南京城市西部遗产廊道规划

南京城市西部历史时期是城市的重要边界,现在逐渐演变成老城与新区之间的核心地带,成为公共活动的重要地区,保护其自然、文化遗产和生态环境具有非常重要的意义。在对其现状调查分析的基础上,梳理遗产点的历史概况、现状及其分布情况,提出规划遗产廊道的意义,探讨规划的具体思路,为南京遗产保护提供了新的视角。     

Evaluation of adsorption potential of adsorbents: a case of uptake of cationic dyes

Adsorption potential of a commercial activated carbon (FS300) has been evaluated for the uptake of cationic dyes namely methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RB). Though, there are numerous studies in literature which report the sorption of MB (more than 40 studies) and RB (more than 10), however none of these use a common parameter to report the capacity of the sorbent. A protocol, based on the equilibrium dye concentration has been proposed to measure the sorption potential of a sorbent. The Langmuir model can very well describe the experimental equilibrium data for both dyes (coefficient of correlation > 0.999). MB (Qm = 312.5 mg g(-1)) is more adsorbable than the RB (Qm = 144.9 mg g(-1)). Molecular weight and chemical structure of dye molecules seem to affect the dye uptake. The effect of pH on dye uptake has also been evaluated by varyingpH from 3 to 11. Uptake of MB increases with pH, wherein RB removal decreases with pH. Dyes could not be desorbed either by distilled water (0.06 and 0.11% for MB and RB respectively), or by 0.1 NHCl (0.136 and 3.0% for MB and RB respectively) indicating, chemical adsorption type of adsorbent-adsorbate interactions.     

Induction of metamorphosis of two species of sea urchin from Sea of Japan

The induction of metamorphosis in mature larvae by selected chemical compounds and natural substrata was investigated in two species of sea urchins from the Sea of Japan, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and Scaphechinus mirabilis. Glutamine in crystalline form was added directly to water containing mature larvae, and this compound, at a final concentration of 10 g ml^-1, was an inducer of metamorphosis in S. intermedius (100% activity) and S. mirabilis (50% activity). Gutamine, or its natural mimetic molecules, may be an active component of the exogenous cue that induces metamorphosis of S. intermedius larvae. This exogenous cue was produced by the epiphytic calcareous algae, Melobesia spp. that colonized the older sea grass Zostera marina. Glutamic acid was also used as an inducer of metamorphosis for S. intermedius and S. mirabilis larvae (50 to 60% activity), but it was toxic to the larvae.     

洞庭湖生态环境承载力分析

洞庭湖湖内冬枯水季节，有芦苇面积530km^2，草地面积800余km^2，泥滩地面积367km^2，天然水域面积约993km^2。湖洲之间隔水相望，河沟水系纵横交错，具“水浸皆湖，水落为洲”的地貌特征，呈现出支离破碎的形态面貌和典型的自然湿地景观。文章在大量调查的基础上，从自然和人文两个方面对洞庭湖的生态环境承载力或环境压力进行分析。     

利用回归分析确定降水入渗补给量

目前常用降水量乘以降水入渗补给系数的方法计算降水入渗补给量,此法不能表现降水特征、蒸发等因素对降水入渗补给的影响．为解决不同时间尺度、不同降水特征和蒸发情况下的降水入渗补给量,在分析郑州地下水均衡试验场地中渗透仪实测入渗量、降水和蒸发资料的基础上,利用均匀设计法选取最优的与降水入渗补给量关系密切的前期降水量和蒸发量的期次,然后利用回归分析建立各岩性和埋深的年、月和日尺度上的降水入渗函数,可以比较准确的计算降水入渗补给量．表3,参9．     

株洲市生态城市建设

概述了生态城市的特点、功能及世界生态城市的发展现状，分析了株洲城市经济发展情况及建设生态城市的必要性，在此基础上提出了株洲生态城市建设的措施。     

广东西部主要土壤的光谱特征

以广东省西部不同地区的三种不同类型的红土:赤红壤、黄壤、砖红壤为例,研究了这些红土土壤的光谱反射特性,进行了光谱波形特征及一些吸收波段特征的分析,对这三种土壤的光谱特征进行了对照比较,并且对土壤的各个剖面层的光谱差异进行了分析.结果表明,三种土壤其光谱特征基本相似,都是属于"陡坎型".氧化铁的吸收波段明显.并且整个波谱曲线的反射率都比较低.但是不同红土的光谱又有各自的特性.不同母岩发育的同一类土壤及其同一个土壤不同的剖面层都因为有机质、氧化铁等的含量不同其反射率曲线有一定的差异.玄武岩发育的砖红壤的反射率曲线比较平直些,曲线的反射率更低,这意味着玄武岩发育的砖红壤中比花岗岩等其他母质发育的赤红壤和黄壤富含更多的铁铝三氧化物.这些分析结果可能为这些类别红土的识别和分类提供诊断指标.     

