添加羟基磷灰石对土壤铅吸附与解吸特性的影响

采用羟基磷灰石对四种不同类型的土壤进行铅的吸附-解吸试验.结果表明:四种土壤对铅的吸附均可用Langmuir和Freundlich方程进行描述,土壤中加入羟基磷灰石明显增加了土壤对铅的吸附量和吸附亲和力,同时降低了土壤中铅的解吸百分数,在偏酸性的红壤上表现更为明显,其最大吸附量增加28%.羟基磷灰石对铅吸附的反应机理可能与磷灰石溶解后与铅形成磷酸盐沉淀及其对铅的表面吸附作用有关.土壤对铅的吸附量及吸附亲和力与土壤的有机质、阳离子交换量及粘粒含量有显著正相关,而与土壤砂粒的含量呈负相关.     

包气带不同深度土壤对甲苯和三氯乙烯的吸附研究

采用批实验研究了华北平原地下水中检出率较高的三氯乙烯和甲苯在沿污水河包气带不同深度土壤中的吸附情况。从3个地点分析结果来看,其中有机碳（OC）的质量分数均较低（最高为1.01%）。在河床和近河处土壤对甲苯和三氯乙烯的吸附总体上呈现出浅部土壤吸附性强的特点。在实验浓度范围内,土壤中无机矿物对有机污染物（特别是三氯乙烯）的表面吸附扮演了重要角色。土壤对甲苯的吸附表现出了强烈的非线性,而对三氯乙烯的吸附表现出了良好的线性关系。甲苯的吸附与土壤有机碳质量分数的关系要比三氯乙烯更密切,这说明了吸附作用过程与有机化合物的分子结构、疏水性等方面的性质也有关系。     

土壤与沉积物对多环芳烃类有机物的吸附作用

吸附作用是疏水性有机物在土壤和沉积物环境中的重要迁移转化行为之一。多环芳烃是环境中一种重要的疏水性有机污染物。文章着重阐述了多环芳烃类有机物在土壤和沉积物中有机质和粘土矿物吸附机理，指出土壤、沉积物有机质的结构异质性是导致非线形吸附的重要原因；分析了影响多环芳烃吸附过程的诸多因素，并提出该研究领域存在的问题以及今后发展的方向。     

Sorption of tetracycline to sediments and soils: assessing the roles of pH,the presence of cadmium and properties of sediments and soils

Batch sorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the sorption behavior of tetracycline (TC, H₃L) on sediments and soils in the presence and absence of cadmium (Cd), as affected by pH and properties of sediments and soils. The results indicated stronger nonlinearity and higher capacity of TC sorption on sediments than on soils. Sorption of TC also strongly depended on environmental factors and sediment/soil properties. Lower pH facilitated TC sorption through a cation exchange mechanism, which also took place at pH values above 5.5, where TC existed as a zwitterion (H₂L⁰) or anions (HL^- and L^2-). When pH was above 7, however, ligand-promoted dissolution of TC might occur due to TC weakening the Al-O bond of aluminum oxide and the Fe-O bond of iron oxide. Natural organic matter (NOM) plays a more important role in TC sorption than cation exchange capacity (CEC) and clay contents. The presence of Cd (II) increased TC sorption on both sediments and soils, which resulted from the decrease of equilibrium solution pH caused by Cd²⁺ exchange with H⁺ ions of sediment/soil surfaces. The increase of TC sorption was also related to the formation of TC-Cd complexes, where Cd²⁺ acted as a bridge between the sediment/soil and TC.     

改性土壤对模拟含硝基苯废水的吸附

研究了季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂四甲基铵离子（TMA）和十六烷基三甲基铵离子（HDTMA）改性的土壤（黑土、黄棕壤、红壤）对水中硝基苯的吸附作用。结果表明：改性土壤和改性土壤均能吸附水中的硝基苯。但改性土壤对水中硝基苯的吸附能力明显高于未改性土壤。改必土壤吸附硝基苯能力的顺序为1CEC－HDTMA黑土＞1CEC－HDTMA黄棕壤＞0．7 CEC－HDTMA黄棕壤＞1 CEC－HDTMA红壤＞0．7 CEC－HDTMA红壤＞1 CEC－TMA黄棕壤＞1 CEC－TMA红壤。未改性土壤和HDTMA改性土壤对硝基苯的吸附通过分配来进行，吸附等温线可用Henry方程表示，其lgKSOM为2．27，lgKHDTMA为2．87。     

多环芳烃在全土及其碱提残余物上的吸附行为

以菲和芘为代表性化合物,采用8种有机质含量不同的天然全土样品及其碱提残余物进行吸附实验,并利用不同吸附模型进行数据拟合,藉以探讨有机质含量对土壤吸附行为的影响.结果表明,Freundlich吸附模型的非线性指数n都小于1,显示全土和碱提残余物在多环芳烃的吸附过程中表现出非线性特征.菲和芘的吸附行为随土壤有机质含量不同而变化,碱提残余物的吸附能力强于全土,两者吸附行为的差异主要归因于土壤有机质含量和性状的区别.     

