镉胁迫对苎麻(Boehmeria nivea)根系及叶片抗氧化系统的影响

镉(Cd)是非必需和毒性最强的重金属元素之一,不合理的开发利用可导致土壤受到Cd的严重污染,严重危及土壤环境或水环境。以苎麻为材料,采用模拟镉(Cd)污染盆栽培养法,选择21 d和49 d等2个不同胁迫期,测定不同浓度Cd2+胁迫下苎麻根系与叶片中渗透调节物质含量、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及根系活力的变化。结果表明,高浓度胁迫49 d后,苎麻根系中的渗透调节物质含量明显高于叶片含量,且极显著高于对照,并在240 mg·L~(-1)Cd处理下出现最高值;胁迫49 d时,根系与叶片的渗透调节物质含量与Cd2+浓度极显著正相关。在2个不同胁迫周期,苎麻根系的SOD与POD活性均明显高于叶片;在胁迫21 d时,根系的CAT活性低于叶片,而胁迫49 d后,则明显高于叶片;胁迫21 d时,苎麻根系与叶片的抗氧化酶活性均较胁迫49 d要高;胁迫49 d时,根系POD活性与Cd2+浓度呈极显著正相关,表明根系POD酶在抗氧化酶中占主导地位。不同胁迫时长下苎麻根系或叶片的MDA含量变化趋势不明显,但根系或叶片受胁迫21 d后的MDA含量随Cd2+浓度增加的波动相对受胁迫49 d后的更明显,表明植物早期生理功能出现暂时性的修复。2个不同胁迫周期内,不同浓度镉胁迫下苎麻的根系活力均比对照组下降。研究显示,苎麻根系与叶片对镉胁迫的应答机制不同,且在不同胁迫时间下的响应机理差异较大,根系表现出更强的耐受能力。     

镉胁迫对续断菊Sonchus asper L.Hill.根系分泌物的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同Cd质量分数(0、50、100、200 mg.kg-1)对续断菊Sonchus asper L.Hill.根系分泌总有机酸、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖的影响,旨在探明根系分泌物对续断菊超积累Cd的影响。结果表明:Cd胁迫下续断菊根系分泌总有机酸、游离氨基酸和可溶性糖的质量浓度显著增加,同时,总有机酸、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸又促进了植株对Cd的吸收。随着Cd处理质量分数的增加,续断菊地上部和根部镉质量分数显著增加,90 d时续断菊地上部镉质量分数与可溶性糖、游离氨基酸的质量浓度呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.999(P<0.01)和0.995(P<0.01),根部镉质量分数与可溶性糖、游离氨基酸的质量浓度也呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.998(P<0.01)和0.987(P<0.05);Cd对续断菊根系可溶性糖的分泌、游离氨基酸的合成有刺激作用,根系分泌的可溶性糖和游离氨基酸可能在续断菊累积镉的过程中有重要作用。     

镉胁迫下油菜毛状根的生理响应及铁钾含量

利用液体悬浮培养法研究不同镉(Cd)浓度(0、25、50、100、200和400μmol/L)胁迫下油菜毛状根的生理响应及对铁钾含量的影响,探究油菜毛状根对镉胁迫的耐受与富集能力.结果显示:(1)低镉浓度(100μmol/L以下)对毛状根的生长无显著影响,高镉浓度(100μmol/L以上)下毛状根的生长则受到明显的抑制,25μmol/L镉胁迫7 d时毛状根的鲜重最大(4.34 g).(2)油菜毛状根中活性氧(ROS)的含量随着镉浓度的增加而上升,根中主要抗氧化酶(超氧化物酶SOD、过氧化物酶POD、过氧化氢酶CAT)的活性在镉胁迫1 d时,表现出先降低后升高的趋势;镉胁迫7 d时,表现出先升高后降低的趋势.(3)碘化丙啶PI染色与丙二醛MDA分析表明,根细胞的损伤随着镉浓度的增加越发严重.(4)油菜毛状根中的镉含量随着培养基中镉浓度的增加而增加,400μmol/L、7 d时,达到最大值2.97 mg/g.毛状根中的铁含量在镉胁迫1 d时随着镉浓度的增加显著上升,最大值达到14.52 mg/g;镉胁迫7 d时没有明显变化.镉胁迫7 d时毛状根中的钾含量是镉胁迫1 d时(15.73 mg/g)的1.6倍.本研究结果表明,油菜毛状根对镉胁迫的生理响应变化与镉的作用浓度和时间相关;同时镉胁迫造成了毛状根中铁、钾元素代谢紊乱,但油菜毛状根对镉有较好的富集效果.     

