2种黏土矿物对磺胺嘧啶的吸附

选择蒙脱土和高岭土2种典型黏土矿物为吸附体, 通过静态吸附试验研究其对磺胺嘧啶的吸附行为,考察温度和pH值对磺胺嘧啶吸附的影响.结果表明,2种黏土矿物对磺胺嘧啶的吸附等温线均能较好地符合Freundlich和Langmuir吸附方程,且Langmuir方程拟合效果优于Freundlich方程;高岭土对磺胺嘧啶的吸附量大于蒙脱土;温度升高和pH值过高或过低均不利于磺胺嘧啶的吸附.     

几种模拟土壤固相组分对平面和阻转构型PCBs的吸附作用

采用批平衡试验方法,模拟了土壤的3种主要吸附活性组分〔K+饱和蒙脱石(K+-Mont)、胡敏酸-蒙脱石复合体(HA-Mont)和生物质炭(BC)〕对2种构型的一氯代联苯(PCBs)〔非共平面阻转类2-氯联苯(2-CB)和共平面类4-氯联苯(4-CB)〕的吸附特性。结果表明:线性方程均能很好地拟合3种模拟土壤固相组分对多氯联苯的吸附,2种PCBs的吸附分配系数(Kw)从大到小依次均为BC、HA-Mont和K+-Mont。通过不同温度下吸附等温线的热力学分析,发现K+-Mont对PCBs的吸附驱动力主要为表面吸附作用和疏水作用,蒙脱石矿物的层间是重要吸附域;HA-Mont对PCBs的吸附驱动力主要为分配作用;而BC对PCBs的吸附域主要为芳香性微孔表面,表面和PCB分子间的π-π作用是吸附的主要驱动力。尽管2种PCBs的疏水性相近,共平面类4-CB在3种吸附剂上的吸附量均显著大于阻转类2-CB,原因主要为非共平面的2-CB的空间位阻效应阻碍了2-CB进入纳米尺寸的蒙脱石矿物层间或BC的微孔吸附域,有机污染物分子的空间结构对污染物在土壤中的吸附迁移过程起重要作用。     

三氯乙烯在模型吸附剂上的吸附特性

为了分别揭示矿物质、有机质在疏水性有机物吸附中的作用,文章研究了蒙脱石、高岭土、硅胶以及用腐殖酸修饰后的这3种模型吸附剂对三氯乙烯的吸附行为。采用批量吸附实验方法分别研究了三氯乙烯在不同吸附剂上的吸附。结果表明,硅胶、高岭土、蒙脱石对三氯乙烯均具有一定的吸附能力,吸附系数Kd值分别为10.3、3.13、1.15L·kg-1,硅胶的吸附能力明显高于高岭土和蒙脱石。3种无机模型吸附剂对腐殖酸表现出不同的吸附能力,蒙脱石最强,高岭土次之,硅胶最差,与对三氯乙烯的吸附能力正好相反。被腐殖酸修饰后3种模型吸附剂对三氯乙烯的吸附都明显增强,但增强程度不一样,当用8%腐殖酸(腐殖酸与模型吸附剂的质量比)修饰后,3种吸附剂对三氯乙烯的吸附Kd值均在23L·kg-1左右。虽然Kd随有机质的质量分数增高而上升,但是Kd值与有机质的质量分数不存在线性相关关系,特别是对于具有较高吸附能力的无机吸附剂,说明无机矿物本身结构对于吸附起到同等重要的作用。     

采用XPS研究镉在蒙脱石表面的吸附机理

采用XPS方法,通过对比吸附镉前后蒙脱石表面元素结合能的变化,对镉在蒙脱石界面吸附机理进行研究.结果表明,吸附镉离子后电子由镉离子向氧、铁、硅原子转移,Al基本没有参与配位.除表面配位的化学吸附作用外,镉离子还通过与蒙脱石层间阳离子进行交换吸附而进入蒙脱石的层间.     

PCB138在土壤中的吸附特征及土壤特性对其吸附的影响

为研究六氯联苯PCB138在土壤组分中的吸附特征及土壤特性对其吸附的影响,选取红壤和有机质含量较高的黑土作为供试土壤,提取土壤有机质组分中的胡敏酸和胡敏素,采用振荡平衡法研究了PCB138在原供试土壤、胡敏酸和胡敏素中的吸附特征。结果表明,PCB138在两种土壤组分中的吸附是一个快速吸附过程,240 min即可达到吸附平衡。PCB138在土壤组分中吸附速率和吸附量表现为:胡敏酸﹥原土壤﹥胡敏素,准一级动力学方程能更好地描述其吸附过程。PCB138在黑土中的吸附速率和吸附量略大于其在红壤中的相应数值。PCB138在两种土壤中的吸附过程可用Freundlich吸附等温方程描述。Pearson相关性分析结果表明,PCB138在两种土壤组分中的吸附量与土壤中有机质量分数和2μm粒径质量分数呈显著相关(P0.05)。吸附速率与土壤中有机质质量分数呈极显著相关(P0.01)。实验条件下,土壤中有机质质量分数和2μm粒径质量分数可能是影响PCB138在土壤组分中的吸附行为的主要土壤特性因素。本研究可为揭示PCBs的环境行为与污染控制提供依据。     