施肥对落叶松人工林林地土壤肥力的可持续性的影响

以14年生和34年生落叶松人工林为研究对象，对该林分所在的白浆化暗棕壤林地进行施肥试验。设置了9个施肥处理和1个无肥对照，运用土壤生物和养分指标讨论了不同林龄落叶松人工林林地土壤肥力可持续性指数。结果表明：(1)不同施肥处理对土壤肥力可持续性指数影响不同；(2)同一施肥处理对不同林龄的土壤可持续性指数影响也不同；在林木生长最快的幼龄期施肥，提高土壤肥力可持续性指数的效果要明显高于在林木近熟期施肥；(3)施用有机肥有利于提高生物管理指数，单施化肥可增加土壤氮、磷的管理指数；(4)有机肥和化肥混施是提高林地土壤可持续性指数的最好施肥方式。     

贵州省水土流失中土壤侵蚀经济损失估值

利用环境经济学的基本原理和方法 ,针对贵州省土壤侵蚀严重的现状 ,选择了土壤侵蚀造成的N、P、K及泥沙滞留、淤积 5种实物型损失作为衡量土壤侵蚀经济损失的指标 ,从场内损失与场外损失 2个方面估算出贵州省土壤侵蚀经济损失的货币化结果 ,并把土壤侵蚀经济损失的货币化值与经济建设的主要指标进行对比 ,以反映贵州省土壤侵蚀经济损失的程度 ,并阐明了一些过去尚未弄清的有关土壤侵蚀经济损失方面的概念。     

Analysis of the current situation of environmental policy of China and establishment of distributed environmental policy framework

In this study, China’s current macro-environmental policies as well as their implementation and management tools are analyzed. By using the basic economic methodology, detailed studies are conducted focusing on the implementation effect of contemporary China’s typical environmental policy of the total pollutant discharge quantity control type, and also the two types of environmental management tools are compared from the perspective of implementation costs and policy uncertainty. By introduction of distributed management tools into the implementation of environmental policies, market-oriented means and the methods of economic analysis are introduced into environmental policy decision-making mechanisms, which could afford a new method for changing the current relatively low efficiency of environmental policy, solving the problem of “government failure” in environmental policy implementation, and providing a new way to make environmental policy system more flexible and more efficient. It is of great practical significance to solve China's current structural, complex and accumulative environmental problems.     

‘香玲’核桃试管苗生长条件的优化

为优化核桃试管苗生长条件,向核桃优良品种规模化栽培提供大量优良的种植材料,以‘香玲’核桃实生苗为材料,对基本培养基的类型(MS,DKW,WPM)和凝固剂种类(琼脂,Phytagel,二者结合)进行了筛选,并采用完全随机试验设计研究了细胞分裂素种类和浓度对其试管苗生长的影响.试验结果表明:基本培养基与凝固剂的种类,以及细胞分裂素的种类与浓度对芽苗生长的影响很大.以DKW为基本培养基,2.2 g/L Phytagel为凝固剂,激素配比为0.8 mg/L BA+0.01 mg/L IBA,有利于芽苗增殖,增殖可达4.70;后在0.8 mg/L KT+0.01 mg/L IBA进行壮苗,即可进行生根培养.不同基因型对基本培养基中无机盐成分的需求不同,含有较丰富矿物质的Phytagel有利于芽苗生长.BA促进腋芽的萌动和增殖,而KT则有利于壮苗.图4表3参22     

Effects of simulated deposition of dredged material on structure of nematode assemblages – the role of contamination

 Certain criteria must be satisfied before a licence for the deposition of dredged material at sea in UK waters is issued. These relate to the chemical quality of the material, the quantity to be disposed of, its nature and origin, and its predicted impacts at the disposal site. Although chemical analyses of dredgings provide an indication of the relative degrees of contamination, they do not provide a measure of any resultant biological effects. A laboratory experiment was therefore designed to investigate the effects of the degree of contamination and the role of burial associated with the deposition of dredged material on the meiofauna. Estuarine nematode assemblages were exposed to the simulated deposition of uncontaminated, oxic intertidal mud and anoxic sediments from the Mersey and the Tees estuaries, both of which were contaminated with heavy metals. The sediments, which differed little in terms of grain size, were deposited in two different frequencies. Nematodes showed a clear species-specific response to the experimental treatments, depending on the frequency of deposition and the chemical quality of the deposited material (e.g. metal and oxygen concentrations). The response of nematode assemblages was mainly determined by the deposition frequency rather than the type of sediment or the degree of contamination. The deposition of sediment in one large dose at the beginning of the experiment caused more severe changes in assemblage structure than the same quantity deposited in several smaller doses. Although lower than in uncontaminated mud, relatively high migration and survival rates in the contaminated high-frequency treatments were observed. This may have been due to reduced bioavailability of metals and the tolerance of estuarine nematodes to both metal contamination and the deposition of small sediment volumes at regular intervals. The observed trends demonstrate the potential of small-scale laboratory experiments for testing the quality of contaminated dredged material at the licensing stage, i.e. prior to the issue of a disposal licence. Received: 11 February 2000 / Accepted: 26 June 2000     

