长江经济带水污染密集型产业时空格局演变及影响因素研究

水污染密集型产业布局的科学性是长江经济带水资源保护有效性的基础与前提,本文通过界定12个行业为水污染密集型产业,利用偏离份额、基尼系数、区位商探析长江经济带水污染密集型产业时空格局演变,并进一步建立面板回归模型从传统地理区位因素、新经济地理因素与制度因素分析其对长江经济带水污染密集型产业时空格局演化的影响。研究发现：（1）从时间趋势来看：水污染密集型产业占长江经济带工业总产值比重基本呈现逐步下降的趋势,但是占全国污染密集型产业比重小幅下降后呈上升态势,行业偏离份额结果显示2003~2016年间水污染密集型产业内部行业发展出现分化,化工产业结构调整效果明显,具有衰退的态势,“化工围江”问题在逐步改善。（2）从空间演变特征看：基尼系数显示水污染密集型产业呈现扩散态势;区位商与区域偏离份额进一步验证了水污染密集型产业具有由下游向中上游地区转移与扩散的趋势尤其是承接产业基础较好的中游地区。（3）经济因素、劳动力成本、基础设施是驱动长江经济带水污染密集型产业空间布局演化的主要因素。     

长江经济带城市生态承载力时空格局研究

生态承载力评价研究的开展,对于促进区域可持续发展具有重要的指导意义。以长江经济带130地市为例,从生态支撑力和生态压力两方面对生态承载力进行量化研究,通过构建较为完整的生态承载力综合评价指标体系,利用熵值法对评价指标进行赋权,对长江经济带城市生态支撑力、生态压力和生态承载力状况进行评价,探讨了2003、2008和2013年长江经济带生态支撑力、生态压力和生态承载力的空间格局及其影响因素。结果表明:2003~2013年间长江经济带生态支撑力逐渐上升,空间格局由上、下、中游梯度递减向中、上、下游梯度递减转变;生态压力持续增大,空间格局均为下、中、上游梯度递减;生态承载力先下降后上升,空间格局由上、中、下游梯度递减向中、上、下游梯度递减转变。生态承载力影响因素由环境治理和节能减排主导转变为由社会进步和经济发展主导。     

长江经济带战略性新兴产业创新能力时空演化及空间溢出效应

基于产业创新指数,运用空间计量模型对2001～2016年长江经带战略性新兴产业创新能力发展水平时空演化格局及溢出效应深入分析。研究发现:(1)长江经济带战略性新兴产业创新能力总体增幅迅猛,但空间差异总体呈扩大态势。创新能力空间非均衡性特征显著,"东强西弱"地带性格局稳固;(2)长江经济带战略性新兴产业创新能力存在显著的空间正相关,长三角地区形成稳定的热点区,冷点区域增加,环城市群地带形成稳定的冷点区;(3)战略性新兴产业各细分产业创新能力发展状态不一,高端装备制造产业、新材料产业、新能源汽车产业呈多核心轴带模式演化,新一代信息技术产业呈单中心极化模式演化,节能环保产业、生物产业、新能源产业呈多核心组团模式演化;(4)战略性新兴产业创新能力存在空间溢出效应,除人力资源外,经济发展水平、产业结构、政府政策、对外联系水平、创新环境产生明显正向效应。     

