膜生物反应器工艺中基于生物捕食作用的污泥减量效果研究

采用序批式投加剩余污泥方式,连续34d考察了膜生物反应器(MBR)工艺的污泥减量效果,研究了MBR中微型动物种类与数量的变化规律以及生物捕食作用对污泥减量效果的贡献.研究发现,MBR中出现密度较高的原生动物和后生动物共13种,其中以红斑顠体虫平均密度最高,达到了338.5个/mL；MBR在运行过程中,MBR内的微型动物呈现出“纤毛虫—轮虫—红斑顠体虫”的演替变化规律；MBR内的污泥减量效果与微型动物的种类和数量有关,在试验初始阶段,MBR内污泥质量保持相对稳定,之后随着MBR内红斑顠体虫的快速增殖,开始大量生物捕食其他原生动物和轮虫,MBR内微型动物总量降低,导致试验后期(运行约20 d后)MBR内的污泥质量迅速增加,可见保持MBR内原生动物和后生动物种类与数量的相对稳定是MBR工艺能够长期实现污泥减量的关键.整个试验期间,向MBR中投加的待处理污泥总量为126.9 g,污泥累积减少量为100.2 g,污泥总减量率为78.96％,其中生物捕食作用引起的污泥累积减少量占总的污泥累积减少量的73.9％,是MBR工艺实现污泥减量的主要贡献者.     

混凝-生物强化联合处理环氧树脂高盐废水

环氧树脂高盐废水是目前较难处理的工业废水之一.采用混凝联合生物强化工艺:通过混凝过程进行预处理后,投加嗜盐菌进行生物强化考察盐度变化对系统降解有机物的影响以及污泥性状的变化情况.结果表明,当废水中氯离子浓度达到驯化目标10 g/L时,系统对COD的去除率仍稳定在85％左右;以没有投加嗜盐菌的反应器为对照组,在进水COD平均浓度为550 mg/L左右,氯离子浓度由12 g/L增至21 g/L时,对照组COD平均去除率由82％降至60％以下,而投加了嗜盐菌的反应器(投加组)则仍保持在85％以上;此外,盐度的变化同时影响污泥的活性及其沉降性能,随着盐度增大,两组中的污泥活性均有所降低,但投加组的污泥活性相对较高,其污泥的沉降时间和污泥体积指数(sludge volume in-dex,SVI)值也较低.采用本工艺处理环氧树脂高盐废水,使得生物处理过程能够长期稳定运行,且能够保持较高的耐盐度和COD去除率.     

污水生物处理系统中微型动物的生态

一、概 述 微型动物(主要指原生动物与后生动物)是污水(废水)生物处理系统中生物种群的主要构成部分。它们虽然不是污水生物处理的主角,但人们从运转经验中发现,对微型动物种类和数量的观察可以起到指示生物处理状态的作用。此外,微型动物的存在还能有效地促进活性污泥或生物膜表面活性再生和处理水的澄清作用。     

附着生活型轮虫的悬浮固体去除特性

附着生活型轮虫又称蛭形轮虫是污水生物处理中有益的后生动物。宿轮虫作为一种典型的蛭形轮虫，对其捕食特性的研究旨在建立宿轮虫的培养系，同时为在生物处理池中创造有利于宿轮虫大量生长的条件提供依据。实验通过选择营养较高且经济易得的小麦面粉代替细菌制成悬浮液作为食物用于培养宿轮虫，以得到宿轮虫的捕食特性。结果表明，悬浮颗粒的粒径是宿轮虫选择食物的重要指标，悬浮颗粒的粒径为2.5 μm时其种群增长最快，粒径小于10 μm时其能正常生长。实验结果不仅证明了宿轮虫能够去除污水中不能以自由沉降形式去除的悬浮颗粒，同时为宿轮虫的深入研究奠定了基础。     

原位臭氧氧化污泥减量工艺的运行效能

采用ASBR/SBR原位臭氧污泥减量工艺,重点研究了原位臭氧氧化对SBR段污泥产率和出水水质的影响。两个相同的ASBR/SBR组合工艺同时运行,每隔3个周期向臭氧投加组SBR的曝气阶段原位间歇投加臭氧,臭氧投加量为0.027 g O3/g MLSS,连续运行40 d;对照组不投加臭氧作为对比。结果表明,原位臭氧氧化实现污泥减量约43.9%,臭氧投加组SBR段平均污泥产率系数为0.1447 g SS/g SCOD,而对照组为0.2580 g SS/g SCOD,投加组没有惰性污泥的累积,并且污泥沉淀性能得到改善。原位臭氧氧化对出水水质影响不大,投加组与对照组相比,臭氧投加3周期后的出水COD、NH4+-N、TN和TP平均值分别为47.8、0.76、14.1和6.4 mg/L,去除率分别下降了4%、2%、3%和7.7%,其中COD、NH4+-N和TN均能达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB18918-2002)一级A标准。     