除草剂苯噻草胺在土壤中的吸附

对除草剂苯噻草胺在6种不同土壤中的吸附行为进行了研究。结果表明，土壤对苯噻草胺有较强的吸附性。在试验浓度范围内，苯噻草胺的土壤吸附行为可用线性吸附模型表征。土壤有机质是影响苯噻草胺吸附行为的重要因素，其吸附系数有随土壤有机质含量增高而增大的趋势。通过在线性吸附系数（Kd)和土壤有机质含量（OM％）之间构建的回归方程：Kd=2.6120 OM% 1.0746，可以预测苯噻草胺的Kd值，其预测的可靠性通过蒙特卡洛模拟得以检验。     

广东山地丘陵土壤的特性

广东山地丘陵面积约占总面积的70％,山地丘陵在广东经济发展中占有重要地位。本文根据长达5年的南方山区土壤资源考察及前人的研究成果,论述了广东山地丘陵土壤中有机质、全氮、颗粒组成、代换性能、矿质营养元素和土壤水分等的特点。建议根据山地土壤资源的优势和生态系统的脆弱性,实行保护性开发、建立良性人工生态系统,因地制宜,因土种植,合理施肥和实行人工灌溉等土壤水分的调控措施。     

The effects of soil properties and temperature on the adsorption isotherms of lead on some temperate and semiarid surface soils of Iran

Sorption of metal ions by soil and clay minerals is a complex process involving different mechanisms, and controlled by different variables that can interact. The aim of this work was to study the retention mechanisms of Pb ions on different soil samples. Surface soils were sampled from Guilan and Hamadan provinces in north and northwest of Iran with temperate and semiarid climates. The adsorption isotherms of Pb on the soils have been studied at 15, 27 and 37°C. The adsorption data for different soils were fitted into Langmuir and Freundlich models. Temperate soil samples had higher clay content, cation exchange capacity, dichromate (oxidable) organic carbon, total Kjeldahl-nitrogen, biological activity, amorphous and crystalline Fe and Al, but semiarid soil samples had higher sand content, pH, equivalent calcium carbonate, available P and K. Lead adsorption data obtained from semiarid soils against those obtained from temperate soils were better fitted in both Langmuir and Freundlich models. Langmuir constants Q ₀ for Pb adsorption in semiarid soils were considerably lower than those for Pb adsorption in temperate soils. However, the binding energy (K _L) of Pb and Freundlich constant n were higher for data of semiarid soils. The effect of temperature on the Pb adsorption was positive especially in temperate soils; however, soil properties had higher effects on Pb adsorption.     

Individual-based modelling of carbon and nitrogen dynamics in soils: Parameterization and sensitivity analysis of microbial components

The fate of soil carbon and nitrogen compounds in soils in response to climate change is currently the object of significant research. In particular, there is much interest in the development of a new generation of micro-scale models of soil ecosystems processes. Crucial to the elaboration of such models is the ability to describe the growth and metabolism of small numbers of individual microorganisms, distributed in a highly heterogeneous environment. In this context, the key objective of the research described in this article was to further develop an individual-based soil organic matter model, INDISIM-SOM, first proposed a few years ago, and to assess its performance with a broader experimental data set than previously considered. INDISIM-SOM models the dynamics and evolution of carbon and nitrogen associated with organic matter in soils. The model involves a number of state variables and parameters related to soil organic matter and microbial activity, including growth and decay of microbial biomass, temporal evolutions of easily hydrolysable N, mineral N in ammonium and nitrate, CO₂ and O₂. The present article concentrates on the biotic components of the model. Simulation results demonstrate that the model can be calibrated to provide good fit to experimental data from laboratory incubation experiments performed on three different types of Mediterranean soils. In addition, analysis of the sensitivity toward its biotic parameters shows that the model is far more sensitive to some parameters, i.e., the microbial maintenance energy and the probability of random microbial death, than to others. These results suggest that, in the future, research should focus on securing better measurements of these parameters, on environmental determinants of the switch from active to dormant states, and on the causes of random cell death in soil ecosystems.     