长江经济带开发区及其产业空间格局演变研究

开发区是区域经济发展的重要引擎,优化开发区空间布局和产业结构配置对长江经济带经济协调可持续发展具有重要的现实意义.运用统计分析及地理空间分析方法,探究长江经济带省级以上开发区及其产业的空间格局演变特征,并采用多元线性回归方法探析技术密集型产业空间分布的主要影响因素.结果表明:长江江经济带开发区空间布局1992～2012年由分散"多点状"结构变为"T字型"结构,2012～2017年稳定为"网格状结构";开发区空间分布呈稳定的"西南-东北"方向,分布中心偏移特征为"东北向-正西向-东北向",2002～2012年偏移幅度最大,2012～2017年偏移幅度最小,地理空间总体呈扩张态势;开发区空间相关性总体上波动起伏,高-高集聚区域先增大再缩小;开发区产业中技术密集型产业具有绝对优势,其中以装备制造业为主,其与电子通信产业共同呈现明显的"一核多极"空间分布特征,四大行业中另外2个行业与开发区空间布局特征相一致;三大类型产业中,总体呈现为上下波动的集聚特征,只有1992年的劳动密集型产业为分散特征;城市经济环境对于开发区产业发展有正向联系,而政府引用外资存在一定的反向联系,政策因素在整个发展过程中发挥了重要的影响作用.     

长江经济带城市创新能力差异的时空格局演变

以长江经济带130个城市作为空间观测单元,以专利申请量作为衡量各城市创新能力的指标,对长江经济带各城市2000~2014年创新能力的空间分布及演化进行分析。研究表明:(1)从时空总体演变来看,长江经济带城市创新能力表现出非常显著的区域差异,且呈现出由渐进式集聚向缓慢扩散的发展趋势。(2)从空间聚类分布来看,长江经济带创新能力较高的城市主要分布在东部的长三角地区和中西部的省会城市地区。(3)从空间分布演变来看,长江经济带城市创新能力表现出显著的空间自相关,空间分布集聚态势增强,但在地理空间的差异上呈现出缩小的趋势,且不同集聚区在不同空间范围上都表现出一定的扩展与收缩态势。(4)城市的经济发展水平、创新主体、创新投入及创新基础设施的差异性,对长江经济带城市创新能力呈现出不均衡的空间分布产生重要影响。     

长江经济带城市土地利用效率格局演变及驱动机制研究

以长江经济带为研究区域,综合运用DEA模型、ESDA统计指数及Tobit线性回归模型等方法对长江经济带城市土地利用效率格局演变及驱动机制进行了初步地分析。结果表明:(1)2000~2012年长江经济带城市土地利用效率总体上呈上升趋势,存在显著区域差异,且技术效率高于综合效率和规模效率;(2)全局上城市土地利用效率呈现出正的空间自相关,效率高(低)的城市相互空间邻接;局部上城市土地利用效率的L-L类型主要集中在川西高原区,空间分布形态较平稳,而效率H-H类型主要分布在上海及苏南地区,并逐渐向绍杭、皖江地区演化,从"一字形"转向"Z字形"分布;(3)城镇化、经济发展、产业结构、科技水平及土地市场化是研究期长江经济带城市土地利用效率格局时空演变主要驱动力。     

武陵山片区高质量景区空间分布格局及其影响因素

基于武陵山片区高质量景区POI数据,综合运用最邻近指数、核密度分析和空间叠加分析等方法,探析武陵山片区高质量景区空间分布格局及其影响因素.结果 显示:(1)武陵山片区高质量景区整体呈现集聚分布态势,在片区层面上,集中分布于湖北分片区和湖南分片区;在地市层面上,主要聚集于恩施州、怀化市、渝东南地区、湘西州、张家界市和铜仁市.(2)武陵山片区高质量景区分布密度的空间差异显著,湖北和湖南分片区表现出典型的"核心—边缘"结构,而贵州和重庆分片区核密度值自东向西梯度递减.(3)武陵山片区高质量景区空间分布格局受自然因素和人文因素影响显著,其中地形地貌、河流水系和空气质量既是重要的构景要素,也是高质量景区空间分布的重要内生动力;而区域经济、交通通达性、旅游发展能力和政府政策支持的外部调控作用明显.     

