O3预处理耦合微生物降解修复PAHs污染土壤

通过室内批次试验,研究了O₃预处理耦合微生物降解技术对北京某焦化厂PAHs(多环芳烃)污染土壤的修复效果. 结果表明:在ρ(O₃)为0.79、1.74、4.50 mg/L时,5 min内土壤PAHs迅速降解,去除率分别为11.01%、32.48%、34.65%,但随着降解时间的延长,土壤中PAHs降解逐渐放缓,60 min后土壤PAHs去除率分别为39.58%、52.84%、53.79%,土壤微生物菌落数量由原土的3.07×108 CFU/g分别降至1.73×106、1.02×105、1.49×103 CFU/g. 经ρ(O₃)为1.74 mg/L预处理5、10 min,添加LB培养基分别耦合1周微生物降解后,土壤PAHs去除率达68.93%、63.32%,相比单一微生物降解分别提高35.34%、24.33%. 经ρ(O₃)为1.74 mg/L预处理5 min,同时添加皂角苷及LB培养基优化降解4周后,土壤PAHs去除率为93.26%,相比仅添加LB培养基优化培养4周提高了7.00%. 研究发现,O₃预处理耦合微生物降解技术中ρ(O₃)最佳值为1.74 mg/L、最佳预处理时间为5 min,并且O₃预处理耦合微生物降解技术降解土壤中PAHs的效率优于单一O₃化处理或微生物降解处理.      

微生物和酶在降解环境有机污染物中的应用

介绍了生物修复有机污染的土壤和水体的研究进展,对微生物和酶处理的技术进行了详细讨论。降解有机物的微生物以白腐真菌为代表,可有效降解多环芳烃;降解有机物的酶以过氧化物酶和水解酶为代表,分别能够降解芳香族化合物和有机农药。     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon biodegradation and extracellular enzyme secretion in agitated and stationary cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium

The extracellular enzyme secretion and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were studied in agitated and shallow stationary liquid cultures of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Veratryl alcohol and Tween80 were added to cultures as lignin peroxidase (LIP) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) inducer, respectively. Shallow stationary cultures were suitable for the production of enzyme, whereas agitated cultures enhanced overall biodegradation by facilitating interphase mass transfer of PAHs into aqueous phases. The use of a LIP stimulator, veratryl alcohol, did not increase PAH degradation but significantly enhanced LiP activity. In contrast, Tween80 increased both MnP secretion and PAH degradation in shallow stationary cultures. On the other hand, high PAH degradation was observed in agitated cultures in the absence of detectable LIP and MnP activities. The results suggested that extracellular peroxidase activities are not directly related to the PAH degradation, and the increased solubility rather than enzyme activity may be more important in the promotion of PAH degradation.     

油污土微生态环境非生物因子与微生物活性关系

油污土微生态环境的非生物因子通过改变降解优势菌的含量及活性最终影响石油烃的生物降解速率及模式.本研究通过对我国北方部分油田和石油化工区的取样分析,揭示油污土微生态环境的非生物因子与微生物活性的关系,研究影响微生物活性和石油烃降解效率的环境及污染物等非生物因子.结果表明,我国北方油田区及石油化工区土壤受到了不同程度的石油烃污染,石油烃含量最高可达34 000mg/kg干土.柱层析分析结果表明,污染物中烷烃、芳烃等轻质组分含量超过50%,有利于微生物活性的提高.油田区土壤的pH值一般在7.8以上,不利于石油烃降解微生物生长代谢;油污土的营养水平普遍较低,如可被生物利用的速效氮含量低于30mg/kg干土,速效磷含量低于10mg/kg干土,仅占土壤总氮、总磷的5%左右,远远达不到石油烃生物降解所需的营养水平(C:N:P=100:10:1).毫无疑问,调节土壤pH值,增加对营养水平等非生物因子的调控对于提高微生物活性,加快石油烃的降解有重要的意义.     

