实验条件控制对总氮测定空白值的影响

碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法是总氮测定常用的方法,控制总氮测定过程中的空白值对提高水质总氮监测数据的准确性有重要意义。文章通过对实验用水、碱性过硫酸钾溶液保存条件、实验室环境、消解时间、冷却时间等总氮测定实验条件的验证与探讨,结果表明,使用新制备的超纯水或去离子水、严格控制实验环境无氨干扰、碱性过硫酸钾溶液盛装在聚乙烯瓶中于4℃冷藏保存,可以控制总氮测定的空白值,延长消解时间和冷却时间,对总氮测定值没有显著影响。     

对总氮测定方法HJ 636—2012的探讨与改进

对总氮测定方法HJ 636—2012的关键细节及其影响因素作了探讨和改进:可以用氢氧化钠水化过程放出的热来加速过硫酸钾的溶解,该过程过硫酸钾不降解,碱性过硫酸钾溶液室温下可保存15 d;pH值对总氮测定结果影响不大;10.0 mg/L硝酸钾标准使用液在0～10℃暗处保存可以稳定30 d;校准曲线稳定,在关键试剂没有更换时,可以不用每批样品分析同时绘制校准曲线;悬浮物影响总氮测定结果准确性,可采用一次性0.45μm水相针式过滤头过滤消解后定容的水样,快速有效去除悬浮物。     

总氮自动分析仪测定水中总氮的可行性研究

运用HACH IL500总氮自动分析仪对水样中总氮的检出限、精密度、回收率等一系列实验室质量要求进行了测定;并在此基础上,对地表水、工业废水等实际样品进行了与国家标准方法—碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法的比对实验。实验结果表明,总氮自动分析仪与国家标准方法无显著差异,在准确性和精确性方面比手工法有更多优势,且仪器运行稳定,分析速度快,可提高工作效率。     

水中总氮测定方法研究进展

水中总氮含量的测定,受到无氨水的制备、试剂纯度、试剂配制、实验室环境、玻璃器皿洗涤、消解条件控制等因素的制约。本文介绍了上述各制约因素对国标方法 -碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法实验结果的影响,对比几种常见测定方法,并探讨了目前存在的主要问题。     

TOC/TN分析仪测定水质中总氮的方法研究及应用

目前测定水中总氮(TN)含量采用的是HJ 636—2012《水质总氮的测定碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法》,其实验条件要求较为苛刻。用TOC/TN分析仪测定水质中总氮含量,测定样品的相对标准偏差为0.72%~4.64%,加标回收率为97.5%~103.0%,测定标准样品的相对误差为-4.33%~7.00%,精密度、准确度均能达到标准要求。该方法简化了实验步骤,提高了工作效率,可代替标准方法。     

废水中总氮含量低于氨氮含量原因探讨

针对废水水质分析过程中出现的氨氮含量高于总氮含量的情况,对氨氮测定过程和总氮测定过程中的金属离子干扰、标准曲线绘制、消解时间等进行了分析,提出氨氮含量高于总氮含量是由于总氮消解时间不够,导致过硫酸钾的转化不完全造成的。实验结果表明,将总氮消解时间设定为40min可以解决此问题。为提高测定的准确性,在实验中还应注意实验环境、计量器具及高压灭菌锅的密封性等问题。     

地表水中总氮的测量不确定度评定方法

文章采用碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法测定江水中总氮的含量,其不确定度的分量主要有标准拟合引起的不确定度、由氮标准溶液配制成不同浓度的标准溶液系列时所产生的测量不确定度、平行实验数据重复性引起的测量不确定度、水样在消解等前处理过程上产生的不确定度、测量水样体积V的标准不确定度分量。经过计算,标准拟合引起的不确定度分量值最大,在实验时,应引起注意,减小对试样结果产生的影响。     

废水总氮测定中消解损失的原因分析及解决办法

当废水样品中氨氮含量较高时,由于消解使部分氨转化成气态而损失,进而影响总氮的测定结果,本文通过对实验结果的分析,证明对样品稀释后再消解的方法进行总氮测定,可较好的解决总氮的消解损失问题.     