基于RS和GIS的嫩江下游土地沙漠化景观格局变化特征分析

以2004、2008年的MODIS数据为主要数据源,在ArcGIS 9.0、ERDAS IMAGE 9.0等软件支持下,利用FRAGSTATS软件分析土地沙漠化的景观格局变化.结果表明,研究区域沙漠化土地以轻度和中度沙漠化土地为主;各景观要素的边缘密度和斑块密度呈现一致性的减少,表明斑块形状趋向简单,景观整体破碎化程度降低,边缘效应影响减小;除水域景观外,其他景观要素的形状指数和分维数都呈现一致性的下降,表明整体景观的形状都向着简单化和稳定性方向发展,各景观要素的散布与并列指数和聚集度指数都呈现一致性的增加,反映出各要素斑块趋向大型化发展,景观整体连接度增强,破碎化程度降低,景观相互作用和空间关系增强.     

Effects of contrasting modes of larval development on the genetic structures of populations of three species of prosobranch gastropods

 In south-eastern Australia, the prosobranch gastropods Morula marginalba (Blainville), Cominella lineolata (Lamarck) and Bedeva hanleyi (Angas) have similar fine-scale distributions, but appear to possess very different dispersal capabilities due to contrasting modes of larval development. M.marginalba produce planktonic larvae, whereas C. lineolata and B. hanleyi undergo direct development in benthic egg capsules and emerge as crawling juveniles. To test for possible effects of contrasting life histories on levels of genetic variation within and among populations, a survey was conducted of allozyme variation at six polymorphic loci in 8 to 9 local populations of each species. Collections of snails were made between June 1992 and November 1993. Sampling ranges spanned between 162 and 180 km of coast. Regardless of larval type, proportions of single-locus genotypes in each collection were consistent with the recruitment of offspring which had been generated through random mating. However, genotypic diversity was lower in those species that undergo direct development. Loci surveyed in C. lineolata and B. hanleyi were polymorphic (i.e. frequency of most common allele <95%) in fewer populations than those examined for M.␣marginalba (P <0.001) and, where polymorphisms occurred, also possessed significantly fewer alleles (P <0.001). Consequently, average levels of expected heterozygosity were greater in populations of M. marginalba than in those of either of the other species (P <0.001). Genetic variation among populations, expressed as the standardised variance in allele frequencies (F _ST ), was inversely related to expected larval dispersal capability. The nine collections of M. marginalba showed little overall differentiation (F _ST  = 0.017; P <0.001), reflecting the ability of planktonic larvae to interconnect local populations, and so limit divergence due to drift and natural selection. In contrast, there were high levels of allelic heterogeneity among the nine collections of C. lineolata (F _ST  = 0.523; P <0.001) and eight collections of B. hanleyi (F _ST  = 0.140; P <0.001). These data imply that for species which undergo direct development, local populations are effectively closed and evolve largely independent of one another. Received: 3 May 1996 / Accepted: 12 July 1996     

Settlement-competency periods of larvae of three species of scleractinian corals

The pattern of settlement over time of three broadcast spawning coral species (Cyphastrea serailia, Acanthastrea lordhowensis, and Goniastrea australensis) from the Solitary Islands (30°00′S; 153°20′E) was studied in 1995 and 1996 in order to determine the maximum length of time these larvae could remain in the water column and still retain the ability to settle and metamorphose. Larvae were maintained in aquaria and the number which had settled on biologically-conditioned tile pairs was monitored every 5 to 10 d. While the majority of larvae settled quickly after becoming competent, some larvae survived and settled for extended periods after spawning. Competency periods ranged from 26 d for C. serailia to 56 d for G. australensis and 78 d for A. lordhowensis. These data greatly extend the known competency periods for larvae of broadcast-spawning corals and indicate the potential for transport of broadcast-spawned coral larvae over large distances. Medium to long-distance larval dispersal of the species studied provides a mechanism for their widespread distribution in subtropical regions, on reefs which are often widely spaced and relatively isolated. Received: 27 May 1997 / Accepted: 27 November 1997     

Sampling biological characteristics of krill: Effect of heterogeneous nature of swarms