表面活性剂强化好氧生物修复PAHs污染土壤效果研究

通过实验测试不同浓度梯度表面活性剂对PAHs的增溶效果,筛选出一种能够提升PAHs脱附于液相的表面活性剂,利用其与好氧生物促进剂的协同作用,强化土壤中PAHs的脱附及生物降解过程,并应用于中低浓度PAHs污染土壤的中试实验。通过对比营养物质投加量、氧气供给方式、含水率控制、人工翻抛频次等条件确定最佳的现场实施方式,其中氧气供给方式采用缓释氧药剂和人工翻抛2种曝气方式。结果显示:缓释氧+生物促进剂,辅以定期补水的养护操作,是最为有效的处理方式,总PAHs降解率可达91.24%,苯并(a)芘降解率可达89.86%,此技术路线不需要人工曝气,可大幅节省实施成本。该成果为国内中低浓度PAHs污染土壤提供了一种更加经济高效的解决方案。     

Enzymes Involved in the Aerobic Bacterial Degradation of N-Heteroaromatic Compounds: Molybdenum Hydroxylases and Ring-Opening 2,4-Dioxygenases

N  -heteroaromatic compounds are utilized by micro-organisms as a source of carbon (and nitrogen) and energy. The aerobic bacterial degradation of these growth substrates frequently involves several hydroxylation steps and subsequent dioxygenolytic cleavage of (di)hydroxy-substituted heteroaromatic intermediates to aliphatic metabolites which finally are channeled into central metabolic pathways. As a rule, the initial bacterial hydroxylation of a N-heteroaromatic compound is catalyzed by a molybdenum hydroxylase, which uses a water molecule as source of the incorporated oxygen. The enzyme's redox-active centers – the active site molybdenum ion coordinated to a distinct pyranopterin cofactor, two different [2Fe2S] centers, and in most cases, flavin adenine dinucleotide – transfer electrons from the N-heterocyclic substrate to an electron acceptor, which for many molybdenum hydroxylases is still unknown. Ring-opening 2,4-dioxygenases involved in the bacterial degradation of quinaldine and 1H-4-oxoquinoline catalyze the cleavage of two carbon-carbon bonds with concomitant formation of carbon monoxide. Since they contain neither a metal center nor an organic cofactor, and since they do not show any sequence similarity to known oxygenases, these unique dioxygenases form a separate enzyme family. Quite surprisingly, however, they appear to be structurally and mechanistically related to enzymes of the α/β hydrolase fold superfamily. Microbial enzymes are a great resource for biotechnological applications. Microbial strains or their enzymes may be used for degradative (bioremediation) or synthetic (biotransformation) purposes. Modern bioremediation or biotransformation strategies may even involve microbial catalysts or strains designed by protein engineering or pathway engineering. Prerequisite for developing such modern tools of biotechnology is a comprehensive understanding of microbial metabolic pathways, of the structure and function of enzymes, and of the molecular mechanisms of biocatalysis.     

硝基芳香化合物的微生物降解研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难降解有机污染物之一,由于其用途广泛,对环境的污染日趋严重,利用生物降解硝基芳香化合物是行之有效的方法。文章针对硝基芳香化合物生物降解过程,汇总了用于降解的微生物资源,并对硝基芳香化合物生物代谢途径、降解过程中的主要酶、降解性质粒、基因定位等分子遗传学的研究进展进行了综述。     

多环芳烃的微生物降解与生物修复

生物修复在治理多环芳烃污染环境中的作用日益突出，其应用越来越受到重视。文中概述了生物修复技术发展的基础－多环芳烃微生物降解，论述了降解微生物分离、驯化、咱类、降解机制等，探讨了提高多环芳烃降解速率的途径及其存在的一些问题，并对今后的发展进行了展望。     

Methyl-β-cyclodextrin enhanced biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and associated microbial activity in contaminated soil

The contamination of soils by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is a widespread environmental problem and the remediation of PAHs from these areas has been a major concern.The effectiveness of ma...     

Biodegradation of pyrene by Phanerochaete chrysosporium and enzyme activities in soils: Effect of SOM, sterilization and aging

The impacts of soil organic matter （SOM）, aging and sterilization on the production of lignin peroxidase （LIP） and manganese peroxidase （MnP） by Phanerochaete chrysosporium during the biodegradation of pyrene in soils were investigated. The biodegradation of pyrene by P. chrysosporium decreased with increasing SOM content, whereas the maximum activities of LiP and MnP increased, which indicates that SOM outweighed pyrene in controlling enzyme production. Sterilization enhanced the degradation of pyrene due to the elimination of competition from indigenous microbes, whereas aging led to a reduction in the degradation of pyrene primarily through changes in its sorbed forms. Both sterilization and aging could reduce SOM content and alter its structure, which also influenced the bioavailability of pyrene and the enzyme activity. The sterilization and aging processes caused changes in the degradation of pyrene, and the enzyme activities were greater in soils with high SOM contents. MnP was related to the degradation of pyrene to a greater extent, whereas LiP was more related to the decomposition of SOM.     