泥沙对总氮测定结果的干扰影响分析

分析了泥沙含量对总氮测定结果的干扰影响,结果表明:水样中泥沙的含量与其对水样总氮的贡献有显著的正相关性;泥沙对总氮测定结果有干扰影响,随泥沙含量增加,A275的测定值及总氮降低率逐渐增大,且当泥沙(SS)含量≥45 mg/L时,其A275/A220的值在20%以上,总氮降低率在15%以上,从而总氮测定值产生较大的误差。消解后离心法或消解后0.45μm滤膜过滤法能有效地消除泥沙的干扰,并均具有操作简单和准确度高的优点。     

水质中总磷测定时去除沉淀物干扰的方法分析

分析了使用钼酸铵分光光度法(过硫酸钾消解)测定地表水中总磷时,消解液有沉淀对测定结果的影响。从质量控制和统计学上分析了过滤法的准确度和可行性,从实际水样的测定、质量控制和统计学上分析比较了过滤和校正两种方法的差异。结果表明,消解液沉淀物对测定结果有干扰,过滤和校正在沉淀物干扰去除方面无显著性差异,测定结果均满足质量控制要求。     

NATIONWIDE REGRESSION MODELS FOR PREDICTING URBAN RUNOFF WATER QUALITY AT UNMONITORED SITES1

ABSTRACT: Regression models are presented that can be used to estimate mean loads for chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, dissolved solids, total nitrogen, total ammonia plus nitrogen, total phosphorous, dissolved phosphorous, total copper, total lead, and total zinc at unmonitored sites in urban areas. Explanatory variables include drainage area, imperviousness of drainage basin to infiltration, mean annual rainfall, a land-use indicator variable, and mean minimum January temperature. Model parameters are estimated by a generalized-least-squares regression method that accounts for cross correlation and differences in reliability of sample estimates between sites. The regression models account for 20 to 65 percent of the total variation in observed loads.     

Measuring runoff-suspended solids using an improved turbidometer method

Differences in particle size distribution between runoff standards and unknown samples affect the accuracy of estimation of total suspended solids (TSS) concentration using the nephelometric turbidity (NTU) method. The objective was to quantify the effects of a sucrose solution as suspending medium and contrasting particle size distribution on nephelometric turbidity and accuracy of TSS estimation. Nineteen benchmark soils varying in texture and color were divided into particle size distribution of <250 and <2000 microm. Soils from these two aggregate classes were then made into suspension ranging from 0.2 to 15 g L-1 using distilled deionized water. Runoff suspensions ranging from 0.2 to 21 g L-1 were also collected from different watersheds. Turbidity of soil and runoff suspensions was measured in sucrose solution and in distilled deionized water. The sucrose solution density ranged from 1.10 to 1.30 kg L-1. Increasing sucrose solution density decreased turbidity. The TSS concentration was most sensitive to changes in turbidity with the 1.30 kg L-1 sucrose solution. Using the 1.30 kg L-1 sucrose solution, particle size bias and error of TSS estimates were decreased by at least 20% compared to distilled deionized water. Reduction in refraction index differences between the suspended particles and sucrose solution combined with reduced particle settling and reduced Brownian motion resulted in dampening the effects of particle size distribution. We propose a sucrose solution of 1.30 kg L-1 as a better suspending medium to dampen the effect of particle size distribution and thus improve suspension TSS concentration estimation.     

Quality and Quantity of Suspended Particles in Rivers: Continent-Scale Patterns in the United States

Suspended solids or sediments can be pollutants in rivers, but they are also an important component of lotic food webs. Suspended sediment data for rivers were obtained from a United States–wide water quality database for 622 stations. Data for particulate nitrogen, suspended carbon, discharge, watershed area, land use, and population were also used. Stations were classified by United States Environmental Protection Agency ecoregions to assess relationships between terrestrial habitats and the quality and quantity of total suspended solids (TSS). Results indicate that nephelometric determinations of mean turbidity can be used to estimate mean suspended sediment values to within an order of magnitude (r² = 0.89). Water quality is often considered impaired above 80 mg TSS L^–1, and 35% of the stations examined during this study had mean values exceeding this level. Forested systems had substantially lower TSS and somewhat higher carbon-to-nitrogen ratios of suspended materials. The correlation between TSS and discharge was moderately well described by an exponential relationship, with the power of the exponent indicating potential acute sediment events in rivers. Mean sediment values and power of the exponent varied significantly with ecoregion, but TSS values were also influenced by land use practices and geomorphological characteristics. Results confirm that, based on current water quality standards, excessive suspended solids impair numerous rivers in the United States.     

