Attempts to train goldfish to respond to magnetic field stimuli

Two different conditioning procedures, one appetitive and the other aversive, were used in separate attempts to demonstrate response to magnetic fields in the goldfish, Carassius auratus. Our results lead us to question those of an orientation experiment by Becker, although we recognize the possibility that goldfish may be sensitive primarily to magnetic field direction rather than intensity and that their directional sensitivity may be evidenced most readily by orientation in the field.     

从生态旅游到低碳旅游——从理念到实践

阐述了生态旅游、低碳旅游的基本概念,分析了生态旅游存在的不足,提出低碳旅游的量化及建立各项标准及其指标评价体系并将之融入低碳旅游全过程以实现低碳旅游的标准化,重点在于实现低碳理念、低碳参与者及低碳实践3个方面的有机结合,以促进旅游业的可持续发展的可操作性建议.     

以学定教,提高课堂教学效率

根据心理学理论,学习是一个学生内化的过程,学生是自主学会的,而不是被动教会的。因此在教学中,教师只有做到以学定教,才能有效提高教学效率,促进学生对知识的掌握。     

如何做好突发环境事件应急监测的快速响应

应急监测是突发性环境污染事故处置中的首要环节,是对污染事故及时、正确地进行应急处理、减轻事故危害和制定恢复措施的根本依据。文章从制定应急监测预案、加强应急监测能力建设、摸清污染源状况、加强应急培训和应急演练等方面对做好突发环境事件应急监测的快速响应作了简要的阐述,供大家探讨。     

Croppers to livestock keepers: livelihood transitions to 2050 in Africa due to climate change

The impacts of climate change are expected to be generally detrimental for agriculture in many parts of Africa. Overall, warming and drying may reduce crop yields by 10–20% to 2050, but there are places where losses are likely to be much more severe. Increasing frequencies of heat stress, drought and flooding events will result in yet further deleterious effects on crop and livestock productivity. There will be places in the coming decades where the livelihood strategies of rural people may need to change, to preserve food security and provide income-generating options. These are likely to include areas of Africa that are already marginal for crop production; as these become increasingly marginal, then livestock may provide an alternative to cropping. We carried out some analysis to identify areas in sub-Saharan Africa where such transitions might occur. For the currently cropped areas (which already include the highland areas where cropping intensity may increase in the future), we estimated probabilities of failed seasons for current climate conditions, and compared these with estimates obtained for future climate conditions in 2050, using downscaled climate model output for a higher and a lower greenhouse-gas emission scenario. Transition zones can be identified where the increased probabilities of failed seasons may induce shifts from cropping to increased dependence on livestock. These zones are characterised in terms of existing agricultural system, current livestock densities, and levels of poverty. The analysis provides further evidence that climate change impacts in the marginal cropping lands may be severe, where poverty rates are already high. Results also suggest that those likely to be more affected are already more poor, on average. We discuss the implications of these results in a research-for-development targeting context that is likely to see the poor disproportionately and negatively affected by climate change.     

重归大自然——密西西比河之行

密西西比河是美国第一大河。它一路曲曲弯弯向着墨西哥湾蜿蜒流去．沿途形成广袤的洪泛平原,滋润着美国大陆41％的土地。水量也比美国其他河流都要多。密西西比河及其洪泛平原哺育着400多种野生动植物。北美地区40％的水禽都沿着密西西比河的路径迁徙。密西西比河对于美国。如同长江对于中国,无论从经济还是生物多样性保护等方面,其作用都是举足轻重。     

