流域水生态系统服务价值评估研究——以黄山市新安江为例

为全面认识新安江水资源价值,本文对河流生态系统的各项服务功能开展了定量评价。本文按照联合国千年评估对生态系统的划分方法(供给、调节、文化与支持4项服务),结合新安江流域水生态系统的特征和结构,建立了15项评估指标体系。以2013年为基准年,对新安江水生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值进行评价。结果显示:新安江水生态系统服务总价值为73.72亿元,其中,提供产品功能价值9.58亿元、调节功能价值11.77亿元、支持功能价值24.13亿元、文化服务功能价值28.24亿元,分别占总价值的13.0%、16.0%、32.7%、38.3%。新安江单位面积提供的生态系统服务价值为0.41亿元/km~2,高于黄山市单位面积GDP产值0.28亿元/km~2。研究认为,新安江流域水生态系统对支持和保护当地经济发展具有重要作用,研究结果以期为新安江水资源有效管理和区域生态环境保护及水环境补偿提供生态学依据。     

基于生态绿当量模式的生态资产核算研究——以抚仙湖流域为例

生态资产是以货币的形式来度量生态系统为人类社会提供物资和生态服务的价值,核算一个区域的生态资产实际上就是评估一个区域的可持续发展能力。生态绿当量依据"服务功能相当、服务价值相当"的理论,以森林生态系统生态资产为参考标准,能简单、高效、可计量地核算出区域的生态资产价值。通过生态绿当量模式,核算了云南省抚仙湖流域1992—2014年间的生态资产价值。结果表明:1抚仙湖流域1992年、1996年、2001年、2006年、2010年、2014年生态资产价值分别为161.44亿元、162.02亿元、160.56亿元、160.49亿元、160.52亿元、160.45亿元,总体呈逐年下降趋势;2抚仙湖提供的生态价值占总资产价值的90%,湖泊在维持生态稳定方面起着非常重要的作用。     

庐山森林生态系统服务功能探析

在借鉴国内外森林生态系统服务功能基本分析方法的基础上,对庐山自然保护区的森林生态系统的价值进行了评估,得出庐山森林生态系统的服务总价值约为114221.26万元/a.其中,直接经济价值70855万元/a,占总价值的62.03%;生态价值为43357.26万元/a,占总价值的37.97%.此外,庐山的景观游憩价值63600万元/a,占总价值的55.68%,在庐山森林生态系统服务价值中占主要地位.因此,庐山森林生态系统服务功能的保护开发,一方面体现在森林生态功能的保护开发,另一方面要促进生态系统保护和旅游资源开发的有机结合.     

土地利用变化对成都市生态系统服务价值的影响

在引入Costanza的生态系统服务价值理论基础上,参照中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务功能价值表,尝试以生态系统服务价值为评价指标定量评价成都市土地利用总体规划(1997-2010年)对区域生态环境的影响.结果表明,成都市的生态系统服务功能价值将从1996年的115.06亿元增加到2010年的115.99亿元,净增加值为0.93亿元.土地利用变化的生态价值呈上升趋势,表明该市的土地利用规划基本是合理的,其实施对区域生态环境的改善具有一定的促进作用.     

御临河流域河流湿地生态系统服务价值评价

御临河流域河流湿地具有非常重要的生态服务功能,包括直接使用价值和间接使用价值。直接使用价值有物质生产功能、水资源服务、旅游休闲功能、科研文化功能等,间接使用价值包括气体调节功能、水分调蓄功能及河岸带湿地污染净化功能的价值等。本研究采用市场价值法、碳税法、影子工程法、类比法及旅行费用法对御临河流域河流湿地生态系统服务价值进行了初步估算,其生态系统服务总价值为4.39亿元人民币,是2000年该流域GDP的28.52%。研究结果表明,御临河流域河流湿地生态系统的服务价值是不容忽视的。在进行流域规划管理时必须重视自然生态系统的潜在价值,才能保证流域生态系统的健康及可持续发展。     