Water-Quality Performance of a Constructed Stormwater Wetland for All Flow Conditions1

Wadzuk, Bridget M., Matthew Rea, Gregg Woodruff, Kelly Flynn, and Robert G. Traver, 2010. Water-Quality Performance of a Constructed Stormwater Wetland for All Flow Conditions. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(2):385-394. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00408.x Abstract: Results from a multiyear study demonstrate that a constructed stormwater wetland (CSW) improves urban stormwater runoff quality mitigating downstream impacts. Best management practices, such as CSWs, can comprehensively treat the various scales of stormwater runoff issues. Discrete sample analysis was used to investigate the CSW effect for storm events and base-flow periods on water-quality parameters [i.e., total suspended solids, total dissolved solids, total nitrogen, phosphorous (total and reactive), chloride, heavy metals (zinc, lead, and copper), and Escherichia coli]. The primary finding was that stormwater sediment load was removed through the CSW for all flow conditions during all seasons. The mechanisms responsible for the removal of suspended solids, including slower flow velocity, longer retention times, and vegetative contact, also reduced the mass of nutrients discharged downstream throughout the year. Exceedance probabilities were used to evaluate the expected pollutant reductions of nutrients and to incorporate the effect of natural flow variation on quality. Other findings included the observation that there was no significant difference in the performance of the CSW over two-year-long periods four years apart, indicating that a CSW is effective for an extended period.     

The Relative Importance of Road Density and Physical Watershed Features in Determining Coastal Marsh Water Quality in Georgian Bay

We used a GIS-based approach to examine the influence of road density and physical watershed features (watershed size, wetland cover, and bedrock type) on water quality in coastal marshes of Georgian Bay, Ontario. We created a GIS that included landscape information and water-quality data from a 9-year synoptic survey of 105 coastal marshes covering 28 quaternary watersheds. Multiple regressions and partial correlations were used to discern confounding effects of human-induced (road density) versus natural physical watershed determinants of water quality. Road density was the dominant factor influencing many water quality variables, showing positive correlations with specific conductivity (COND), total suspended solids (TSS), and inorganic suspended solids (ISS) and a negative correlation with overall Water Quality Index scores. Road density also showed positive correlations with total nitrate nitrogen (TNN) and total phosphorus (TP). By comparison, larger watershed area was the main factor leading to elevated TP concentrations. The proportion of the watershed occupied by wetlands explained the largest amount of variation in TNN concentrations (negative correlation) and was also negatively correlated with COND and positively correlated with TSS and ISS when we controlled for road density. Bedrock type did not have a significant effect in any of the models. Our findings suggest that road density is currently the overriding factor governing water quality of coastal marshes in Georgian Bay during the summer low-flow period. We recommend that natural variation in physical watershed characteristics be considered when developing water quality standards and management practices for freshwater coastal areas.     

CONTROL OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND PHYTOPLANKTON WITH FISHES AND A MUSSEL1

ABSTRACT: Filtering efficiency of the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum), carp (Cyprinus carpio), and a freshwater mussel (Elliptio coinpianata) was measured in field and laboratory trials to assess the ability of each species to control phytoplankton and suspended solid densities. All fish species tested were ineffective filterers and generally increased, rather than suppressed, algal and suspended solid concentrations. Filtering efficiencies of fish varied between -354 and 84 percent, depending on the size, shape, abundance, palatability, composition, and resistance to digestion of the particles. Because of poor filtering abilities, unpredictable feeding habits, and sensitivity to stress, the fish species examined are not effective biological controls in waste lagoons. In contrast, the freshwater mussel Elliptio was a highly effective control organism, averaging 66 percent filtering efficiency over a wide size range of algal and suspended particles. Filtration efficiency was positively correlated with mussel density. Elliptio was efficient at filtering small particles, which are particularly difficult to remove. Mean filtration rates ranged from 53 to 134 ml/mussel/h depending on the algal species consumed and algal densities (range 50–180,000 cells/ml) and 3 mg/L/mussel/h on suspended solids (range 14 to 112 mg/L). Water clarification was facilitated by both direct consumption and pseudofeces deposition. Elliptio and probably other mussel species can effectively control algae and suspended solids in wastewater lagoons and eutrophic lakes, if environmental conditions, especially dissolved oxygen levels, are suitable (>5 mg/L) for their survival.     

