厌氧氨氧化与反硝化协同脱氮处理城市污水

利用ABR反应器在温度为27℃,p H为8,HRT为10 h,进水NO-2-N/NH+4-N为1.32条件下,在45 d内成功启动厌氧氨氧化反应,稳定阶段反应器出水TN平均去除率为83%,此阶段的三氮比ΔNH+4-N∶ΔNO-2-N∶ΔNO-3-N为1∶1.31∶0.27.在利用厌氧氨氧化反应器处理实际污水过程中,进水中不可避免地含有一定量的有机碳.在C/N比为0.5时,有机碳对厌氧氨氧化反应无明显影响;厌氧氨氧化菌与反硝化菌的最佳协同作用条件为C/N=1,此时TN平均去除率为93%;在C/N比为2时有机碳会对厌氧氨氧化菌产生抑制作用,导致TN去除率降低;降低进水COD浓度后,厌氧氨氧化菌能在短时间内恢复活性.考察了厌氧氨氧化与反硝化协同作用对城市污水的处理性能,证明ABR协同脱氮反应器适用于处理低氨氮浓度城市污水,出水TN浓度为7.5 mg·L-1左右,平均去除率达86%.     

基质浓度对ABR反应器SAD协同脱氮除碳效能影响

为改善厌氧氨氧化对总氮(TN)去除不完全和有机物对厌氧氨氧化胁迫的问题,采用厌氧折流板反应器(ABR),接种成熟的厌氧氨氧化污泥与城市污水处理厂厌氧污泥,通过不同基质浓度控制,构建厌氧氨氧化耦合反硝化系统(SAD),并考察不同进水基质(COD、NO-2-N、NH+4-N)浓度对耦合系统脱氮除碳效能的影响及污染物去除规律.结果表明,在ABR反应器中可实现厌氧氨氧化与反硝化的耦合反应,并缓解了有机物对厌氧氨氧化菌的抑制效应.当进水COD、NO-2-N和NH+4-N浓度为260、185和100 mg·L-1,比例为2.6∶1.85∶1时,三者出水浓度分别低于10、1.0和0.9 mg·L-1,TN去除率达到99%,实现系统的稳定运行和C、N污染物的超低排放.不同基质浓度和比例条件下,目标污染物去除基本在第1隔室完成,去除率均在75%以上,且厌氧氨氧化反应在SAD耦合系统脱氮中占主导地位.     

一体式厌氧氨氧化工艺处理高氨氮污泥消化液的启动

利用新型固定生物膜一活性污泥反应器处理实际污泥消化液,通过接种短程硝化污泥和厌氧氨氧化生物膜填料,逐渐提高进水氨氮浓度并控制溶解氧浓度在0.11~0.42mg/L,系统在65d内实现了短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应的启动.反应器系统稳定运行阶段具有良好的污染物去除效果,进水COD和氨氮浓度为921和1120.8mg/L,COD、氨氮和总氮去除率分别为66.8%,99.0%和94.4%,总氮去除负荷为0.27kgN/(m3·d).试验表明采取逐步提高进水中消化液比例的策略,有利于一体式厌氧氨氧化工艺的快速启动.进一步分析发现系统同时存在厌氧氨氧化和反硝化的脱氮途径,对总氮去除的贡献率分别为67.4%~91.1%和8.9%~32.6%.     

厌氧氨氧化反应器启动方法的研究

研究了以自养型反硝化生物膜启动厌氧氨氧化反应器的可行性.结果表明,采用先培养自养型反硝化生物膜,再启动厌氧氨氧化反应器的方法,可在110d内成功启动厌氧氨氧化反应器,反应器的容积总氮负荷为0.145kg/(m³d),NH₄⁺-N和NO₂^--N去除率分别为98.59%和99.08%.启动初期,厌氧氨氧化反应器的出水pH值低于进水pH值,随启动过程的推进,进出水pH值趋向一致.稳态运行时,反应器内呈碱性,NH₄⁺-N去除量、NO₂^--N去除量和NO₃^--N生成量的比值为1:1.01:0.19.启动过程中,NH₄⁺-N去除量与NO₂^--N去除量、NO₃^--N生成量之间的比值,以及反应器内pH值和污泥颜色的变化,可以指示厌氧氨氧化反应器的启动进程.     

不同接种物启动Anammox 反应器的性能研究

采用上流式生物膜滤器(UBF)研究了以厌氧颗粒污泥和反硝化污泥作为接种物启动厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)反应器的性能.结果表明,2 种接种物均能成功启动Anammox 反应器.启动过程可分为菌体自溶阶段、活性迟滞阶段、活性提高阶段和活性稳定阶段.这种启动过程的阶段性特征符合Logistic 方程.以厌氧颗粒污泥启动Anammox 反应器,菌体自溶阶段较长(49d),活性迟滞阶段较短(8d),基质去除速率最高可达2090mg/(L·d);以反硝化污泥启动Anammox 反应器,菌体自溶阶段较短(3d),而活性迟滞阶段较长(36d),基质去除速率最高可达1030mg/(L·d).分别以负荷提升前后的基质去除速率、基质去除率以及出水基质浓度的变化情况作为效能指标评价2 个反应器运行的稳定性,以厌氧颗粒污泥作为接种物启动Anammox 反应器的稳定性能明显占优势.在高负荷率下运行,以反硝化污泥作为接种物启动的Anammox 反应器较易失稳.根据启动过程的阶段性和反应器运行的稳定性,对Anammox 反应器采取相应的调控对策可促进启动过程的顺利进行.     