四川省草地生态系统破坏损失价值评估

本文建立了四川省草地生态系统服务价值评价指标体系,初步估算其年度服务价值,并通过确定人为破坏率来评估四川省草地生态系统破坏损失价值。结果表明,目前,四川省由于人为破坏造成草地生态破坏损失达到370.55亿元,占2010年全省地区GDP的2.16%,其中,水土保持贡献率最大,达到34.52%。过度放牧是造成四川省草地生态系统破坏的重要原因。     

基于土地利用变化的沂河流域生态服务价值研究

以沂河流域为例,在ARCGIS10.2中解译沂河流域2005年和2015年遥感影像,得到两期土地利用数据。并分析了2005—2015年沂河流域土地利用及其变化情况,以Costanza生态服务价值计算方法为参考,分析了沂河流域生态服务价值变化情况。结果表明:研究区耕地面积显著减少,但生态服务总价值却从2005年的2 338 964万元上升到2015年的2 427 039万元,上升了约3.77%,这主要是由于林地面积的增加带来的较高的生态服务价值。     

基于土地利用变化的大通县域生态补偿研究

以青海省大通县2015年Landsat-8TM遥感影像数据、社会经济统计数据和野外勘查数据为基本数据源,探讨大通县土地利用和生态系统服务功能在不同空间尺度上的表现特征和分布规律,研究大通县不同空间尺度上生态补偿的时空配置。结果表明:大通县生态功能总价值约为133.32亿元,其中水域生态系统的贡献率达到65.56%,其次为林地,占14.81%。大通县生态补偿的最终价值为111.77亿元。初步完成了大通县"生态立县"的目标,推动了县域生态系统良性循环发展。     

北京市生态涵养区生态服务价值评估与生态补偿机制探讨

在分析北京市生态涵养区在生态补偿制度建设困境的基础上,本文将国内外区域生态系统价值评估模型相结合,运用修正的生态服务价值评估模型,对北京市生态涵养区2016年的生态服务价值进行了估算,并分析了2009-2016年生态服务价值的变动及其影响因素,从科学评估生态服务价值、完善生态补偿标准方法的制定、健全生态保护补偿制度、将绿色GDP纳入生态涵养区绩效考核指标评价体系几个方面探讨了完善生态补偿机制的政策措施。一方面更加直观地揭示了生态涵养区生态服务的重要经济价值,另一方面为建立更加科学的生态补偿机制提供了可参考的依据。     

兵团土地利用变化及其生态系统服务价值分析

运用谢高地等人提出的生态服务价值系数,根据土地利用变化研究了新疆生产建设兵团(简称兵团)的生态服务价值变化。结果表明①兵团生态服务价值在2001-2009年呈增加趋势,单位面积生态服务价值从2001年的5234.13元/hm2.a-1增长到2009年的5354.19元/hm2.a-1,增长率为2.29%。②2001-2009年,兵团林地和水域的生态服务价值分别增加了10.73×108元和10.39×108元,牧草地、园地和建设用地的生态服务价值有略微的增加,耕地和未利用地的生态服务价值有略微的减少。③研究区生态经济的发展已经处于协调水平的边缘,需要加强对生态保护的力度。     

Effects of Land Use Changes on the Ecosystem Service Values of a Reclamation Farm in Northeast China

Intensive agricultural development can change land use, which can further affect regional ecosystem services and functions. With the rapid growth of the population and the national demand for food, the northeast of China, which is located in the high latitudes, has experienced four agricultural developments since the 1950s. The original wetlands of this area were developed for farmland. The evaluation of ecosystem services is conducted to reveal the ecosystem status and variable trends caused by land reclamation. The aim of this study is to provide scientific basis for environmental management and for the sustainable development of agriculture in Northeast China. With GIS-RS technology, a typical farm was chosen to analyze variations in the ecosystem service value in response to land use changes during the study period. The total ecosystem service value of the farm decreased from 7523.10 million Yuan in 1979 to 4023.59 million Yuan in 2009 with an annual rate of ?1.6?% due to the decreasing areas of woodland and wetland. The increased areas of cropland, water area and grassland partly offset the loss of the total value, but the loss was still greater than the compensation. Waste treatment and climate regulation were the top two service functions with high service values, contributing to approximately 50?% of the total service value. The spatial difference of the ecosystem service value also was analyzed. The wetlands located in the central and northeastern sections of the farm changed significantly. From the aspect of ecosystem service value, the wetland and water area should be conserved, as they have the highest value coefficients. The accuracy of the value coefficient, however, needs to be studied further in future research.     