协同视角下长江经济带制造业转移及区域合作研究

《长江经济带发展规划纲要》的正式印发,为区域经济和产业发展指明了方向,其产业转移及区域合作逐渐成为地理学研究的热点。以2008、2017年长江经济带11省市的28个制造业工业总产值和企业数量为研究数据,应用动态集聚指数、偏离份额模型(SSM)、静态集聚指数等方法对长江经济带制造业转移及区域合作进行探究。研究表明:(1)长江经济带纺织业、黑色、有色金属冶炼业等劳动密集型与资本密集型制造业具有较强的空间转移特征,其转移路径主要由上海、浙江向中、上游地区的贵州、湖南等地多对多的扩散式和跳跃式转移为主,转移类型主要以下游地区的"优势转移型"、"淘汰型"与中、上游地区的"优势集聚型"为主;(2)长江经济带中上游地区在交通运输、化学制造等行业发展较为薄弱,缺乏中心合作地区,需要下游地区提供更多的技术与资金支持;(3)长江经济带下游地区作为产业转移与技术授让的供体,应构建以长江经济带下游地区为制造业转移中心,以具有产业比较优势的中、上游地区为区域性中心,加大向中、上游地区制造业转移与合作力度,同时带动其他地区形成优势互补、协同发展的多中心分工协作格局。研究有助于完善制造业转移及区域合作相关理论,为长江经济带各省市制造业对接合作及协同发展提供借鉴意义。     

三峡库区江段潜在水环境污染风险评价研究

三峡库区的水环境安全不仅关系到库区周边省市用水安全,更与长江流域的生态安全以及整个中国的可持续发展密切相关.基于压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型,综合考虑风险源危险性、风险受体敏感性以及区域环境风险可接受水平等因素构建水环境污染风险分级评价指标体系与量化方法,运用冷热点格局分析等空间统计方法,以行政区为单元综合评价三峡库区潜在水环境污染风险分布状况.结果表明:(1)云阳县风险源数量最多,万州区风险受体数量最多,但重庆主城区及周边地区高风险污染源和高敏感受体分布最为密集,且区域环境风险可接受水平最低.(2)研究区县区级风险源危险性和风险受体敏感性指标统计结果均呈集聚分布格局,热点区域集中在库区上游重庆主城区及周边地区,且该区域风险可接受水平表现为冷点区域,而在其它区域基本呈现为均衡的分布格局,未形成明显的热点或冷点区域.(3)库区水污染高风险江段包括九龙坡区、渝北区、沙坪坝区、渝中区和南岸区等5个县区,中风险江段包括长寿区、北培区、江北区、大渡口区、涪陵区、石柱县和巴东县等7个县区,低风险江段主要分布在库区上游的江津区和库区腹地及下游区域.最后,针对不同区域潜在水污染风险分布特征,从产业优化布局、预警与应急能力建设以及企业污废水处理技术升级等方面提出风险管控的相关建议.     

“双碳”目标下长江经济带城市碳足迹压力非均衡性研究

长江经济带肩负率先实现“双碳”目标的重大使命,亟待准确把握长江经济带城市减排增汇压力现状及其非均衡性。在计算2000～2019年中国336个地级及以上城市碳排放和碳汇数据的基础上,构建城市碳足迹压力指数,在全国视野下识别长江经济带城市减排增汇压力,并分别采用Dagum基尼系数、核密度估计和局域莫兰指数考察其区域差异、分布动态和空间集聚特征,从多个维度探究其非均衡性。研究发现：(1)长江经济带城市碳足迹压力低于长江经济带以外区域及全国平均水平。上中下游差异明显,呈梯度递增空间格局。(2)从区域差异来看,总体差异水平较大,呈扩大趋势。差异分解表明,区域间净差异是总体差异的主要来源,且主要表现为上下游之间的差异。(3)从分布动态来看,绝对差异水平较大,同时存在明显的多极分化特征。(4)从空间集聚来看,同时存在4种空间集聚类型。上游和中游以低低集聚为主,下游以高高集聚为主。     

Difference among the Growth of GDP and Urbanization of the Provinces and the Cities in West China since the Reform and Opening-up