种泥预处理方式对Anammox启动的影响

对普通活性污泥进行硝化和反硝化预处理后富集Anammox菌。结果表明,硝化和反硝化预处理方式富集Anammox菌均耗时102 d。FISH技术分析表明,两者富集的微生物中均含Anammox菌。系统启动后(153~161 d),硝化和反硝化预处理方式的总氮平均负荷分别达到0.437 g/(g VSS·d)和0.309 g/(g VSS·d),总氮平均去除率分别达到71.4%和34.3%。可见对同一活性污泥进行硝化和反硝化预处理均可成功启动厌氧氨氧化过程,但硝化预处理更有利于厌氧氨氧化菌的富集。     

反硝化-短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的脱氮除碳性能

本研究在一体式分区反应器中接种成熟的厌氧氨氧化污泥和亚硝化污泥,通过与反硝化反应器串联,研究了前置反硝化与短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化串联工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的脱氮除碳性能.结果表明,未串联反硝化之前,短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器在进水氨氮浓度为600 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度483 mg·L~(-1)时,总氮去除速率(NRR)可达1.88 kg·(m3·d)-1,总氮去除率(NRE)可达90.3%;而在进水COD浓度483 mg·L~(-1),即C/N0.8时,短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器的NRR下降至1.50 kg·(m3·d)-1.通过前置反硝化反应器可以迅速缓解有机物对厌氧氨氧化的不利影响;反硝化与短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化串联反应器在进水NH+4-N浓度为1 100 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度1 150 mg·L~(-1)时,仍可稳定高效运行,整体NRR可达1.37kg·(m3·d)-1,厌氧区NRRana高达15.6 kg·(m3·d)-1,平均NRE可达98.6%,在仅利用原水中有机碳源的情况下实现了垃圾渗滤液的高效深度脱氮.此工艺晚期处理垃圾渗滤液可去除大部分易生物降解有机物.     

低氨氮污水SNAD工艺启动-运行效能与微生物生态学特性

采用升流式微氧污泥床膜生物反应器(UMSB-MBR)处理低氨氮、低C/N比污水,考察了同步亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化耦合异养反硝化(SNAD)工艺启动过程中的运行效能与微生物生态学特性,结果表明:经过厌氧氨氧化(Anammox)、短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化(PN/A)及SNAD工艺启动3个阶段,各阶段末总氮去除率(NRE)分别可达(80.85±0.81)%,(84.62±0.10)%及(90.01±0.23)%,SNAD工艺启动成功时,COD去除效率(CRE)为(85.04±0.18)%;宏基因组测序结果表明,氨氧化菌(Aer AOB)优势菌属Nitrosomonas在PN/A阶段得到富集,且氨氧化功能基因(hao、amo)相对丰度上升;厌氧氨氧化菌(An AOB)优势菌属由Anammox阶段的Candidatus＿Kuenenia转化为SNAD阶段的Candidatus＿Brocadia,厌氧氨氧化功能基因(hzs、hdh)呈先下降后上升的趋势,表明An AOB逐渐适应低DO、低C/N比环境;反硝化菌属Ignavibacterium、unclassified-p-Chloroflexi及反硝化相关...     

生物膜富集系统的同步短程硝化反硝化研究

在自制生物膜反应器中接种精养鱼塘底泥进行富集培养,以期启动同步短程硝化反硝化过程。富集过程中记录反应器进、出水DO、NH4+-N、NO2--N和NO3--N变化。经过179 d运行后,反应器NH4+-N去除率达80%以上,出水NO2--N浓度非常低,低至检测极限以下,且没有NO3-积累。实时荧光定量PCR技术定量富集培养前后研究氨氧化细菌、反硝化细菌密度和厌氧氨氧化细菌数量,发现反应器中氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌浓度分别增加了53.4倍和8.3倍,未检出厌氧氨氧化菌。综合上述结果判断生物膜反应器内启动了同步短程硝化反硝化过程。     

耦合短程硝化反硝化的垃圾渗滤液厌氧氨氧化处理系统构建及微生物群落分析

本研究从某垃圾填埋场计划将现有的垃圾渗滤液短程硝化反硝化脱氮工艺改造为短程硝化反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化工艺的实际需求入手,以短程硝化反硝化污泥作为接种污泥,在上流式厌氧污泥床反应器(UASB)中完成厌氧氨氧化启动.探究反应器运行中的脱氮效能、氮容积负荷和氮去除负荷情况,并利用16S rRNA基因序列分析技术对长期运行条件下系统中微生物群落结构演替进行分析.结果表明,反应器经历了149 d后成功启动厌氧氨氧化,稳定运行后的进水总氮容积负荷达到4 000. 00 mg·(L·d)-1,总氮容积平均去除速率达到3 885. 76 mg·(L·d)-1,系统氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的平均去除率均超过了95%.运行第250 d时,系统的生物多样性减少,门水平上厌氧氨氧化主要菌群Planctomycetes的丰度达到了54. 94%;属水平上Candidatus Kuenenia为主要菌属,其相对丰度达到了49. 66%.结果证明,在短程硝化反硝化基础上耦合厌氧氨氧化实现垃圾渗滤液深度处理的升级改造工艺具有可行性.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.