纤维载体的生物膜CANON反应器的启动特性

为研究纤维载体在CANON工艺中的运行特性,同时接种亚硝化污泥及厌氧氨氧化污泥启动CANON反应器.结果表明经过85 d运行,成功启动了CANON反应器,NRR从0.09 kg·(m3·d)-1提升至0.9 kg·(m3·d)-1并能稳定运行,说明纤维载体有利于富集污泥,反应器内能维持较高的生物量.随着微生物的富集生长,生物膜变厚,反应器的能力提升,反应器中DO达到5 mg·L-1.利用微电极测得生物膜由表及里的DO梯度为0.32~0 mg·L-1,说明生物膜变厚,氧对生物膜的穿透力减弱,亚硝化微生物量降低.荧光定量PCR结果表明,启动前后NOB菌数量维持在较低水平,AOB菌的丰度增长不大,ANAMMOX菌细胞增长了一个数量级.     

抗生素对厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥脱氮性能的影响

通过血清瓶批试实验,研究了3种具有不同抑制机理的抗生素(青霉素G钠、土霉素盐酸盐和硫酸多粘菌素E)对厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥脱氮性能的短期抑制特性.不添加抗生素时,厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的NH_4~+-N和NO_2~--N降解速率分别为0.252,0.375kg N/(kg VSS·d).浓度为3000mg/L的青霉素G钠对厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的活性抑制作用较小.土霉素盐酸盐和硫酸多粘菌素E对厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥的活性抑制作用较强.土霉素盐酸盐浓度分别为50,100,150,200,400mg/L实验组的NH_4~+-N降解速率分别为0.250,0.237,0.200,0.117,0.062kg N/(kg VSS·d);N0_2~--N降解速率分别为0.324,0.304,0.296,0.244,0.069kg N/(kg VSS·d).硫酸多粘菌素E浓度分别为30,70,90,100,300mg/L实验组的NH_4~+-N降解速率分别为0.230,0.134,0.094,0.022,0.007kg N/(kg VSS.d);N0_2~--N降解速率分别为0.351,0.203,0.133,0.039,0.004kg N/(kg VSS·d).青霉素G钠、土霉素盐酸盐和硫酸多粘菌素E对厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥活性的抑制作用依次增强.     

硝酸盐对厌氧生物膜和颗粒污泥的同时产甲烷反硝化性能影响研究

为了研究硝酸盐对厌氧生物膜系统同时产甲烷反硝化反应的影响及其机制,拓展生物膜工艺在高氮有机废水中的应用,采用生物膜-污泥厌氧复合反应器和上流式厌氧污泥床培养具备同时产甲烷反硝化反应的功能微生物系统,并以间歇实验方法,对比研究硝酸盐对厌氧生物膜和颗粒污泥的同时产甲烷反硝化性能的影响.结果表明,硝酸盐对生物膜和颗粒污泥系统去除COD和反硝化反应均有影响,但硝酸盐浓度变化对颗粒污泥系统的影响比生物膜系统更大,生物膜表现出更强的降解能力和更高的耐性阈值.随着硝酸盐浓度从75 mg·L-1增加到600 mg·L-1,颗粒污泥对COD的降解速率从273.26mg·（h·g）-1降到0.1 mg·（h·g）-1,而生物膜从95 mg·（h·g）-1降至1.7 mg·（h·g）-1;同时,生物膜和颗粒污泥对硝酸盐的降解速率分别从21.43、22.31 mg·（h·g）-1增加到83.72、61.06 mg·（h·g）-1,随着硝酸盐的降解,生物膜表现出更强的恢复能力,最大值为712.44 mg·（h·g）-1.研究还发现亚硝酸盐积累是影响生物膜和颗粒污泥同时脱氮除碳功能的主要原因,在相同的硝酸盐浓度下,生物膜中亚硝酸盐的最大积累量仅为的颗粒污泥的1/10.因此,生物膜-污泥厌氧复合反应器可以作为高浓度含氮有机废水实现同时产甲烷反硝化工艺反应器一种重要选择.     

反硝化生物膜启动厌氧氨氧化反应器的研究

反硝化菌的生长快于厌氧氨氧化菌 ,通过培育反硝化生物膜 ,利用反硝化菌的基质多样性和代谢多样性 ,可使生物膜由催化反硝化反应过渡到催化厌氧氨氧化反应 ,加速Anammox反应器的启动 .经过 3个月的运行 ,Anammox反应器的容积总氮负荷达 0 14 3kg·m-3 ·d-1,总氮去除率约 86 5 2 % ,出水NH 4 N和NO-2 N均低于 1mg·L-1.NH 4 N去除量、NO-2 N去除量和NO-3 N生成量之间比例的变化以及污泥颜色的变化 ,可以指示Anammox反应器的启动进程 .     

不同好/厌氧区容积负荷对生物膜/颗粒污泥耦合工艺脱氮除磷的影响

采用自行设计的生物膜/颗粒污泥耦合反应器,研究不同好/厌氧区容积负荷对该工艺脱氮除磷的影响.试验过程中设置了3种不同的工况,每种工况的好氧区和厌氧区容积均不同,工况Ⅰ的是9.66 L和15.34 L,工况Ⅱ的分别为12.56 L和12.44 L,工况Ⅲ的是15.42 L和9.58 L.不同的好/厌氧区容积对应不同的容积负荷.结果表明,工况Ⅰ的氨氮与磷酸盐去除效果稍差,工况Ⅲ出水硝态氮较高,造成总氮去除率较低.工况Ⅱ是最佳运行条件,系统的氨氮去除率为80.63%,氮容积去除负荷为150.27 g·(m3·d)-1,COD去除率为83.24%,释磷量与吸磷量分别为7.23 mg·L-1和11.93 mg·L-1.     