白腐真菌降解持久性有机污染物的研究进展

持久性有机污染物（POPs）是一类在环境中残留期长且能够长距离迁移的高生物毒性化合物,对生态环境和人体健康造成重大危害。微生物降解因其绿色环保、价格低廉、获取容易等优点,成为降解有机污染物的有效途径。其中,白腐真菌作为一类能够高效降解多种难降解有机污染物的微生物,引起学术界广泛关注。本文综述了近年来国内外白腐真菌对典型POPs（多环芳烃、多氯联苯和二恶英）的生物降解过程/机制及土壤生物修复应用的研究进展,并指出了面临的问题和未来的研究方向,为应用白腐真菌修复实际污染环境提供理论指导。     

石油污染土壤生物修复的中试系统构建与运行效果

构建了石油污染土壤生物修复中试系统,考察了中试规模下石油烃生物降解效率、矿化过程在生物降解中的作用.揭示生物修复过程中的系统微生物特性及其降解活性的关系,为现场污染土层生物修复工程评价和关键技术参数选择提供技术依据.结果表明,经过93d的运行,石油烃去除率达25.8%,其中典型轻质组分烷烃生物降解率最高,可达43.12%.中试系统运行稳定后,与现场调研的土壤微生物相比,其数量提高了1个数量级,活性提高了1.5倍.     

泥浆生物反应器在土壤修复中的应用

泥浆生物反应器技术可用于极端环境、高浓度污染土壤的修复,相比于其他生物修复技术具有处理效率高和环境条件易控制等优势。介绍了泥浆生物反应器对多环芳烃(PAHs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、五氯酚(PCP)和总石油烃(TPH)等难降解有机物的处理效果,比较了污染物特性、降解途径、水土比和运行条件(pH、温度、溶氧量等)等因素对污染物去除效果的影响,综述了该技术的相关工艺、工程案例及应用成本。由于泥浆生物反应器综合应用成本较高、微生物修复过程复杂,目前国内的相关研究大多在实验室条件下进行。未来需进一步提升反应器修复效率,降低应用成本,推动泥浆生物反应器技术在国内的产业化应用。     

红球菌在石油烃类物质降解中的作用

红球菌属是有机污染物降解的重要微生物之一。由于红球菌能够适应各种各样的底物环境,具有极强的有机溶剂耐受性和很宽的降解谱,同时它们还能通过产生表面活性剂和改变细胞表面组成结构来提升自身对于疏水性环境的适应能力,因此,红球菌在石油污染物降解及石油污染的生物修复等领域有着极其重要的应用价值。文章基于近年来在红球菌降解石油烃方面的研究进展,从红球菌适应疏水性环境的机制、石油烃中烷烃、环烷烃、芳香烃的降解途径等几个方面进行综述,同时对今后研究的方向进行了展望。     

基于过硫酸盐的高级氧化工艺修复有机污染土壤的研究进展

基于硫酸根自由基的高级氧化工艺(sulfate radicals based-advanced oxidation processes, SR-AOPs)因其高效、经济且环境友好等特点,在有机污染土壤的修复领域受到越来越多的关注. SR-AOPs的原理是通过活化过硫酸盐(S₂O₈^2-,PS)产生以硫酸根自由基(SO₄·^-)为主的活性氧自由基将有机污染物氧化成CO₂、H₂O和无害或危害较小的化学物质.本文概述了影响SR-AOPs修复污染土壤的因素,重点总结了SR-AOPs在总石油烃(TPHs)、多环芳烃(PAHs)、多氯联苯(PCBs)、农药等污染土壤修复中的应用,分析了污染物特征、过硫酸盐和活化剂用量、土壤与溶液比等对污染物去除效率的影响,并讨论了SR-AOPs处理对土壤生态的影响.结果表明：活化方式、pH、土壤含水量、土壤有机质等因素会影响SR-AOPs对污染土壤的修复效果.热活化、微波活化、超声波活化、碱活化、基于铁基催化剂活化等...     

Photolysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on soil surfaces under UV irradiation

Photolysis of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on soil surfaces may play an important role in the fate of PAHs in the environment.Photolysis of PAHs on soil surfaces under UV irradiation was investigated.The effects of oxygen,irradiation intensity and soil moisture on the degradation of the three PAHs were observed.The results showed that oxygen,soil moisture and irradiation intensity enhanced the photolysis of the three PAHs on soil surfaces.The degradation of the three PAHs on soil surfaces is related to their absorption spectra and the oxidation-half-wave potential.The photolysis of PAHs on soil surfaces in the presence of oxygen followed pseudo first-order kinetics.The photolysis half-lives ranged from 37.87 days for benzo[a]pyrene to 58.73 days for phenanthrene.The results indicate that photolysis is a successful way to remediate PAHs-contaminated soils.     