EFFECTS OF SUSPENDED SOLIDS ON THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF ZINC TO DAPHNIA MAGNA AND PIMEPHALES PROMELAS1

ABSTRACT: Current procedures for setting site-specific water quality criteria consider abiotic and biotic factors. Suspended solids were shown to be important in reducing zinc toxicity to water column organisms. At zinc concentrations of ～ 1 mg/L in solutions with < 100 mg/L of all suspended solids tested, zinc toxicity to D. magna was reduced. Sorption of zinc to suspended solids and/or changes in water chemistry due to the addition of suspended solids appear to have been the factors causing reductions in zinc toxicity to D. magna. Only suspended solids levels of 483–734 mg/L of a type that increased total alkalinity, total hardness, and total dissolved carbon clearly reduced the toxicity of ～ 20 mg/L zinc to P. promelas. The toxic form of zinc to these organisms appears to reside in the aqueous phase. Characteristics of suspended solids did not influence the partition coefficient of zinc in sorption experiments of 96 h. The slopes of dose-response curves proved to be useful for assessing the potential of an organism to respond to changes in aqueous phase zinc concentrations, and may be a useful biological parameter when considering site-specific water quality criteria for chemicals.     

固体厌氧消化原料流变特性研究综述

厌氧消化原料的流变特性是厌氧消化工艺设计和运行的重要参数。本文从研究对象、实验操作、研究内容和结果、影响因素以及发展方向等方面对固体厌氧消化原料,特别是污泥的流变特性研究现状进行了概述。研究表明,污泥来源广泛,成分复杂,属于非牛顿流体的范畴,其流变特性受多种因素影响,其中污泥的总悬浮固体(TSS)(或混合液悬浮固体(MLSS))和温度是最主要的影响因素。大部分研究采用层流剪切实验对物料的流变特性进行表征,研究对象范围有待于扩大。尚需针对流体本构方程的改进,共消化对于原料流变特性的影响,混合液固、液相指标与流变参数的关系等方面开展研究,为利用流变参数作为工艺控制参数提供理论依据,并解决工程放大等问题。     

Improvement of fruit and vegetable waste anaerobic digestion performance and stability with co-substrates addition

The effect of fish waste (FW), abattoir wastewater (AW) and waste activated sludge (WAS) addition as co-substrates on the fruit and vegetable waste (FVW) anaerobic digestion performance was investigated under mesophilic conditions using four anaerobic sequencing batch reactors (ASBR) with the aim of finding the better co-substrate for the enhanced performance of co-digestion. The reactors were operated at an organic loading rate of 2.46–2.51 g volatile solids (VS) l⁻¹ d⁻¹, of which approximately 90% were from FVW, and a hydraulic retention time of 10 days. It was observed that AW and WAS additions with a ratio of 10% VS enhanced biogas yield by 51.5% and 43.8% and total volatile solids removal by 10% and 11.7%, respectively. However FW addition led to improvement of the process stability, as indicated by the low VFAs/Alkalinity ratio of 0.28, and permitted anaerobic digestion of FVW without chemical alkali addition. Despite a considerable decrease in the C/N ratio from 34.2 to 27.6, the addition of FW slightly improved the gas production yield (8.1%) compared to anaerobic digestion of FVW alone. A C/N ratio between 22 and 25 seemed to be better for anaerobic co-digestion of FVW with its co-substrates. The most significant factor for enhanced FVW digestion performance was the improved organic nitrogen content provided by the additional wastes. Consequently, the occurrence of an imbalance between the different groups of anaerobic bacteria which may take place in unstable anaerobic digestion of FVW could be prevented.     

THE IMPACT OF HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION ON A NORTH FLORIDA WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT A 20 month study of some effects of highway construction on water quality was conducted during construction of Interstate 10 at Tallahassee, Florida. Highway construction resulted in significant increases in turbidity, suspended solids, total phosphorus, and dissolved silicon in downstream waters despite use of recommended procedures for erosion control. Highway construction did not result in significant increases in dissolved phosphorus or nitrogen.