镉胁迫对水稻生长发育的影响及伤流液与稻米镉含量的相关性研究

立足于我国水稻受镉污染的实际情况,研究镉胁迫对水稻生长发育的影响,并探讨伤流液镉含量与稻米镉含量之间的关系,为镉污染地区稻米安全生产提供数据支持和科学指导。采用营养液培育试验方法,选择中嘉早17和泰优390两个水稻品种,设置CK(0μg·L~(-1))、Cd10(10μg·L~(-1))、Cd50(50μg·L~(-1))、Cd200(200μg·L~(-1))、Cd500(500μg·L~(-1))和Cd1000(1 000μg·L~(-1)) 6个Cd浓度处理,分析不同浓度镉胁迫对水稻生长发育的影响以及各部位镉含量与糙米镉含量的相关性。结果表明,与CK相比,ρ(Cd)≤10μg·L~(-1)处理对水稻生长有促进作用,但未达显著水平(P0. 05),当ρ(Cd)10μg·L~(-1)时有抑制作用,Cd浓度越高,抑制作用越明显。水稻各部位镉含量随着镉胁迫浓度的增大而增大,伤流液中镉含量增加幅度与各部位变化趋于一致。伤流液镉含量与糙米镉含量之间存在极显著正相关(P0. 01),且在分蘖期伤流液镉含量能较好地用于预测水稻镉毒害程度。     

镉胁迫下柳树5个无性系生理特性的变化

柳树(Salix)以其自己特有的生物学特性,对环境Cd污染具有一定的吸收蓄积能力.以5个金丝柳无性系为材料,用盆栽方法研究了镉胁迫对柳树生理特性的影响,以主成分分析法分析7个生理指标的重要性,并以隶属函数法评价了金丝柳5个无性系镉耐性的强弱.研究结果表明,在10～150 mg.kg-1镉胁迫范围内,金丝柳5个无性系生理变化程度不同,但变化规律基本一致.在Cd胁迫下,金丝柳各无性系植株生长受到抑制;叶绿素质量分数降低;叶片细胞膜透性和游离脯氨酸积累量增加,丙二醛和可溶性蛋白质量分数降低.主成分分析表明本试验中选取的5个成分在评价柳树Cd耐性方面有重要作用,它们分别是地径生长率、叶绿素质量分数、MDA质量分数、脯氨酸质量分数和可溶性蛋白质量分数.用隶属函数法以评定金丝柳5个无性系Cd耐性的强弱顺序为4号＞6号＞5号＞7号＞2号.     

类芦根系抗氧化酶和植物螯合肽对Cd、Pb胁迫的应答

类芦(Neyraudiarey naudiana)是中国南方金属矿区最为常见的耐性植物,且能大量富集重金属,是修复重金属污染的潜能植物。为研究其对重金属胁迫的应答机制,采用营养液培养的方法研究了不同浓度(0、25、50、100μmol·L~(-1))Cd、Pb处理24 h后,类芦根系氧化损伤、抗氧化酶活性和非蛋白巯基化合物含量的变化。结果表明,在Cd、Pb胁迫下,类芦根系H_2O_2和O_2~(·-)含量显著增加,且伴随有MDA含量的升高,当Cd、Pb浓度为100μmol·L~(-1)时,MDA分别达到6.72和16.12nmol·g~(-1),发生膜脂质过氧化,造成植物氧化损伤。Pb胁迫下,SOD,POD活性随着处理浓度的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势;Cd胁迫下SOD活性变化趋势与Pb胁迫的相似,而POD活性呈下降趋势。根系非蛋白巯基化合物含量检测显示,Cd、Pb处理下,GSH和PCs均呈先增加后下降的趋势。综合分析得出,类芦根系对不同重金属的不同浓度胁迫响应不一,其能通过调节抗氧化酶活性和植物螯合肽等的合成水平,降低重金属的毒性及其对植物的伤害,从而维持自身的稳态。     