Soil microbial response to herbicides applied to glyphosate-resistant canola

Adoption of glyphosate-resistant canola (Brassica napus L.) has increased glyphosate applications to this crop, and concerns have been raised about unintended consequences of these multiple applications. A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of pre-seed and in-crop glyphosate and alternative herbicides on soil microbial community functional structure, diversity and biomass. Pre-seed treatments were 2,4-D, glyphosate and 2,4-D + glyphosate, and in-crop treatments were glyphosate applied once, glyphosate applied twice, ethalfluralin, ethalfluralin + sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron + clopyralid, and sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron. Rhizosphere and bulk soil was collected at flowering stage of canola and analyzed for bacterial community-level substrate utilization patterns and microbial biomass C (MBC). Where differences were significant, pre-seed application of both 2,4-D and glyphosate altered the functional structure and reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria, but increased MBC. These effects were not necessarily concurrent. The reduction in functional diversity was due to reduction in evenness, which means that the soil where both pre-seed herbicides had been applied was dominated by only few functional groups. In 1 year, two in-crop applications of glyphosate also reduced the functional diversity of soil bacteria when applied after pre-seed 2,4-D, as did in-crop sethoxydim + ethametsulfuron following pre-seed glyphosate. Even though significant differences between herbicides were fewer than non-significant differences, i.e., there were no changes in soil microbial community structure, diversity or biomass in response to glyphosate or alternative herbicides applied to glyphosate-resistant canola in most cases, the observed changes in soil microbial communities could affect soil food webs and biological processes.     

亲近自然的一条捷径——向你推荐《生物多样性知识达人手册》

"它随处可见,从最大的海洋到最小的水坑,从最茂密的森林到最干旱的荒漠,从最富饶的沼泽到最高的山峰……它是一个活的银行账户,为人类全部事业和财富提供资本.它是什么?它就是……生物多样性." 翻开《生物多样性知识达人手册》的第一页,在"开头的话"中,你就能读到上面这一段饶有趣味的文字,让你不自觉地联想到我们所处的环境和我们赖以生存的地球.没错,这是一本新鲜出炉的、以生物多样性为主题的读物,用生动有趣的方式告诉你,什么是生物多样性?生物多样性为什么重要?你怎样才能保护好这个星球的生物多样性?     

浅谈如何做好孩子的入学准备

从幼儿园升入小学是孩子迈入知识殿堂的关键一步,也是孩子人生的一大转折。如何协助家长和教师,帮助孩子顺利实现这次转折是非常重要的。基于此目的,结合多年从事幼小教育工作的实际,并根据教育部颁布的《幼儿园教育指导纲要》精神,紧扣学前儿童的心理和学习特点,阐述如何让孩子在各方面得到系统的锻炼和提高,为顺利升入理想的小学、并尽快适应小学阶段的学习和生活做好准备。     

Behavior toxicity to Caenorhabditis elegans transferred to the progeny after exposure to sulfamethoxazole at environmentally relevant concentrations

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is one of the most common detected antibiotics in the environment. In order to study whether SMX can a ect behavior and growth and whether these e ects could be transferred to the progeny, Caenorhabditis elegans was exposed at environmentally relevant concentrations for 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr, respectively. After exposure, the exposed parent generation (P0) was measured for behavior and growth indicators, which were presented as percentage of controls (POC). Then their corresponding unexposed progeny (F1) was separated and measured for the same indicators. The lowest POC for P0 after 96 hr-exposure at 100 mg/L were 37.8%, 12.7%, 45.8% and 70.1% for body bending frequency (BBF), reversal movement (RM), Omega turns (OT) and body length (BL), respectively. And F1 su ered defects with the lowest POC as 55.8%, 24.1%, 48.5% and 60.7% for BBF, RM, OT and BL, respectively. Defects in both P0 and F1 showed a time- and concentration-dependent fashion and behavior indicators showed better sensitivity than growth indicator. The observed e ects on F1 demonstrated the transferable properties of SMX. Defects of SMX at environmental concentrations suggested that it is necessary to perform further systematical studies on its ecological risk in actual conditions.     

农田氮素流失对环境的污染现状及防治对策

从地表水、地下水、大气以及农产品等方面 ,概述了农田氮素流失对环境的污染现状 ,阐述了控制农田氮素流失的防治对策 ,指出实施生态农业政策、优化氮肥管理、选育氮高效品种以及控释 /缓释肥料的应用将是今后农业生产发展的方向     

如何利用普通水罐车向消防车供水

近几年钻井井喷、井下作业井喷、单拉井储罐火灾等事故扑救过程中,由于离基地较远,周围没有消火栓、消防水池等水源,井场道路狭窄,消防车接力供水掉头非常困难,给扑救火灾带来很大的不便。如2005年6月19日某油田P3-347井井喷火灾事故,因井场供水不足,错过了最佳灭火时机,致使井喷着火9个小时后才被扑灭。因此,如何利用普通水罐车向消防车供水是值得探讨的课题。     

