震惊世界的切尔诺贝利核泄漏事件始末

１９８６年４月２６日,前苏联乌克兰发生的核事故,震惊了整个世界。前苏联西部的大片土地蒙上了核灾难的阴影,严重地危害了人民的健康。事故所造成的严重后果引起了各国的普遍关注。此前的舆论界一直把事故的原因说成是：反应堆等关键设备的先进性和可靠性差。切尔诺贝...     

基于Bow-Tie模型的中小型电镀厂退役搬迁环境风险分析

中小型电镀厂退役搬迁的环境风险系统较为复杂,在当前中小型污染企业关停并转的大形势下,环境风险日益显现。基于BowTie模型对中小型电镀厂退役搬迁的环境风险进行识别与分析,并在当前环境风险研究数据缺乏的情况下,采用信息扩散理论的数学方法计算事故概率。以退役搬迁期间环境污染物质泄漏造成的场地污染为例,采用多种数学模型模拟污染物在土壤中的扩散渗流情况,对环境风险事故后果进行评价与分析。结果表明,退役搬迁期间槽罐泄漏、危废流失和废水超标排放等环境风险较正常运营时大,其中泄漏概率为8.1×10~(-4),比DNV公布的工艺过程泄漏概率高636%。污染物电镀锌液泄漏后,Zn~(2+)在20 d内垂直迁移至地下1.8 m处,水平方向迁移至周围水库区域,渗流速度快且造成严重的地表水体污染。环境风险防范的重点在于严控容器盛载量和避免粗放式操作,一旦发生泄漏应及时采取防范应急措施。     

高速公路丙烷罐车爆炸事故的后果分析

本文针对公路丙烷罐车爆炸事故的实例,对事故发生的原因进行了分析.分析结果认为,事故属于沸腾液体扩展蒸汽爆炸(BLEVE),事故对人员和财产危害包括3个方面:火球热辐射、爆炸冲击波超压和抛射碎片.本文介绍了这3种危害的数学模型和方法,并针对事故实例进行了分析和计算.结果表明,在事故发生现场100m范围内的热辐射可致人死亡或造成三度烧伤;冲击波超压在80m范围外会使玻璃破碎,但无人员伤亡;抛射碎片在334 m的范围内都可能对人体造成伤害.由此,可以得出火球热辐射是事故中最主要危害的结论.     

油气管道事故危险危害分析

油气普遍具有易燃、易爆及有毒等特性,在管道运输过程中,有可能因外部影响、设备设施质量缺陷或故障、人的不安全行为等原因,导致油气泄漏、扩散事故,甚至火灾爆炸事故的发生,造成人员伤亡、财产损失或环境污染。本文从事故类别、事故发生率及后果等方面,对油气管道事故的危险危害进行了系统的分析,有助于准确掌握油气管道事故的特点及其危险危害程度,指导安全生产。     

油气管道事故危险危害分析

油气普遍具有易燃、易爆及有毒等特性,在管道运输过程中,有可能因外部影响、设备设施质量缺陷或故障、人的不安全行为等原因,导致油气泄漏、扩散事故,甚至火灾爆炸事故的发生,造成人员伤亡、财产损失或环境污染。本文从事类别、事故发生率及后果等方面,对油气管道事故的危险危害进行了系统的分析,有助于准确掌握油气管道事故的特点及其危险危害程度,指导安全生产．     

危险化学品公路运输事故新特点及对策研究

统计分析了2008年1月～2010年5月我国发生的485起危险化学品公路运输事故。从事故发生的原因、事故涉及的化学品、事故造成的危害、事故发生的月份分布及年份变化等几个方面,分析了近年来危险化学品公路运输事故的新特点及变化规律。经统计分析,道路交通事故是引发危险化学品运输事故的主要原因之一;侧翻是危险化学品车辆最容易发生的道路交通事故;而随着我国高速公路的迅猛发展,追尾造成的危险化学品运输事故数量呈上升趋势;危险化学品公路运输过程中易燃液体事故起数最多,爆炸品和毒性物质事故造成的人员伤亡最严重;春节前后取代夏季,成为近两年危险化学品运输事故高发期。针对这些特点,对我国危险化学品公路运输安全管理与监控提出了建议。     

危险化学品突发事故环境污染诱因及对策初探

近年来我国发生的一些危险化学品环境污染重特大事故,其产生的原因主要是危险化学品在生产、运输、储存和使用中突发事故使危险化学品进入环境,从而造成污染.降低危险化学品突发事故环境污染的危害,一方面需要做好防灾工作,科学合理地规划与布局,加强安全生产监管,做好事故预案,科学处置突发事故;另一方面要积极采取有效减灾措施,对陆地、水环境中的危险化学品进行控制和处理,对大气中的危险化学品及燃烧爆炸的产物进行净化,对救援中产生的污水进行无毒化处理.     