畜牧业清洁生产的生态服务价值评估及补偿模式研究——以山东省规模养猪场为例

本文运用市场价值法、有效成本法、避免成本法,以山东省为例对规模养猪场清洁生产生态服务价值进行了评估,并探讨了清洁生产生态服务价值的补偿模式。结果表明:山东省规模养猪场清洁生产生态服务总价值为140.804亿元,其价值构成为绿色产品供给价值(84.22%)>气体调节价值(10.66%)>资源化利用价值(2.23%)>水质保护价值(1.96%)>土壤保护价值(0.92%)>水源节约价值(0.01%),说明清洁生产带来的尚未被养殖主体、政府和公众重视的生态服务价值巨大,同时也说明清洁生产具有极强的正外部性。为实现清洁生产生态服务价值,构建了政府补偿、市场化补偿和社会补偿协同作用的多元化生态补偿模式,其中政府补偿模式以资金补偿、政策补偿、技术补偿和智力补偿为主,市场化补偿模式主要表现为排污权交易和生态标记,社会补偿模式以自力补偿为主、相关企业参与为辅。     

天堂河河道治理工程水质改善预测分析

河道治理工程重在改善河道的水质，以恢复河流生态系统。本文以北京市大兴区天堂河河道治理工程为例，介绍了河道治理工程环境影响评价中的水质改善预测分析，首先分析生态需水量和供氧量是否满足河流生态需水要求，后又利用地面水环评助手软件预测了河流水质，预测分析了天堂河水质目标的可达性，旨在为以后的河道治理类工程环境影响评价提供参考。     

福建生态文明试验区全面推行河长制评估研究

河长制是由各级党政主要负责人担任河长、负责辖区内河湖全面管理的机制性安排。福建生态文明试验区在全面推行河长制过程中,面临部分改革工作进展缓慢、效果不如预期等问题,亟待进行全面评估。本文剖析了河长制在生态文明试验区建设中的地位和作用,甄别了河长制与相关政策的逻辑联系,从政策过程的制定和执行阶段出发,通过指标法进行评估。所构建的指标体系包括一级指标2个、二级指标5个、三级指标39个,并给出各级指标权重,制定相应的评估标准。从得分情况来看,福建省全面推行河长制总分为0.90分,评估结果为优秀;从一级指标评估结果来看,政策执行阶段总体好于政策制定阶段;从二级指标得分来看,长效执行机制评估结果为良好,方案制定的评估结果为合格,其余为优秀;从三级指标得分来看,优良率达71.79%。在此基础上,从法律法规、政策协同、跨省协调、任务统筹、管护手段、社会参与等方面指出了存在的问题,并提出了有针对性的对策建议。     

Statistically Integrated Flow and Flood Modelling Compared to Hydrologically Integrated Quantity and Quality Model for Annual Flows in the Regulated Macquarie River in Arid Australia

Water resource management traditionally depends on use of highly complex hydrological models designed originally to manage water for abstraction but increasingly relied on to determine ecological impacts and test ecological rehabilitation opportunities. These models are rarely independently tested. We compared a relatively simple statistical model, integrated flow and flood modelling (IFFM), with a complex hydrological model, the integrated quality and quantity model (IQQM), on the highly regulated Macquarie River of the Murray-Darling Basin, southeastern Australia. We compared annual flows (1891–2007) at three gauges to actual data and modelled output: before dams and diversions (unregulated) and after river regulation (regulated), using the goodness of fit (Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of efficiency) and nonparametric tests. IQQM underestimated impacts of river regulation respectively on median and average flows at the Macquarie Marshes (Oxley gauge) by about 10% and 16%, compared to IFFM. IFFM model output more closely matched actual unregulated and regulated flows than IQQM which tended to underestimate unregulated flows and overestimate regulated flows at the Ramsar-listed wetland. Output was reasonably similar for the two models at the other two flow gauges. Relatively simple statistical models could more reliably estimate ecological impact at floodplains of large river systems, as well as an independent assessment tool compared to complex hydrological models. Finally, such statistical models may be valuable for predicting ecological responses to environmental flows, given their simplicity and relative ease to run.     