镉胁迫对银条内镉残留及其品质的影响

为探索重金属Cd对银条（Stachys floridana Schuttl.ex Benth.）地下茎品质的影响及其Cd残留情况,将银条地下茎在经消毒的沙子中发芽生长,并浇灌改良Hoagland营养液,待银条长到第一朵花的花蕾出现时,对生长状况良好的银条按一定周期浇灌不同质量浓度的Cd^2＋（CdCl2分析纯）,以不施镉为对照,两个月成熟后采其地下茎进行品质测定,并利用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定经消解的样品中Cd的含量。实验结果表明,随着Cd胁迫质量浓度的增加,可溶性糖、可滴定酸、可溶性蛋白含量逐渐降低,呈负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.984 9^＊＊、-0.991 2^＊＊和-0.893 3^＊＊,其含量分别为对照的58.40%、57.56%和75.68%;可溶性固形物、维生素C含量呈先稍微上升然后再下降的趋势,而粗纤维的含量则逐渐升高,但数值变化不是很明显;Cd在地下茎中的残留随着Cd胁迫质量浓度的增加而升高,且各处理与对照呈极显著差异,并与国家蔬菜卫生标准相比,Cd含量严重超标,在250 mg·L^-1的Cd质量浓度下其残留是国家标准的16.46倍。     

镉胁迫对续断菊Sonchus asper L.Hill.根系分泌物的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同Cd质量分数（0、50、100、200 mg.kg-1）对续断菊Sonchus asper L.Hill.根系分泌总有机酸、游离氨基酸、可溶性糖的影响,旨在探明根系分泌物对续断菊超积累Cd的影响。结果表明：Cd胁迫下续断菊根系分泌总有机酸、游离氨基酸和可溶性糖的质量浓度显著增加,同时,总有机酸、可溶性糖和游离氨基酸又促进了植株对Cd的吸收。随着Cd处理质量分数的增加,续断菊地上部和根部镉质量分数显著增加,90 d时续断菊地上部镉质量分数与可溶性糖、游离氨基酸的质量浓度呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.999（P〈0.01）和0.995（P〈0.01）,根部镉质量分数与可溶性糖、游离氨基酸的质量浓度也呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.998（P〈0.01）和0.987（P〈0.05）;Cd对续断菊根系可溶性糖的分泌、游离氨基酸的合成有刺激作用,根系分泌的可溶性糖和游离氨基酸可能在续断菊累积镉的过程中有重要作用。     

镉胁迫对镉敏感水稻突变体活性氧代谢及抗氧化酶活性的影响

镉是一种常见的环境有毒重金属元素,不仅影响植物的生长和发育,而且还通过食物链危害人类健康.因此研究镉对植物的影响、分析植物逆境生理过程,对损伤和抗逆机理研究具有重要意义.以镉敏感水稻突变体和野生型(Oryza sativa L.)为材料,采用营养液培养实验,研究了不同浓度镉对水稻叶片活性氧代谢及抗氧化酶化系统的影响.结果表明:镉胁迫使水稻叶片超氧阴离子(O2-·)、过氧化氢(H2O2)、丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,且突变体的增加幅度明显大于野生型.随着镉浓度的提高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(G-POD)活性均表现为先上升后下降,但SOD活性的变化更明显;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性则呈一直下降的趋势.在较高镉浓度胁迫下(>5 μmol L-1),突变体叶片的SOD、CAT活性均明显低于野生型.研究结果表明,随着镉胁迫浓度的增加,突变体叶片积累更多的活性氧,产生严重的氧化胁迫,引起了更高程度的膜脂过氧化,这可能是突变体对镉胁迫更敏感的生理原因之一.     

