovation is one of the potential engines to mitigate environmental pollution. However, the implementation of new technologies sometimes fails owing to socioeconomic constraints from different stakeholders. Thus, it is essential to analyze constraints of environmental technologies in order to build a pathway for their implementation. In this study, taking three technologies on rural sewage treatment in Hangzhou, China as a case study, i.e., wastewater treatment plant (WTP), constructed wetland (CW), and biogas system, we analyzed how socioeconomic constraints affect the technological choices. Results showed that socioeconomic constraints play a key role through changing the relative opportunity cost of inputs from government as compared to that of residents to deliver the public good—sewage treatment—under different economic levels. Economic level determines the technological choice, and the preferred sewage treatment technologies change from biogas system to CW and further to WTP along with the increase of economic level. Mismatch of technological choice and economic level results in failures of rural sewage treatment, e.g., the CW only work well in moderately developed regions in Hangzhou. This finding expands the environmental Kuznets law by introducing the coproduction theory into analysis (i.e., inputs from both government and residents are essential for the delivery of public goods and services such as good environmental quality). A match between technology and socioeconomic conditions is essential to the environmental governance.

     

中国流域水污染防治规划问题与对策研究

科学制定和实施有效的水污染防治规划,是改善中国流域水环境质量的主要措施之一.对中国"九五"和"十五"期间的流域水污染防治规划实施状况进行了评估,分析了规划制订与实施过程中存在的相关问题,提出了改进中国流域水污染防治规划制定和实施的相关对策.分析结果表明,中国重点流域水污染防治规划实施状况较差,突出表现为控制目标没有达到、投资额不能到位和项目实施率较低等现象.通过对制约规划实施效果的主要因素的深入分析,发现规划目标可达性较差、数据可靠性较低、规划技术方法以及监管体制、环境标准和法律法规等不完善问题是制约规划成功实施的关键性要素.针对上述问题,分别提出了规划体系、管理体制、投资方式、监督管理、标准体系建设以及法律法规完善等方面的改善建议与对策.     

关于在环境影响评价过程中开展公众参与的思考

通过对不同形式公众参与优缺点的分析,提出今后有效开展公众参与的建议,旨在探讨《中华人民共和国环境影响评价法》实施后,中国应如何开展环境影响评价中的公众参与。     

Legal prerequisites for ecosystem-based management in the Baltic Sea area: The example of eutrophication

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of law in the management of the Baltic Sea, with focus on eutrophication. It aims to identify legal instruments or structures realizing an ecosystem approach. This also includes a discussion of the prerequisites of law as contributor to ecosystem-based management (EBM), as well as evaluation of current legal instruments. While ecosystem approach to environmental management is central to contemporary environmental management policy, it is still unclear what such an approach entails in concrete legal terms. The scope of the analysis stretches from international and EU legal regimes, to implementation and regulation within the national legal systems. A conclusion is that the management structures need further development to properly realize EBM, for example, through concretization of management measures, and clarification of duties and responsibilities for their realization.