溶解氧对Biolak型A2O工艺脱氮除磷性能的影响

通过对Biolak型A2O工艺处理生活污水工程应用的研究,考察了好氧段溶解氧(DO)浓度对该工艺脱氮除磷的影响.试验结果表明,DO浓度变化对系统COD、NH+4-N处理效果的影响不大,而对系统总氮及总磷的去除效果影响显著.当DO浓度控制在0.80~1.50 mg·L-1之间时,系统总氮去除效果最佳,可以达到69.5%,系统好氧段可实现同步硝化反硝化除氮.通过对系统氮进行物料衡算发现,23.7%的总氮通过好氧段多级A/O反硝化脱氮去除.当DO浓度为1.00~3.00 mg·L-1时,总磷(TP)去除率较高,可以达到74.0%.DO浓度控制在1.00~1.50 mg·L-1之间时,系统脱氮除磷效果最佳,此时TN、TP的去除率分别为68.9%、73.7%,二级生化处理段出水TN、TP分别为12.02、0.95 mg·L-1.     

以DO、ORP、pH作为两段SBR工艺的实时控制参数

介绍了在传统SBR脱氮工艺的基础上 ,开发的用于处理COD和氮浓度较高的工业废水的两段SBR系统 (TSSBR) .根据传统SBR工艺在反应过程中 ,当COD不再被降解 ,而硝化反应又没有开始时 ,DO迅速大幅度升高以及pH曲线上出现的拐点 ,可以将COD降解与硝化反应分割开 ,先后在不同的反应器内进行 ,分别命名为SBR1和SBR2 ,避免高COD浓度对硝化反应的冲击 ,提高处理效率 .利用在线检测的DO、ORP和pH参数实时控制SBR1、SBR2各个生化过程的反应时间 ,解决了两段SBR系统的自动控制问题 ,可以使系统长期稳定运行 ,保证出水水质 ,节约能耗 .采用实时控制策略 ,并控制系统温度在 3 0℃左右 ,可将SBR2的硝化反应控制在亚硝酸型硝化结束 .采用该工艺处理石化废水 ,COD去除率达到 90 %～ 95 % ,3 0℃时的比硝化反应速率达到 0 3kg(NH4 N) (kg(MLSS)·d) ,出水已检测不出氨氮和硝态氮     

高氮渗滤液短程深度脱氮及反硝化动力学

采用单级UASB-SBR生化系统处理实际高氮晚期渗滤液,重点研究了系统的有机物和氮去除特性,同时考察了SBR短程生物脱氮系统内微生物的反硝化动力学特性.试验结果表明,该生化系统能够高效、深度去除渗滤液内高浓度有机物和氮.UASB反应器的平均COD负荷为6.5 kg/(m3.d),去除速率为5.3 kg/(m3.d).在进水COD平均为6 537 mg.L-1,NH+4-N为2 021mg.L-1的条件下,出水分别为354 mg.L-1和2.8 mg.L-1以下,去除率分别为94.6%和99.8%,尤其是该系统获得了99.2%的TN去除率,出水TN20 mg.L-1,实现了深度脱氮的目的.SBR反应器实现并维持了稳定的短程硝化,通过90%以上的亚硝化率实现高效的氨氮去除,同时SBR系统内微生物的反硝化特性符合Monod动力学方程.     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液短程生物脱氮的长期稳定性实验研究

以实际高氨氮垃圾渗滤液为研究对象,考察了单级UASB-SBR生化系统除有机物和脱氮特性,重点研究了常、低温条件下,该生化系统生物脱氮的长期稳定性.623 d的实验结果表明,基于UASB反应器内高效的反硝化和厌氧产甲烷联合去除机制,以及SBR反应器内几乎100%的硝化和反硝化,在进水COD浓度为1 000~13 800 mg·L-1条件下,最终出水COD浓度为150~1 234 mg·L-1,在进水NH+4-N浓度为574~2 360 mg·L-1条件下,最终出水NH+4-N小于10 mg·L-1,平均去除率分别在90%和98%以上,尤其是获得了99.2%的TN去除率,出水TN小于30 mg·L-1,实现垃圾渗滤液内有机物和氮的高效、深度去除.整个实验期间,SBR反应器实现并维持了稳定的生物硝化和反硝化,成功跨越2个冬季,15℃以下共计171 d,最低温度为10.2℃.     