雄烯二酮在我国典型土壤中的吸附特性

采用批吸附室内模拟实验研究了雄烯二酮在我国红壤、潮土、黑土3种典型土壤中的吸附特征,以及牛粪溶解态有机质(DOM)对土壤吸附雄烯二酮的影响。结果表明,雄烯二酮在土壤中吸附动力学符合Elovch方程(R20.89),热力学特征可通过Freundlich等温吸附方程(R20.83)描述,土壤对雄烯二酮的吸附呈非线性吸附特征,其中潮土吸附等温线的非线性最强(n=0.37);吸附系数K f介于6.0~20.2,并与有机质含量呈显著正相关(p0.05)。雄烯二酮浓度较低时,共存牛粪DOM抑制其在土壤表面的吸附作用。研究认为,有机质是土壤吸附雄烯二酮的主要组分,共存牛粪DOM可促进雄烯二酮向地表水和地下水的迁移。     

多氯联苯在土壤中的吸附规律及其影响因素研究

为了建立定量描述土壤中多氯联苯（PCBs）迁移规律的数学模型,以采自现代黄河三角洲地区的土壤为研究对象,针对类二噁英类多氯联苯PCB81及阻转类多氯联苯PCB95在土壤中的吸附行为进行了研究,获得了其吸附等温方程并分析了土壤有机质含量、颗粒组成、pH、矿物质含量等特性参数对吸附量的影响。结果表明,PCBs在土壤中的吸附行为符合Langmuir吸附等温方程;PCBs的吸附量与土壤中有机质含量和土壤粘粒含量呈正相关关系,与土壤pH值及土壤矿物质含量无明显相关关系。     

Distribution and possible immobilization of lead in a forest soil (Luvisol) profile*

Geochemical analyses using a sequential extraction method and lead adsorption studies were carried out in order to characterize the distribution and adsorption of lead on each genetic horizon of a Luvisol profile developed on a pelagic clayey aleurolite. Clay illuviation is the most important pedogenic process in the profile studied. Its clay mineralogy is characterized by chlorite/vermiculite species with increasing chlorite component downward. The amount of carbonate minerals strongly increases in the lower part of the profile resulting in an abrupt rise in soil pH within a small distance. The Pb content of the soil profile exceeds the natural geochemical background only in the Ao horizon, and its amount decreases with depth in the profile without correcting for differences in bulk density, suggesting the binding of Pb to soil organic matter. According to the sequential extraction analysis the organic matter and carbonate content of the soil have the most significant effect on lead distribution. This effect varies in the different soil horizons. Lead adsorption experiments were carried out on whole soil samples, soil clay fractions, as well as on their carbonate and organic matter free variant. The different soil horizons adsorb lead to different extents depending on their organic matter, clay mineral and carbonate content; and the mineralogical features of soil clays significantly affect their lead adsorption capacity. The clay fraction adsorbs 25 more lead than the whole soil, while in the calcareous subsoil a significant proportion of lead is precipitated due to the alkaline conditions. 10 and 5 of adsorbed Pb can be leached with distilled water in the organic matter and clay mineral dominated soil horizons, respectively. These results suggest that soil organic matter plays a decisive role in the adsorption of Pb, but the fixation by clay minerals is stronger.*This study was presented at the 20th European SEGH conference in Debrecen, Hungary, 2002.     

Adsorption and desorption of steroid hormones on saline soil

● Organic matter content significantly affected adsorption of E2/EE2 on saline soil. ● EE2 possessed higher competition intensity for adsorption sites than E2. ● The adsorption of E2/EE2 on saline soil was a spontaneous exothermic process. ● Desorption capacity of EE2/E2 accounted for 40%/78% of the total adsorption capacity. Soil organic matter content was the main driving factor affecting adsorption and desorption process of 17β-estradiol (E2) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2) on saline soil. The adsorption and desorption of E2 and EE2 on three saline soils showed the similar behavior that soil with the highest organic content possessed the highest adsorption capacity and the lowest desorption capacity for E2 and EE2. The adsorption capacity of untreated soil samples (with organic matter) was larger than that of soil samples without organic matter. For soil with the largest adsorption capacity, adsorption capacity of E2/EE2 on the untreated soil and soil colloid (with organic matter) respectively reached 0.15/0.30 μg/g and 0.16/0.33 μg/g while the soil and soil colloid without organic matter hardly adsorbed pollutants. The adsorption capacity of E2/EE2 at the initial concentration of 100 μg/L was 25/15 times higher than that at the initial concentration of 5 μg/L. E2 and EE2 had the same adsorption sites on saline soil while EE2 possessed higher competition intensity for adsorption sites than E2. Pseudo-first-order model (R² = 0.995–0.986) and Langmuir model (R² = 0.989–0.999) could better fit the adsorption process of E2 or EE2. The thermodynamic study further showed that the adsorption of E2/EE2 on saline soil was a spontaneous exothermic process. The desorption capacity of EE2/E2 accounted for 40%/78% of the total adsorption capacity to possibly exert potential risk to the groundwater. The variation of the salinity led to the variation of soil organic carbon which subsequently changed the adsorption and desorption behaviors of endocrine disrupting chemicals in coastal saline soil. This study provides a new insight on the interfacial behavior of endocrine disrupting chemicals on saline soil.     