土壤农用地膜微生物降解研究进展

地膜可保持土壤湿度,调节土壤温度及限制杂草生长从而促进农作物增产,在现代农业生产中具有不可或缺的作用.然而,地膜主要成分聚乙烯（PE）性质稳定,难以降解,极易在农田土壤中残留并积累.此外,地膜在生产过程中添加邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）作为塑化剂,该类有机物极易在土壤和水体环境中积累和迁移,且生物毒性大,对生态环境、粮食安全和人体健康构成极大威胁.聚乙烯和邻苯二甲酸酯复合污染是土壤有机污染治理的重点和难点.因此,农用地膜污染土壤修复是环境科学研究的重要课题,亦是作物生产安全和人类健康的重要保障.微生物降解的生物修复较物理化学技术具有效率高、无二次污染、成本低、环境扰动小等优点,具有广泛应用前景.由此,本文综述农用地膜使用和土壤残留现状及其生物降解的研究进展,以期为地膜污染农田土壤的生物修复提供基础信息和技术参考.     

Biodegradation of malathion by Acinetobacter johnsonii MA19 and optimization of cometabolism substrates

To enhance the removal efficiency of malathion in the wastewater from organophosphate pesticide mill, a bacterium, Acinetobacter johnsonii MA19, that could degrade malathion with cometabolism was isolated from malathion-polluted soil samples using enrichment culture techniques. Four kinds of additional compounds, sodium succinate, sodium acetate, glucose, and fructose were tested to choose a favorite carbon source for the cometabolism of strain MA19. The results showed that sodium succinate and sodium acetate could promote malathion biodegradation and cell growth. The investigation results of effects of sodium succinate concentrations on the malathion biodegradation indicated that the more sodium succinate supplied resulted in quick degradation ofmalathion and fast cells multiplied. Zero-order kinetic model was appropriate to describe the malathion biodegradation when the concentration of sodium succinate was more than 0.5144 g/L. The degradation rate constant (K) reached the maximum value of 3.5837 mg/(L·h) when the mass ratio of sodium succinate to malathion was 128.6 mg/mg. The aquatic toxicity of the malathion was evaluated using the test organism, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri. The data obtained suggested that the toxicity of malathion could be ignored after 84 h biodegradation. Our result demonstrates the potential for using bacterium A. Johnsonii MA19 for malathion biodegradation and environmental bioremediation when some suitable conventional carbon sources are supplied.     

接种混合功能细菌降低黑麦草体内菲和芘污染的机理初探

本研究通过批量降解试验,探讨了功能菌株Massilia sp. Pn2和Mycobacterium flavescens 033降解菲和芘的基本动力学过程和规律;重点采用温室盆栽试验,研究了接种混合菌株对黑麦草体内PAHs含量及多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性的影响.结果表明,菌株Pn2和033可以分别利用菲和芘作为碳源和能源进行生长;在30℃、pH=7.0条件下,菌株Pn2和033对100 mg·L~(-1)菲和50 mg·L~(-1)芘的降解率分别高达99.7%和98.3%,降解半衰期分别为0.34 d和0.95 d(R~20.98).与接种灭活混合菌株对比,接种混合菌株Pn2和033显著地降低了黑麦草体内菲和芘的含量和积累量(p0.05),并阻控菲和芘由黑麦草根向茎叶转移.同时,接种混合菌株Pn2和033显著地提高了黑麦草根和茎叶中POD(p0.05)活性,该酶能够促进黑麦草体内超氧自由基的清除,并保护细胞免受PAHs损伤,进而影响PAHs在黑麦草体内的代谢过程.研究结果为阐明接种混合功能菌降低植物体内PAHs污染的作用机理提供了一定的参考价值.     

石油烃类污染物的微生物修复技术

石油作为重要能源之一,已被世界各国广泛使用,随之而来的石油烃污染已经对人类生存的土壤及水体环境造成了严重的危害,微生物降解是一种处理石油烃污染的理想方法。本文对石油烃类污染物的生物处理技术进行了较全面的介绍,综述了降解石油烃的微生物种类、微生物降解石油烃机理、影响因素以及微生物降解石油烃技术的应用等方面的研究进展,分析了现有研究中存在的不足,并对今后的研究趋势进行了展望。