基于Fluent的埋地原油管道泄漏事故后果分析

埋地输油管道一旦发生泄漏,一方面会造成土壤污染,另一方面当原油泄漏量过多时会上渗到地面形成油池,进而引发池火灾,对人员、环境、设备均会造成危害。为了研究埋地输油管道泄漏事故的后果,为事故救援及处理提供参考,提出了一种针对此类事故的土壤污染、池火灾后果定量分析方法。方法以Fluent软件为工具模拟原油被点燃前的泄漏扩散情况,分析原油在土壤及地面上的扩散规律及范围,并结合危害模型得到池火灾造成的热辐射危害范围。利用该方法对不同管道压力和泄漏孔径的6种工况下的事故进行了分析,结果表明,原油管道泄漏时的压力及泄漏孔径对原油扩散速度影响较大,进而影响避免事故的难易程度。     

液氨装卸站泄漏事故分析及后果模拟

通过搜集大最液氨泄漏事故,统计分析了液氨泄漏事故的种类和原因,并针对发生事故频率高危害大的液氯装卸站,分析了造成液氰装卸软管泄漏的各种原因;采用挪威船级社(DNV)的PHAST软件分析了装卸软管泄漏和破裂时液氨泄漏的危害范围,提出了控制和预防该类事故的安全措施.     

基于FTA和ISM的氯化反应失控火灾爆炸危险性分析

为加强甲烷热氯化工艺过程的安全管理,对氯化反应过程进行危险性分析。本研究介绍了氯甲烷的危害特性以及反应釜失控造成火灾爆炸的危险性,借助事故树分析法中结构重要度的排序获取基本原因事件,在此基础上运用解释结构模型(ISM)对氯化反应过程进行火灾爆炸危险性分析,根据所得基本原因事件的层级划分可得到造成事故发生的直接、间接以及根本原因,最终由ISM分析结果提出针对甲烷热氯化工艺火灾爆炸事故的安全对策措施。     

Study on the stability of nitroglycerine spent acid

Nitroglycerine has been widely used as an ingredient of explosives and propellants for a long time. It is produced by the glycerine nitration reaction. Many explosions have occurred during handling or storing spent acid after separating nitroglycerine from the reactor in nitroglycerine factories. Safety charts have been constructed by various authors in order to cope with these hazards. In this investigation we construct enthalpy diagrams that correspond with the safety charts produced by earlier researchers. These can be used to evaluate the variation of heat and the safety composition during the handling of spent acid. Furthermore, this study uses practical operating conditions at nitroglycerine factories to evaluate the stability of spent acids in storage.     

基于信息融合的建筑施工安全预警管理研究

针对建筑业安全事故率居高不下的现状,找出事故频发的主要原因。基于主要原因中人、机、环境和管理4方面数据和信息的复杂性、不确定性,提出采用信息融合技术的D-S证据理论法对建筑施工全过程中的人、机、环境、管理4方面的数据和信息进行分析和预测,并构建建筑施工安全预警管理预测模型。该预测模型能判断建筑施工项目的"安全状态",能解决建筑施工中安全事故及危险源的预测问题;同时针对具体情况采取防范措施,及时矫正安全隐患和确保安全施工。将D-S证据理论法应用于建筑施工安全预警管理中,扩展了建筑施工安全管理的手段。     

Qualitative Assessment for Inherently Safer Design (QAISD) at preliminary design stage

Conventional hazard evaluation techniques such as what-if checklist and hazard and operability (HAZOP) studies are often used to recognise potential hazards and recommend possible solutions. They are used to reduce any potential incidents in the process plant to as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP) level. Nevertheless, the suggested risk reduction alternatives merely focus on added passive and active safety systems rather than preventing or minimising the inherent hazards at source through application of inherently safer design (ISD) concept. One of the attributed reasons could be the shortage of techniques or tools to support implementation of the concept. Thus, this paper proposes a qualitative methodology that integrates ISD concept with hazard review technique to identify inherent hazards and generate ISD options at early stage of design as proactive measures to produce inherently safer plant. A modified theory of inventive problem solving (TRIZ) hazard review method is used in this work to identify inherent hazards, whereby an extended inherent safety heuristics tool is developed based on established ISD principles to create potential ISD options. The developed method namely Qualitative Assessment for Inherently Safer Design (QAISD) could be applied during preliminary design stage and the information required to apply the method would be based on common process and safety database of the studied process. However, user experiences and understanding of inherent safety concept are crucial for effective utilisation of the QAISD. This qualitative methodology is applied to a typical batch reactor of toluene nitration as a case study. The results show several ISD strategies that could be considered at early stage of design in order to prevent and minimise the potential of thermal runaway in the nitration process.     