DO浓度对生活污水硝化过程中N2O产生量的影响

为确定污水脱氮过程中最优的DO浓度和曝气方式,以提高污水处理效率,降低N2O产生量,采用实际生活污水应用小试SBR反应器,重点考察了不同DO浓度条件下,硝化效率和硝化过程中N2O的产生量.结果表明,当DO浓度恒定为0.4mg·L-1时,虽然硝化过程所消耗的能量最低,但其氨氮氧化的速率较低.提高DO浓度,氨氮氧化速率可随之升高.低氨氮生活污水硝化过程中仍有N2O产生.DO浓度为0.4 mg-L-1和0.9 mg·L-1时,污水N2O产生量(以N计)分别为1.5 mg·L-1和1.6mg·L-1;而DO浓度为1.5 mg·L-1和2.0 mg·L-1时,N2O产生量则分别降低至0.5 mg·L-1和0.4 mg·L-1.当DO浓度高于1.5mg·L-1后,继续提高DO浓度,氨氮氧化速率升高的速率变缓,同时N2O产生量大幅降低.因此,从提高污水脱氮效率节能降耗和控制N2O产生量2个角度考虑,生活污水脱氮过程中控制DO浓度在1.5 mg·L-1较为适宜.     

SBR法短程深度脱氮过程分析与控制模式的确立

为了实现稳定的SBR法短程深度脱氮技术,考察了实际生活污水处理过程中pH值的变化规律及其影响因素.通过对生物脱氮过程机制和碳酸平衡过程的分析可知,pH值在氨氧化结束和反硝化结束时都会出现明显的变化点,对于采用SBR工艺处理有机物浓度较低、碱度适中的生活污水或城市污水的过程来说,采用pH值作为控制参数一方面可以保证出水水质达到TN＜1 mg/L的深度脱氮效果;另一方面防止了过度曝气引起短程硝化率降低,对于短程深度脱氮的稳定起到了重要作用.在理论分析和试验研究的基础上建立了SBR法短程深度脱氮过程的实时控制策略,在控制策略中设置了18个可调节的变量,以适应不同的水质并保持控制策略的准确性.该控制策略的建立为开发短程深度脱氮的控制软件和控制系统奠定了基础.     

基于氮平衡原理对南方污水处理厂中试脱氮工艺调控策略研究

通过建立A2/O工艺中氮的物料平衡方程,预测不同进水TN条件下,如何调控污泥回流比和混合液回流比使出水氮达到国家一级A标准;然后根据预测的运行参数,调试武汉市龙王嘴污水处理厂中试模拟装置,进行工况验证.结果表明,在进水TN低于30 mg·L-1,温度高于15℃时,不需要混合液回流即可实现良好的脱氮效果;在进水TN高于30 mg·L-1,温度在10~15℃之间时,增加混合液回流和DO可以提高脱氮效果,但当温度远远低于10℃时,必须同时提高混合液回流比来保证系统出水.该方法能较好依据水质状况通过调控回流比实现较好的脱氮效果.     

SBR短程脱氮系统中亚硝酸盐积累对生物除磷的影响

采用SBR工艺处理实际生活污水,通过控制好氧段的DO浓度及曝气时间,实现了短程硝化反硝化,并考察了短程硝化引起的亚硝酸盐积累对生物除磷系统的影响.结果表明,在没有补充外碳源的情况下,好氧阶段NO2--N的积累低于10 mg·L-1时,聚磷菌的吸磷及放磷能力没有受到影响,好氧出水磷浓度基本维持在1 mg·L-1以下;当N...     

间歇投加碳源模式下SND的脱氮效能

采用模拟碳源偏低的城市污水,于连续曝气的SBR内,在不同间歇投加碳源的模式下,考察氮转化和DO、ORP及pH的变化规律。结果表明,随间歇投加碳源次数的增加,同步硝化反硝化(SND)的脱氮效率得到提高,DO浓度和ORP值的波动降低。由此可知,间歇多次投加碳源的运行模式是碳源偏低城市污水实现稳定而高效脱氮SND的有效控制策略。     

微生物超量吸收实现生物脱氮

研究了SBR在不同pH值条件下处理模拟城市生活污水中的脱氮效果.结果表明,在曝气时间为4 h,沉淀静置时间为4h,进水COD浓度为250~300 mg.L-1,进水NH4+-N浓度30~40 mg.L-1时,R2(pH为8.0±0.2)出水氨氮浓度降到0~1 mg.L-1同时有大量的硝态氮生成,出水中硝态氮(NO3--N+NO2--N)的浓度基本在8~10 mg.L-1之间,TIN(TIN=NH4+-N+NO3--N+NO2--N)的去除率在70%左右.R1(pH为7.0±0.2)出水氨氮浓度降到0~5 mg.L-1,而硝态氮浓度在整个过程中基本保持不变且含量极低(1~2 mg.L-1),污泥中总氮含量较高且4 h好氧阶段呈先下降后上升的趋势,典型周期好氧开始时污泥中总氮含量为214 mg.g-1,好氧1 h时含量为210 mg.g-1,好氧结束时含量为215 mg.g-1,水相中TIN的去除率达到85%以上.说明在本研究特殊的工艺条件下,SBR能实现较高的生物脱氮效果,但氮的去除并不是通过传统的硝化反硝化途径实现,而是通过排除微生物超量吸收的富氮污泥来实现.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.