The application of information entropy in basin level water waste permits allocation in China

The water waste discharge permits allocation among great river basins in national level is the firs step of national wide water waste management strategy and a key point of total mass control as well. The challenge is coming from the conflict between equality and efficiency. In this research, a new allocation method based on the conception of information entropy and maximum entropy method is introduced into the basin level wastewater permits allocation. Four indexes are chosen to compose a multi-criterion system in information entropy method (IEM) including, GDP, population, water environmental capacity and water resource quantity. The allocation of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in national basin level among the seven great river basins in China is illustrated as a case study.     

Assessment of Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater Application on Rice Cultivation

Field research was carried out to assess the effects of the application of reclaimed municipal wastewater on rice cultivation in Thessaloniki, Greece during a 2-year period (1999–2000). Effects on production cost, soil composition, and health risk were examined. A randomized complete block design was used for the paddy field with three treatments and four replicates. The treatments were (1) river irrigation water with N–P fertilization, (2) reclaimed wastewater irrigation with surface N fertilization, and (3) reclaimed wastewater irrigation without fertilization. The results showed that the total production cost decreased 8.8% and 11.9% by applying the second and third treatments, respectively, compared to the first treatment, without significant differences in the agronomic and rice quality traits. Soil composition showed discrepancies between the 2 years and the three treatments, whereas the pathogens of the reclaimed wastewater and rice tissues posed a low human risk when taking the needed precautions.     

城市生态敏感区规划控制研究——以南通为例

界定了城市生态敏感区的概念,将南通城市生态敏感区划分为水源保护区、河流、生态廊道和绿地四种类型.通过RS和GIS技术获取了南通市各类型生态敏感区的对象及空间位置,提出了南通各生态敏感区的规划控制原则和范围;采用概算法和碳氧平衡法计算南通市生态敏感区面积控制阈值,与规划控制面积核算比较可知,南通市城市生态敏感区规划控制面积满足南通城市生态需求.     

Cost/Benefit Considerations for Recent Saltcedar Control,Middle Pecos River,New Mexico

Major benefits were weighed against major costs associated with recent saltcedar control efforts along the Middle Pecos River, New Mexico. The area of study was restricted to both sides of the channel and excluded tributaries along the 370 km between Sumner and Brantley dams. Direct costs (helicopter spraying, dead tree removal, and revegetation) within the study area were estimated to be $2.2 million but possibly rising to $6.4 million with the adoption of an aggressive revegetation program. Indirect costs associated with increased potential for erosion and reservoir sedimentation would raise the costs due to increased evaporation from more extensive shallows in the Pecos River as it enters Brantley Reservoir. Actions such as dredging are unlikely given the conservative amount of sediment calculated (about 1% of the reservoir pool). The potential for water salvage was identified as the only tangible benefit likely to be realized under the current control strategy. Estimates of evapotranspiration (ET) using Landsat TM data allowed estimation of potential water salvage as the difference in ET before and after treatment, an amount totaling 7.41 million m³ (6010 acre-ft) per year. Previous saltcedar control efforts of roughly the same magnitude found that salvaged ET recharged groundwater and no additional flows were realized within the river. Thus, the value of this recharge is probably less than the lowest value quoted for actual in-channel flow, and estimated to be < $63,000 per year. Though couched in terms of costs and benefits, this paper is focused on what can be considered the key trade-off under a complete eradication strategy: water salvage vs. erosion and sedimentation. It differs from previous efforts by focusing on evaluating the impacts of actual control efforts within a specific system. Total costs (direct plus potential indirect) far outweighed benefits in this simple comparison and are expected to be ongoing. Problems induced by saltcedar control may permanently reduce reservoir capacity and increase reservoir evaporation rates, which could further deplete supplies on this water short system. These potential negative consequences highlight that such costs and benefits need to be considered before initiating extensive saltcedar control programs on river systems of the western United States.