基于GIS的重大危险源安全监测预警系统研究与开发

提出了重大危险源安全监测预警系统的总体架构和设计建设原则,论述了重大危险源安全监测预警系统的两个主要功能:视频监控和综合参数监控;系统不仅可以实现传统的视频监控和记录功能,还可以对企业安全生产参数(如温度、压力等)实时采集与处理,对企业内部及周边的动态安全状况实时分析的基础上根据警情设定自动做出相应的监控预警及应急响应,如声光报警等;介绍了重大危险源安全监测预警系统在广州南沙(小虎)化工区等场所的示范应用情况。     

化工园区安全及环境危险性分析

国内化工园区的建设方兴未艾.化工园区的发展在吸引外资,优化资源配置的同时,带来了一系列的安全及环境问题.其危险主要表现为火灾爆炸、污染大气及水体等方面,不但对生态环境造成了危害,而且使附近居民的人身安全及财产受到极大的威胁.分析化工园区的危险性是进一步发展健康、和谐的化工园区的前提.     

工作环境压力源对煤矿工人反生产行为和安全的影响

为减少煤矿工人因工作压力而产生的不安全行为,进一步预防安全事故的发生,采用问卷调查的方法,探讨工作环境压力源(即物理环境和工作危险)对煤矿工人反生产行为(CWB)和安全的影响,以及一般自我效能感的调节作用。研究共收取有效样本250份。分析表明:工作危险对于煤矿工人的针对组织和针对个人的反生产行为均呈显著正相关;工作危险与受伤呈显著正相关;就工作危险与工人受伤次数间的关系而言,一般自我效能感有调节作用。研究结果表明,煤矿企业可通过减少危险源、开展提升员工自我效能感的培训等措施,来削弱工作环境因素对员工安全生产行为的消极影响。     

Identification of Ergonomic-Related Hazards in an Industrial Sample Using the National Occupational Exposure Survey

The National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) was used to determine probabilities for 4 potential physical-agent and 10 potential ergonomic-related exposure hazards among a representative sample of U.S. industries. Potential physical-agent hazard exposures, principally whole-body and segmental vibration, were highest among railroad and heavy construction industries. Several construction industries had high probabilities of potential ergonomic-related exposure hazards, especially to the back and upper extremities.

Establishments with 100 to 249 employees had the highest probability of potential exposures to the 2 types of hazards. Measures of safety and health climate did not differ consistently between high-hazard and low-hazard establishments. The approach taken in this paper may be used to help identify highrisk industries, evaluate interventions, and develop inspection strategies.     

Risk Assessment in the Working Environment in Estonia

The first step to chart hazards in the working environment in Estonia (labour force: 0.65 million) was taken by the National Board of Health Protection in the beginning of 1996.

The existing chemical, physical, and biological agents in the working environment were investigated with the help of local health inspectors in all counties. An identification of hazards and workers at risk was carried out. The results of the analysis showed that 16% of Estonian industrial workers are exposed to different hazards: 20,000 persons are exposed to noise, 11,000 are working in the conditions of vibration, 10,000 are affected by unsatisfactory microclimate, 6,000 complain about long-lasting work in a compulsory posture, the overexertion of eyes is suffered by 5,500 persons, and physical overload by 3,500 workers. In the group of chemical hazards the greatest numbers of workers are exposed to organic dust (6,500) and welding aerosols (5,400), followed by petroleum products (2,700), and oil-shale dust (4,300). The measurements of working conditions showed that an average of 30.3% of the results are above the standards. Proposals for the improvement of the situation in occupational safety and health are presented.     

基于模糊综合评判方法的沉船风险预警

为有效预防沉船引发进一步的危害,基于模糊综合评判方法建立了沉船风险预警模型。通过对历史事故的统计分析,识别出沉船风险主要包括通航安全风险、环境污染风险和经济社会风险。基于系统工程的思想,确定了沉船风险的主要构成要素为沉船、沉船所在区域和周边自然环境。通过汇总专家经验和历史数据,确定了沉船风险预警指标体系并进行了分级量化,并运用层次分析法(AHP)确定了各指标的权重。以我国水域部分历史沉船为例进行验证,结果表明,应用该模型能迅速有效地开展沉船风险预警,并且得出的评估结论与历史操作经验比较吻合。     

Application of CREAM human reliability model to cargo loading process of LPG tankers

The storage and handling processes of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) constitutes a complex operational environment in the maritime mode of transportation. The LPG cargo is carried by specially designed ships called LPG tankers. The LPG cargo loading and discharging operations have always potential hazards. Thus, the crew on-board LPG tankers should be fully aware of operational risks during the cargo handling process, which includes various critical tasks such as drying, inerting, gassing-up, cooling, and reliquefaction. During these stages, human reliability (operation without failure) plays a crucial role in sustainable transportation of cargo. Human reliability analysis (HRA), related to various parameters such as the human factor, technology, and ergonomics, is always a critical consideration as regards maritime safety and environment. The main focus of the research is to systematically predict human error potentials for designated tasks and to determine the required safety control levels on-board LPG ships. The paper adopted CREAM (Cognitive reliability and error analysis method) basic and extended versions in order to assess human reliability along with the cargo loading process on-board LPG tanker ships. Specifically, the model is demonstrated with an operational case study. Consequently, the research provides should contribute to maritime safety at sea and prevention of human injury and loss of life on-board LPG ship.