不同小分子物质与传统抗菌剂对混合菌生物膜形成的抑制效应

针对污水处理系统混合菌形成的生物膜,比较了两种传统抗菌剂(银离子和氯)及3种小分子物质,包括双(3-氨基丙基)胺、(Z-)-4-溴-5-(溴乙烯)-2(5H)-呋喃酮(BBF)和香兰素对生物膜形成的抑制效应.结果表明,本研究所选用的传统抗菌剂中,0.05~10 mg·L-1Ag+对生物膜形成的抑制率为23%~70%,0.01~20 mg·L-1氯对生物膜形成的抑制率为23%~53%.而在3种小分子物质中,500~2000μmol·L-1双(3-氨基丙基)胺对生物膜形成的抑制率为16%~68%,0.1~200 mg·L-1香兰素对生物膜形成的抑制率为20%~37%,1~20 mg·L-1BBF对生物膜形成的抑制率为11%~18%.高浓度的Ag+(0.1~10 mg·L-1)会显著抑制混合菌的生长,且浓度越高,抑制效果越显著.1000μmol·L-1以下的双(3-氨基丙基)胺基本不会抑制混合菌的生长,但高浓度(2000μmol·L-1)的双(3-氨基丙基)胺会显著抑制混合菌的生长.     

一体化多级生物膜反应器处理高氮小城镇污水脱氮试验研究

采用新型一体化多级生物膜反应器处理高氮小城镇污水,在反应器中实现了高效的同步硝化反硝化脱氮,同时采用多点进水方式解决了脱氮低碳源问题.试验结果表明,在温度20℃,有机负荷(COD)为0.85 kg·m-3·d-1、氮负荷为0.27 kg·m-3·d-1、HRT为9h、分点进水条件下,可使进水COD为320 mg.L-1,TN为97 mg.L-1,NH;.N为84mg·L-1左右的高氮城镇污水,出水COD、TN、NH4 -N分别为16 mg·L-1、19.1mg·L-1、6.86 mg·L-1,达到国家一级排放B标准.     

大型丝状绿藻去除城市水体污染物质的研究

在实验室条件下,研究分析了以大型丝状绿藻为主的周丛藻类水质处理系统对城市景观河道劣Ⅴ类水质水体中污染物质的去除作用,以及其他不同胁迫条件下的水质处理效果.结果表明,该处理系统具有显著的N、P等污染物质去除效果,TP及TSS的去除率分别保持在50%和72%以上,同时PO3-4-与NH4 -N的去除率也分别可达90%和85%以上.在高污染物质浓度(TP＞3.0 mg·L-1、TN＞22.0 mg·L-1)条件下,TP平均去除率为89%,TN为45%,而低浓度污染物(TP＜0.50 mg·L-1、TN＜10.0mg·L-1)条件下,出水PO3-4浓度低于0.1 mg·L-1,NH4 -N低于2.0 mg·L-1.试验期间,大型丝状藻类生物量增长了38.78%,同时大量单细胞的蓝、绿藻类出现在水槽壁表面.出水DO浓度随着大型丝状绿藻生物量的增加而呈上升趋势.     

实际污水培养好氧颗粒污泥及其特性研究

采用实际城市污水在序批式反应器(SBR)中试装置中成功培养出好氧颗粒污泥.颗粒污泥的沉降速率>21 m·h-1,显示了良好的沉降性能.颗粒污泥对化学需氧量(COD)、氮(N)、磷(P)具有同步去除的能力.在3 h的运行周期中,反应器出水COD<50 mg·L-1,氨氮(NH+4-N)<5.0 mg·L-1,总氮(TN)<15 mg·L-1,对TN和总磷(TP)的去除率达到50%.采用共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(CLSM)对好氧颗粒污泥的结构分析表明,好氧颗粒污泥的胞外多聚物(EPS)在整个颗粒污泥中均匀地分布,构成颗粒污泥的骨架.对颗粒污泥的X射线衍射(XRD)分析显示,在好氧颗粒污泥的内部存在许多无机矿物质,在颗粒污泥形成初期,废水中的无机成分可能具有"晶核"的作用.     

高效厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥膨胀床(EGSB)工艺性能研究

采用模拟含氨废水和颗粒污泥膨胀床(EGSB)反应器研究了厌氧氨氧化工艺的高效性能.试验结果表明,厌氧氨氧化EGSB工艺具有很高的容积效率,在35℃、进水氨氮浓度247.1～444.8mg·L-1、亚硝氮浓度为308.7～483.8mg·L-1的条件下,反应器水力停留时间可缩至0.237～0.267h,平均容积去除速率可高达61.4kg.m-.3d-1(以N计).同时,该工艺具有超常的运行稳定性,在进水基质浓度、进水流量和pH波动的情况下,总氮去除率和出水浓度的相对标准偏差分别为3.6%～6.9%和14.4%～22.6%.厌氧氨氧化EGSB工艺的高效稳定性可归因于反应器的强污泥持留能力和厌氧氨氧化污泥的高反应活力.系统内持留的污泥浓度高达24～28g·L-1(以VSS计),分批培养测得的最高比污泥活性为2.19g.g-1.d-1(以N计),连续培养测得的最高比污泥活性为3.62g.g-.1d-1(以N计).     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.