污泥减量化技术的研究进展

从现阶段国内外污泥处理与处置在环境和经济方面存在的问题出发 ,阐明了研究污泥减量技术的紧迫性。根据生物处理工艺中影响剩余污泥产生的可能途径 ,将污泥减量技术分为降低细菌合成量的解偶联技术、增强微生物利用二次基质进行隐性生长的各种溶胞技术、利用食物链作用强化微型动物对细菌捕食的技术 ,介绍了各种技术的研究现状 ,并比较了减量效果和优缺点     

脱氮塔中一株异养硝化真菌的分离鉴定及其脱氮特性

在微生物净化燃煤烟气技术研究中,NO、NO_x的脱除效率不高,达不到工艺要求。国内外对于微生物法净化燃煤烟气NO、NO_x的细菌作用研究较多,而对真菌的作用却研究很少。为了提高微生物法对燃煤烟气NO、NO_x的脱除效率,对脱氮塔生物膜中的异养硝化作用真菌进行了分离、纯化及鉴定,通过摇瓶实验研究了真菌对亚硝酸盐(NO_2~-)的作用特征,在脱氮塔中对NO_x的脱除效率进行了实验验证。实验结果:从脱氮塔生物膜中分离纯化的真菌为木霉属的棘孢木霉Trichodema asperellum(简称:1LNL菌株);该1LNL菌株能直接将NO_2~-氧化为NO-3,在实验周期为10 d的条件下,细菌对照组硝化率为31.5%、空白对照组硝化率为8.4%,1LNL菌株的硝化率能达到25.0%,实验证明真菌1LNL菌株具有一定的硝化作用;将1LNL纯菌株扩大培养液400 mL投加到脱氮塔中,NO的脱除率平均提高了4.39%,NO_x的脱除率平均提高了4.00%,真菌1LNL能显著提高脱氮柱NO、NO_x的脱氮效率。在微生物净化烟气中NO、NO_x的研究实践中,真菌的作用应加以重视并应展开更加深入、系统的研究。     

污泥减量化技术的研究进展

从现阶段国内外污泥处理与处置在环境和经济方面存在的问题出发，阐明了研究污泥减量技术的紧迫性。根据生物处理工艺中影响剩余污泥产生的可能途径，将污泥减量技术分为降低细菌合成量的解偶联技术、增强微生物利用二次基质进行隐性生长的各种溶胞技术、利用食物链作用强化微型动物对细菌捕食的技术，介绍了各种技术的研究现状，井比较了减量效果和优缺点。     

木炭填料生物反应器对微囊藻毒素的去除

为了研究自然水体中产毒藻细胞和微囊藻毒素(MC)的迁移转化机理,以经济实用的木炭为填料的柱状反应器对含微囊藻和MC的自然水进行了分阶段连续性去除实验。结果表明,当进水叶绿素a(chl-a)浓度为94.9~203.4μg/L,MC浓度为4.5~24.7μg/L时,藻细胞(以chl-a浓度为指标)的去除率高于77.1%,MC的去除率高于66.2%。不同阶段的结果比较发现,HRT为6.8 h时去除效果最佳。反应器中,原生动物和后生动物大量存在,以钟型虫(Vorticella sp.)、草履虫(Paramecrum sp.)、旋轮虫(Philodina sp.)和腔轮虫(Lecane sp.)为主要物种。实时荧光定量PCR分析结果表明,可降解MC细菌的特异性基因(mlr A)被检出。由此说明,除木炭填料的物理吸附外,微型浮游动物的捕食及细菌降解对水中藻细胞和MC的去除也起重要作用。     

生物处理废水基本知识讲座 第三讲 生物膜法

第三讲生物膜法生物膜法指的是以生物膜为净化主体的生物处理法。根据介质与废水的不同接触方式,已经实用化的处理装置和方法有:生物滤池法,生物转盘法,生物接触氧化法,流化床生物膜法和悬浮颗粒生物膜法等。其中以生物滤池法出现得最早。为了开创新型的高效生物膜法处理装置,七十年代以来,美、日相继把流态化技术引进生化处理领域,     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.