Since the reform and opening-up, the difference between the development of the west region and the other regions in China is increasing. In addition, the condition of the development of cities in west China needs amelioration. Developing conditions of the west provinces and its cities using economic barometers (e.g. gross domestic product (GDP) and per capita GDP) and urban population datum (e.g. urbanization level and city primary degree) have been analyzed in this article. Five indexes have been chosen to work on the development of the provinces, for example, the contribution degree of the increment in GDP, the contribution degree of the increment of per capita GDP, urbanization level, city primary degree, city primacy ratio. Conclusions are as follows. (1) The growth of the GDP and per capita GDP of the western provinces is in a poor way; moreover, it is not steady going. (2) The comparability among the characteristics of the urbanization level growth of the provinces is at a low level. (3) The urbanization levels of Inner Mongolia province and Sinkiang province are more-sensitive responders to the growth of per capita GDP, whereas those of Guangxi province and Tibet province are less-sensitive responders. (4) The urban population in most of the provinces are highly concentrated, which can be shown by city primary degrees and city primacy ratios. While working on these cities in west China, some earlier zone-organic cities are chosen as sample cities, and these cities are also analyzed using economic barometers and population datum. By analyzing the difference among the cities and comparing the research findings of Professor Zhou and the author, the following conclusions are made: (1) the growth of the GDP and per capita GDP of the cities are mostly not steady going; (2) the middle and big cities are more-sensitive responders to the growth of economy, whereas the small and mega cities are less-sensitive responders; (3) the sizes of southwest cities have a higher speed than those of northwest ones, and furthermore, the differences between them are still increasing.     

新生代农民工市民化进程与空间分异研究

农民工市民化问题是当今城市地理学研究的一个重大课题.基于大连市300名新生代农民工的问卷调查,从外部环境和新生代农民工自身情况两方面,构建了市民化指标体系,修正了基于C-D函数的市民化进程模型,采用SPSS软件对问卷结果进行统计分析,定量分析了大连市新生代农民工市民化进程的特点,运用Maplnfo作出空间分异图,得出大连市新生代农民工市民化进程的空间分异特征:①市内四个主城区的市民化水平低于副城区;②市中心及其辐射地带市民化水平较低,城乡结合部市民化水平较高;③市民化指标与市民化水平空间分异不匹配.目前新生代农民工市民化的相关制度环境处于阻碍阶段,城市居民对新生代农民工的社会认同和接纳程度较好,新生代农民工自身已经具备市民化的能力,城乡结合部和副城区(郊区)是其定居城市的最佳区域,农民工市民化进程是一个任重而道远的任务,国家、社会应为新生代农民工提供一个平台,加快农民工到市民的转化进程.     

Sustainable Development and the Role of the Financial World

The incapacity to finance sustainable development through philanthropic official assistance turned the Johannesburg Summit to business world and the financial industry. Pioneering financial institutions – including development banks and private banks – have developed a wide range of innovations that can support sustainable development. This article highlights a few innovative products and markets and focuses on the progress made by financial players on the level of standards, metrics and guidelines to improve sustainability management systems, reporting and accounting practices and the multi-stakeholder dynamic. The role of the socially responsible investing (SRI) community has been underexposed by the Summit. Through its voice and market success, SRI has moved from a green market niche to the mainstream, however not becoming mainstream. The invaluable levering effect of SRI has just been discovered by authorities and market regulators and is becoming instrumental. In order to show the business case of Corporate Social Responsibility and to prove the financial viability of the People, Planet, Prosperity investing approach, the SRI community should critically reflect on its own quality assurance systems, sound disclosure and verification practices.     