An effect of the very patchy distribution of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana) in various forms of aggregation is that a single swarm may not provide an unbiased estimate of population parameters such as mean length of krill in the local area. Here, we analyse the number of samples required to estimate the characteristics of a local population as precisely as if there were no differences between krill swarms in terms of their biological composition. Krill were intensively sampled over different spatial and temporal scales around South Georgia in 1981 and 1982, and in the Bransfield Strait in 1985. These varied from replicate hauls at a single station over 24 h and repeat sampling in restricted areas over periods of 6 to 14 d to regional surveys around South Georgia and in the Bransfield Strait. Various biological characteristics were measured such as length, maturity, moult stage and feeding state. Depending upon the biological characteristic examined and the area covered by the sampling programme, the number of samples needed to obtain the same degree of precision as would be found in the absence of heterogeneity varied from 3 to > 80 samples. This has important implications for the design of net-sampling programme for monitoring krill populations.     

Physicochemical fingerprinting of thermal waters of Beira Interior region of Portugal

Mineral natural waters and spas have been used for therapeutic purposes for centuries, with Portugal being a very rich country in thermal waters and spas that are mainly distributed by northern and central regions where Beira Interior region is located. The use of thermal waters for therapeutic purposes has always been aroused a continuous interest, being dependent on physicochemical fingerprinting of this type of waters the indication for a treatment in a specific pathological condition. In the present work, besides a literature review about the physicochemical composition of the thermal waters of the Beira Interior region and its therapeutic indications, it was carried out an exhaustive multivariate analysis—principal component analysis and cluster analysis—to assess the correlation between different physicochemical parameters and the therapeutic indications claims described for these spas and thermal waters. These statistical methods used for data analysis enables classification of thermal waters compositions into different groups, regarding to the different variable selected, making possible an interpretation of variables affecting water compositions. Actually, Monfortinho and Longroiva are clearly quite different of the others, and Cró and Fonte Santa de Almeida appear together in all analysis, suggesting a strong resemblance between these waters. Thereafter, the results obtained allow us to demonstrate the role of major components of the studied thermal waters on a particular therapeutic purpose/indication and hence based on compositional and physicochemical properties partially explain their therapeutic qualities and beneficial effects on human health. This classification agreed with the results obtained for the therapeutic indications approved by the Portuguese National Health Authority and proved to be a valuable tool for the regional typology of mineral medicinal waters, constituting an important guide of the therapeutic armamentarium for well and specific-oriented pathological disturbs.     

pH和添加有机物料对3种酸性土壤中磷吸附-解吸的影响

研究了pH和添加有机物料对红壤、砖红壤和水稻土中磷吸附-解吸的影响。结果表明,砖红壤和水稻土中磷的吸附量和解吸量均随pH的升高而降低,pH对红壤中磷吸附和解吸的影响很小。土壤阳离子交换量(CEC),铁、铝氧化物含量和有机质含量是影响磷吸附的主要因素。红壤的CEC和有机质含量很低,铁、铝氧化物含量高,因而对磷的吸附量最高。砖红壤和水稻土CEC较高,土壤表面对磷的排斥作用较大,而且较高含量的有机质覆盖了土壤表面的磷吸附位,因此这2种土壤对磷的吸附量低于红壤。添加稻草并进行恒温培养可使红壤和水稻土对磷的吸附量显著减少,但对砖红壤中磷吸附的影响较小。添加稻草使土壤磷的解吸量和解吸率增加,从而增加了土壤中吸附性磷的活性。     

高速公路绿化综合效益评价体系

高速公路绿化效益的高低是衡量绿化工程质量优劣的关键因素,而缺乏成熟、规范的高速公路绿化综合效益评价体系是导致高速公路绿化失败的主要原因。通过对现有绿化效益评价方法进行总结与分析,发现层次分析法(AHP)是评价高速公路绿化综合效益科学合理的方法。本研究拟采用AHP法,采用专家调查论证的方式,建立了评价指标体系及各层次相关元素的权重值,构建绿化效益评价的基础模型,实现对不同高速公路、同一高速公路的不同路域、不同植物配置模式等的综合绿化效益的评价及比较,促进绿化质量的提高。使高速公路绿化工程建设管理走向规范化。     

竹林挥发物主要成分对疾患动物模型生理代谢指标的影响

食诱方法造模制备高脂血症SD大鼠模型,考察了α-蒎烯模拟物-松节油对造模高血脂症SD大鼠血脂代谢指标的影响,以期对竹林释放的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)的保健、疾疗效果进行科学评价.结果表明,在实验浓度范围内,α-蒎烯模拟物-松节油对高脂血症SD大鼠的体重无显著影响;能降低其血清总胆固醇和甘油三酯并表现出数量依赖关系,...