Sorption of heavy metals in strongly weathered soils: an overview

Current knowledge of sorption processes in tropical soils is reviewed. Landscapes throughout the tropics are dominated by oxisols which occupy extensive areas of potentially highly productive soils. These soils are dominated by low-activity sesquioxide minerals and clays that have variable charge surfaces. The limited information on tropical soils available suggests that the composition of the ambient soil solution can influence sorption through changes in particle surface-charge density. Thus the observed decrease in sorption in the presence of divalent index cations may be related to the effect of ionic charge on the double-layer thickness which is manifested through a change in surface-charge characteristics. However, much work needs to be done to differentiate the effect of cation charge on surface-charge density from the competitive effect between the index cation and heavy-metal ions for the sorption sites. The effects of inorganic and organic ligands on adsorption of Cd by variable charge surfaces are also reviewed.     

南岳森林土壤的研究——Ⅱ.化学性状和土壤有机质

本文介绍了南岳森林土壤与母岩的化学性状,以了解气候和植被对土壤的影响;介绍了土壤有机质的作用、含量、分布;讨论了影响土壤有机质含量的因素并给出了循环模型。     

土壤和沉积物中非水解有机碳对菲的吸附

采用改进的酸水解方法对土壤和沉积物中的有机质组分进行了分离和提取,用固体13C核磁共振（13CNMR）表征了非水解有机碳（NHC）,同时研究了不同有机质组分对菲的吸附行为,结果表明,菲的吸附等温线都呈现出明显的非线性,能很好地拟合Freundlich方程;而且NHC和碳黑（BC）比其原始和去矿样品的吸附容量都有明显提高.这些结果揭示了NHC和BC主要控制着菲在土壤和沉积物中的吸附行为.沉积物及其NHC对菲的吸附容量要高于土壤及其NHC,这与土壤和沉积物中有机质的不同来源有关.     

铜陵矿区土壤中镉存在形态及生物有效性

采取Tessier连续提取法，研究铜陵矿区不同功能区表层土壤中镉的化学形态分布和生物有效性。结果表明，各种土壤中的镉含量全部高于地区背景值，主要来源与矿业活动有关，部分样品还有矿体的风化富集叠加，土壤镉污染指数PCd为1．15～79。镉含量依次为矿体风化土壤→废矿堆下垫土→市郊菜地土→矿区铜草土、路边土和稻田土→其它土壤。其形态分布，酸性土壤中以Fe-Mn氧化态和可交换态为主，其余三态相对较低；碱性土壤中有机态和残渣态比例较高，碳酸盐态和可交换态所占的比例低。土壤中生物可利用态镉的含量较高，占土壤总镉的60．20%-98．3％，生物不可利用态仅占1．7％-39．2％。     

南岳森林土壤的研究——Ⅰ.基本特点和土壤紧实度

本文介绍了南岳的自然条件以及森林土壤的基本特点如酸碱度、土壤含水量、比重、浸水容重、质地、有机质、有效氮、速效磷、速效钾等情况。作者首次应用定量方法即回归分析研究了土壤紧实度与土壤层次、结构及其有机质含量的关系,还讨论了土壤侵蚀和人畜践踏对土壤紧实度的影响。     

Fenton氧化处理对土壤中芘的生物可利用性的影响

研究发现蚯蚓吸收土壤中污染物芘的速率很快,10 d后蚯蚓体内富集污染物浓度基本达到稳定态;土壤中的有机质是影响污染物迁移的重要因素,土壤有机质的含量越高对芘滞留(吸附)能力越强,蚯蚓富集芘的量越低,蚯蚓富集到体内污染物的浓度越低.这也说明土壤对污染物的吸附/解吸行为决定了土壤中污染物的生态风险;氧化处理降低了土壤中的有机质含量,改变土壤有机质的组成,氧化处理也降低了土壤中被吸附污染物芘对蚯蚓的生物有效性.