镉对籽粒苋耐性生理及营养元素吸收积累的影响

初步阐明了镉对籽粒苋耐性生理及营养元素吸收积累的影响,为进一步揭示籽粒苋的镉耐性与镉富集机理奠定了基础。通过对生物量的监测,对叶绿素、蛋白质、游离氨基酸、大量元素及微量元素等的含量的测定,阐明镉胁迫对籽粒苋生长生理、抗胁迫耐性、营养元素吸收分配的影响。研究结果显示,镉胁迫对籽粒苋的生长抑制作用不明显,植株生物量随着镉浓度的提高而轻微降低。随着镉处理浓度的提高,叶绿素含量下降幅度显著;蛋白质和游离氨基酸含量变化幅度不明显;钾含量无大幅变化;镉、磷、钙、镁、锌、铁、锰、铜含量变化幅度较显著。镉、钾、磷、锰的迁移系数随着镉处理浓度的提高无显著变化;钙的迁移系数呈上升趋势;镁、锌、铁、铜的迁移系数均呈下降趋势。这些结果表明：镉胁迫降低籽粒苋叶绿素含量,抑制植株光合作用,继而抑制了植株的生长,但其程度不明显;镉胁迫条件启动活性氧防御机制;引起植株体内部分养分代谢紊乱。结论：低浓度镉处理条件下,籽粒苋受镉离子影响,抗氧化能力下降。在高浓度镉处理条件下,籽粒苋调节了营养元素的吸收和分配,启动了一系列活性氧防御机制,提高了抗胁迫能力。     

The effects of exposure to zinc and cadmium separately and jointly on the free amino acid pool of Gammarus pulex (L.)

Effects of the heavy metals zinc and cadmium on the free amino acid (FAA) pool of Gammarus pulex were studied at different metal concentrations and combinations as well as different exposure times. The dominant effect of these two metals was the reduction of most free amino acids and the whole FAA pool, except in the 10‐day low zinc and cadmium concentration exposures which resulted in a rise of free amino acid pool.

Among the free amino acids, the most sensitive to zinc exposure, were alanine, glutamic acid, arginine, and taurine; valine, leucine, asparagine, and isoleucine were among the most sensitive to cadmium. No predictable changes of individual free amino acids were shown in the mixed metals exposures. Elevation of taurine concentration was constant in seven of the eight treatments, it is suggested that this elevation may be related to the hepatopancreatic damage observed and induced synthesis of metallothioneins.     

Isolation of novel metal-binding proteins distinct from metallothionein from spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) and Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus) ovaries

Metal-binding proteins were isolated from ovaries of the spotted seatroutCynoscion nebulosus and the Atlantic croakerMicropogonias undulatus collected in 1988 near Port Aransas, Texas, USA. Gel-filtration analysis of spotted seatrout trout ovarian cytosolic fraction on Sephadex G-75 revealed the presence of three zincbinding protein fractions. A major zinc/calcium-binding protein fraction had a low molecular weight (M _r)(6 000 to 10 000), similar to mammalian hepatic metallothionein (MT). All the metals were displaced from this fraction following saturation with exogenous cadmium. After exposure of Atlantic croaker to 2 mg cadmium l^–1 seawater for 2 mo, the majority of the cadmium in the ovarian cytosolic fraction was associated with a similar low molecular weight protein fraction. These proteins were further purified by heat treatment and sequential acetone precipitation. Three isoforms were isolated by reversephase high-performance liquid chromatography. All the isoforms were found to be distinct from mammalian MT, based on amino acid composition. The major isoform contained low amounts of cysteine (approximately 5 residues per molecule) and aromatic amino acids, compared to high amounts of cysteine (typically 17 to 20 residues/molecule) and a lack of aromatic amino acids for mammalian MT. All the ovarian protein isoforms contained more glutamate than mammalian MT. The spotted seatrout and Atlantic croaker ovarian isoforms showed a high degree of homology with metal-binding proteins isolated from mammalian gonadal tissues. The results suggest a physiological role for these metal-binding proteins in developing vertebrate ovaries as well as an involvement in the sequestration of cadmium following environmental exposure.     