保护生物多样性应对农业生产者进行补偿

几千年以来，不同的社会都热衷于通过基因改良来改变物种以使其适应人们所处的环境条件。通过这种方式，人们已经持续改变了用于食物和农业的基因资源。现在的农业生产中所用的基因有一部分还是野生的，而另一部分则是人工培育或改变的基因。目前，人类食物供给的大部分是通过后一种方式获得的。所有物种，特别是那些野生物种为农业和食品生产的扩大和多样化提供了巨大潜力。     

如何培养小学生喜欢上体育课

通过对现阶段小学体育教学中存在的问题进行研究,来探讨培养小学生对体育课程兴趣的有效方法,以促使学生喜欢上体育课,提高小学体育课堂教学质量。据此,有利于培养学生的创造力,提高学生的实践能力,以满足素质教育的改革要求,促进小学体育教学的可持续发展,从而实现小学体育课堂教学效益最大化。     

微观与宏观——原子环境与矿物热力学

<正> 该书为《矿物学评论》第14卷,由S.W.Kie-ffer和A.Navrotsky合编,1985年由美国矿物学会出版,计428页。该书旨在研究矿物的微观结构与它们的宏观热力学性质的关系。对这种微观—宏观关系的了解,可为能量关系式提供严格的理论依据,有了这种依据,就能比仅仅使用经验关系更有把握地外推并预测出测量范围以外的热力学性质。     

从生态环境损害赔偿到生态补偿再到生态产品价值实现

生态环境损害赔偿、生态补偿、生态产品价值实现,三者既相互联系又各不相同。相互联系在于三者的最终目标相同,都是致力于生态环境质量改善,并且都使用资金作为工具。但是,将它们混为一谈,无助于各自优势的发挥;划出三者的界线,有助于明确各自制度创新的方向和着力点。生态环境损害赔偿,是用法律手段处罚生态环境的破坏者,本质上具有法律属性,是生态环境破坏者对既成损害的赔偿,赔偿具有强制性;生态补偿,是用政策手段激励生态环境的保护者,本质上是一种政策方案,是对生态环境保护者发展机会受限的补偿,通常需要政府在协商基础上的统一行动;生态产品价值实现,是用市场手段奖励生态产品的供给者,本质上是一种市场交易,是生态产品供给者在市场中发现生态产品价值、实现生态产品价值的过程。三者对应于不同发展阶段。生态环境损害赔偿,应是一个地区最先建立和实施的生态环境保护制度。在我国目前的发展阶段,生态补偿应是国家主导激励机制。随着我国经济社会的发展,生态产品价值实现将会更加普遍,规模会越来越大。     

怎样上好《毛泽东思想概论》第一课

本文认为，如果能将“毛泽东思想概论”这一课程名分解为“毛泽东”“毛泽东思想”“毛泽东思想概论”3个概念，并逐一进行总体性、概括性讲解，对上好（《毛泽东思想概论》第一课，很有帮助。     

全球都该重视国界污染问题了!

9月15日,在西非国家科特迪瓦经济首都阿比让,发生了一起令世人震惊的"毒垃圾"事件;一艘荷兰公司雇租的装有数百吨有毒工业垃圾的货轮从荷兰出发后,先后在尼日利亚、塞内加尔、贝宁、多哥碰壁后,最终通过科特迪瓦代理公司将"毒垃圾"倾倒在阿比让的10多个露天垃圾处理场.     

Using expert elicitation to define successful adaptation to climate change

This paper develops definitions of adaptation and successful adaptation to climate change, with a view to evaluating adaptations. There is little consensus on the definition of adapting to climate change in existing debates or on the criteria by which adaptation actions can be deemed successful or sustainable. In this paper, a variant of the Delphi technique is used to elicit expert opinion on a definition of successful adaptation to climate change. Through an iterative process, expert respondents coalesced around a definition based on risk and vulnerability and agreed that a transparent and acceptable definition should reflect impacts on sustainability. According to the final definition, agreed by the Delphi panel, successful adaptation is any adjustment that reduces the risks associated with climate change, or vulnerability to climate change impacts, to a predetermined level, without compromising economic, social, and environmental sustainability.