Parxit,the United States,and the world

<正>1.Introduction And now we have Parxit.On 1 June 2017,President Trump issued the highly unpopular announcement that the United States will withdraw from the 2015 Paris Agreement on Climate Change.In this brief piece,I will try to explain the reasons for this nearly unprecedented act of foreign policy folly(Ronald Reagan did pull out of the Law of the Sea     

Public Discourse and the Rhetorical Construction of the Technospecter

Modern technological disasters and their human and environmental consequences often defy the imagination in their immensity and complexity. As such, their rhetorical constructions often lack tangibility and a sense of material reality for those not directly involved. These amorphous constructions are consolidated into a view of technological disaster and threats of disaster in which the rhetorical dimensions are analogous to those of ghosts portrayed in popular literature and film—a view the author terms the “technospecter.” Drawing on the public discourse surrounding a tragic pipeline explosion near Carlsbad, New Mexico, this study identifies the rhetorical dimensions of the technospecter and discusses how the construction of the specter reinforces the meta-narratives that constrain pro-environmental action.     

Environmental change in and around the Okavango Delta during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries

Historical data, archival information, in-situ observations and multi-date remotely sensed imagery comprising CORONA photographs of 1967, aerial photographs of 1991 and 2000, and Landsat TM and Landsat ETM images of 1989 and 1994 and 2001, respectively, were used to reconstruct environmental changes in and around the Okavango Delta during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The major changes that emerged from this reconstruction include persistent flood and rainfall failures, sustained contraction of surface and groundwater resources, floodplain desiccation, significant expansion of woody cover and significant decrease in grazing resources. These changes require urgent formulation and immediate adoption of climate smart interventions that can enhance our capacities to cope with the adverse effects deteriorating climatic conditions.     

基于环境同位素的鄱阳湖与长江关系变化解析

在气候变化和三峡工程调节的双重影响下,长江中下游通江湖泊江湖关系发生显著改变,而最大的通江湖泊—鄱阳湖—水情的变化及其引发的一系列生态和环境问题受到了高度重视和关注。为了揭示不同时期鄱阳湖与长江间的江湖关系,并初步分析三峡运行对鄱阳湖水情的影响,通过对鄱阳湖北部通江水道湖水、降水和九江段长江干流水同位素特征进行调查并探讨长江水与湖水同位素联系。结果表明:湖水、降水和长江水中δ~(18)O和δ~2H值存在明显的季节和空间变化,可用于揭示湖泊与长江间的关系。在三峡调洪削峰期(7月)湖水δ~(18)O和δ~2H值明显要高于长江水,且湖水主要以外排形式补给长江为主,其比例达75%;在三峡蓄水期(10月)长江水位高于湖口水位,从鄱阳湖出口到老爷庙湖水与长江水同位素值具有较高的相似性,表明了此水域受长江水倒灌影响;而在三峡蓄水期(11和12月)湖水同位素值偏大说明了其受到一定较强的蒸发富集影响。三峡水库运行明显改变了长江水位和流量,进而影响了鄱阳湖与长江的补排关系,调洪削峰调度阶段,较高的长江水位对鄱阳湖存在一定的顶托作用,导致湖水难以排泄。因此,三峡水库的调度需要考虑到鄱阳湖流域水情,以免加重该流域丰水期的洪涝灾害和枯水期的水资源短缺。     

The Country,the City,and the Corporation: Rio Tinto Kennecott and the Materiality of Corporate Rhetoric

Contributing to extant discourses about corporate environmental advocacy, this paper argues that corporations can embed discursive rhetorical strategies in material places and spaces. This argument contributes to environmental communication by bridging divisions between discursive and materialist approaches to corporate rhetoric. Corporate materiality is realized in the study of Rio Tinto Kennecott (RTK) at places of corporate community where RTK enunciates a dominant environmental discourse about the necessity of the Bingham Canyon Mine through strategies such as the technological shell game, the hypocrite's trap, and corporate heterotopia, which are made manifest materially alongside cultural values such as epistemic trust, technological progress, community, and home. Using participatory critical rhetoric as a methodology, I analyse RTK's material rhetoric at the Natural History Museum of Utah, the Rio Tinto Soccer Stadium, and the Daybreak suburban community. This case study reveals that corporations are assemblages that assert many different, and sometimes competing, arguments that can deflect environmental criticism, materially.