稻米来源镉对生长期猪的生长特性及不同脏器组织镉蓄积的影响

环境中的镉污染对动植物及人类都带来了极大的危害。目前,多数镉毒理研究关注其无机状态,而来源于稻米的有机态镉的毒害作用报道较少。为评估稻米来源镉对生长期猪的毒性作用,选用初始体重为30 kg左右的健康生长猪28头,随机分为体重无明显差异的2组,即对照组与稻米来源镉组(试验组),研究稻米来源镉对生长期猪(生长及育肥全阶段)的生长特性及不同脏器组织镉蓄积的影响。结果表明,在生长及育肥阶段,试验组与对照组相比:1)生长特性无显著差异(P0.05);2)育肥期组织游离氨基酸含量,除肌肉中的赖氨酸显著降低外(P0.05),血浆、肝脏、肾脏及肌肉中其他游离氨基酸水平均无显著差异(P0.05);3)心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、肺脏、胃、小肠、大肠、骨骼中镉蓄积量显著增高(P0.05),而肌肉、血液中无显著差异(P0.05),脂肪、皮中未检出镉。日粮使用大比例镉超标稻米后镉在各脏器和组织中的蓄积规律为肾脏肝脏小肠脾肺大肠胃血液骨头心腿肌背肌脂肪、皮。由此可见,镉超标稻米对生长期猪的生长特性未产生显著的影响,稻米来源镉主要蓄积于肝脏和肾脏,而主流食用组织肌肉和血液中镉的蓄积量较少。     

Screening and detection of biomarkers in chickpea plants exposed to chromium and cadmium

A broad screening protocol, covering the most general phytochemical groups of compounds, was developed on the basis of high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). A total of six TLC systems, comprising three derivatization reagents, two stationary phases and two mobile phases, were included. The screening method was applied for the identification of biomarkers in the chickpea plant exposed to cadmium and chromium. The biomarkers were selected on the basis of significant changes (0.26-4.6 fold) in concentration levels of phytochemicals. Totally, five different amino acids, three organic acids, one sulphur containing compound and one sugar were identified as biomarkers in chickpea exposed heavy metal.     

氯吡嘧磺隆和镉复合对斑马鱼肝脏的影响

为了探究污染物镉和氯吡嘧磺隆复合污染对非靶标生物斑马鱼的毒性作用,通过急性毒性试验,获得镉和氯吡嘧磺隆对斑马鱼的LC50.以LC25作为0水平,设置9个处理组进行试验,检测不同处理组斑马鱼96 h死亡率、斑马鱼肝脏中CAT、MDA和羧酸酯酶CarE.检测结果表明,镉和氯吡嘧磺隆对斑马鱼存在交互作用,当水体中镉浓度为3....     

Free amino acids and energy metabolism in eggs and larvae of seabass, Lates calcarifer

Contents of free amino acids (FAA), protein and ammonium ions together with rates of ammonia excretion and oxygen consumption were measured in order to study the role of FAA as an energy substrate in developing eggs and larvae of seabass (Lates calcarifer) maintained in seawater (30 ppt) at 28 °C without feeding. Initially eggs contained 25.3 nmol ind⁻¹ of FAA of which 21.5 nmol was rapidly utilised by the developing eggs and larvae during the period up to 40 h post spawning (PS) when nearly all the yolk had been resorbed. During the same period, a net increase in protein content of 1.7 μg ind⁻¹ was observed, indicating that the major part of the amino acids lost from the free pool had been polymerised into body proteins. Assuming that the balance of the FAA after protein synthesis was used entirely for energy metabolism, FAA appeared to be an important energy substrate during the embryonic stages (2 to 16 h PS); after hatching, the contribution of FAA to energy metabolism was less significant. From 50 h PS until the end of the study period at 100 h PS, amino acids derived from somatic protein were used for energy metabolism. For the overall period from just after spawning up to 100 h PS, the data indicate that ca. 14% of the total aerobic energy metabolism was derived from amino acid catabolism. Received: 26 September 1997 / Accepted: 1 April 1998     

Energy metabolism during development of eggs and larvae of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata)

Developing eggs and larvae of laboratory-reared gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) maintained in filtered seawater (40 ppt) at 18°C, were measured for oxygen uptake, ammonia excretion, contents of free amino acids (FAA), protein, fatty acids (FA) accumulated ammonia, and volumes of yolk-sac and oil globule. Absorption of the yolk coincided with the consumption of FAA and was complete ca. 100 h post-fertilisation. Amino acids from protein were mobilised for energy in the last part of the yolk-sac stage. Absorption of the oil globule occurred primarily after hatching following yolk absorption, and correlated with catabolism of the FA neutral lipids. Overall, FAA appear to be a significant energy substrate during the egg stage (60 to 70%) while FA from neutral lipids derived from the oil globule are the main metabolic fuel after hatching (80 to 90%).