不同粘土矿物对磷污染水体的吸附净化性能比较

比较了凹凸棒石粘土、高岭土、膨润土和蛭石等4种粘土矿物共8个样品对不同程度磷污染水体的吸附净化能力.结果发现,4种供试粘土矿物对水体磷均有一定的吸附净化潜力,但针对不同程度磷污染水体存在一定差异,且同一种粘土矿物的吸附净化能力也会因矿物组成差异而不同;针对模拟Ⅴ类水(ρ(P)=0.4 mg·L-1),高岭土的吸附净化能力最强,其次凹凸棒石粘土和膨润土的吸附净化能力与活性炭接近,而蛭石的吸附净化能力较差;针对模拟劣Ⅴ类水(ρ(P)=1.0 mg·L-1),膨润土的吸附净化能力最强,蛭石次之,高岭土因矿物组成不同而有很大差异,凹凸棒石粘土的吸附净化能力与活性炭较为接近.结果表明,凹凸棒石粘土和膨润土针对不同程度磷污染水体的应用范围较宽,高岭土最适用于Ⅴ类磷污染水体,而蛭石可应用于劣Ⅴ类磷污染水体.     

Sb(Ⅲ)在蒙脱土、高岭土和针铁矿表面的吸附:pH值和离子强度的影响

研究蒙脱土、高岭土和针铁矿在不同pH值与离子强度的条件下对Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附及解吸行为.结果表明,随pH值的升高,Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附减弱,离子强度对Sb(Ⅲ)在三种矿物表面的吸附影响较弱,而矿物表面吸附的Sb(Ⅲ)不易解吸.三种矿物对Sb(Ⅲ)的吸附能力差别较大,蒙脱土的吸附量远大于针铁矿和高岭土,针铁矿的吸附量稍高于高岭土.     

左氧氟沙星在蒙脱石存在条件下对大肠杆菌的毒性效应

采用批实验研究了蒙脱石对左氧氟沙星的吸附机理及对左氧氟沙星抗菌作用的影响。结果表明,中性条件下存在培养基时,左氧氟沙星在蒙脱石上前2 h即达到吸附平衡,吸附等温线符合Langmuir吸附方程,吸附率达90%以上;蒙脱石吸附左氧氟沙星存在阳离子交换作用、氢键作用、疏水作用、阳离子键桥作用、静电吸附作用等物理化学过程;蒙脱石本身不具有抑菌、杀菌活性,且由于蒙脱石增大了微生物附着的比表面积,在特定情况下可以促进微生物的生长;扣除其对微生物生长的促进作用后,蒙脱石吸附左氧氟沙星降低了后者的毒性效应,其抑菌率降低约25%。上述结果为进一步研究抗生素在环境中的毒理效应提供了基础依据。     

2,4-D对铜在蒙脱石上吸附与释放的影响

研究了在2，4-D的影响下，Cu^2 在蒙脱石上的吸附与脱附行为．结果表明．有2，4-D存在时，Cu^2 在蒙脱石上的吸附低于单纯Cu^2 的吸附，而当蒙脱石先吸附2,4-D后再吸附Cu^2 (连续吸附)时，Cu^2 的吸附比二者同时存在时(同时吸附)的效果好，表明两种吸附质间存在竞争吸附．研究还表明，所有的吸附过程都符合Langmuir和Freundlich吸附等温模型．在有2，4-D同时存在时，Cu^2 的脱附最大，可达30％；而单纯Cu^2 在蒙脱石上的吸附似乎是不可逆的，脱附百分比最小。     

菲与吡啶在沉积物及粘土矿物上的吸附行为

研究了菲和吡啶在天然沉积物及粘土矿物(高岭土、蒙脱土)上的吸附行为.结果表明,含有天然有机质的沉积物对菲的吸附最为显著,而高岭土和蒙脱土对菲也能发生一定程度的吸附.菲在3种吸附剂上的吸附行为比较符合线性模型,Kd分别为594.7L·kg-1(沉积物),405.OL·kg-1(高岭土)和286.7L·kg-1(蒙脱土).吡啶在3种吸附剂上吸附的Kd明显低于菲,在沉积物、高岭土和蒙脱土颗粒上分别为1.18,9.03和0.94 L·kg-1.CEC较大的沉积物和蒙脱土上吡啶的吸附量更低,这可能是背景溶液中Na+向此两种吸附剂表面大量聚集所致.总体上溶液pH值对于菲在3种吸附剂上的吸附影响较小,而对于吡啶而言,酸性和碱性条件均较中性条件更有利于其在粘土矿物上的吸附,其在沉积物上的吸附则随溶液pH值的增大而降低.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.