ToxTell生物传感器在Cu2+、Cd2+冲击活性污泥系统分析中的应用

探讨了不同浓度Cu2＋及Cu2＋和Cd2＋联合对活性污泥系统COD去除的影响,并采用ToxTell生物传感器,以活性污泥为指示微生物,分析了上述金属离子的毒性抑制作用.结果表明,Cu2＋浓度低于10 mg.L-1时,不会对该活性污泥系统带来明显的冲击作用,Cd2＋的加入明显增强了对该活性污泥系统COD去除的抑制作用,上述金属离子在抑制时间为1.5 h时对系统COD去除抑制率达到最大,随着曝气时间的延长,COD去除率呈逐渐上升趋势;ToxTell生物传感器的毒性分析结果与COD去除抑制率相近,初步证实该生物传感器能很好地用于活性污泥处理系统受Cu2＋、Cd2＋离子冲击的预警监测.     

ToxTell生物传感器在Cu2+、Zn2+冲击活性污泥系统分析中的应用

探讨了不同浓度Cu2+及Cu2+和Zn2+联合对活性污泥系统CODCr去除的影响,并采用ToxTell生物传感器,以活性污泥为指示微生物,分析了上述金属离子的毒性抑制作用.结果表明,Cu2+浓度为5mg·L-1时,其对活性污泥工艺CODCr去除存在一定的促进作用,随着Cu2+浓度的增加,其对CODCr的去除的抑制作用逐渐增强;Cu2+及Cu2+和Zn2+对活性污泥系统在抑制时间为1.5h时达到最大抑制状态,但随着曝气时间的延长,CODCr去除率呈逐渐上升趋势.ToxTell生物传感器对Cu2+和Zn2+的混合毒性具有良好的分析性能,其毒性分析结果与活性污泥工艺中CODCr的去除抑制率具有良好的一致性,初步证实该生物传感器能很好地用于活性污泥处理系统受Cu2+和Zn2+冲击的预警监测.     

基于枯草芽孢杆菌微生物传感器的毒性分析

采用枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)为指示生物的微生物传感器毒性分析系统,对重金属(Hg2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Cr6+、Cd2+、Pb2+和Co2+)、有机污染物[邻氯苯酚(2-CP)、2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)、邻硝基酚(2-NP)、对硝基酚(4-NP)、四环素和十二烷基苯磺酸钠]及石油废水等的生物急性毒性进行分析.结果表明,对数生长后期和稳定期的Bacillussubtilis微生物传感器具有良好的毒性分析性能,Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+、Cu2+、Hg2+、Pb2+对Bacillus subtilis的EC50分别为47.3,10.9,14.0,2.6,0.8,100.1mg/L,Co2+的EC30为56.6mg/L,2-CP、2,4-DCP、2-NP、4-NP、四环素和十二烷基苯磺酸钠的EC50分别为559.6,450.8,588.5,487.0,121.3,558.9mg/L,该微生物传感器能真实反映石油废水的毒性情况.     

藻类水体Cd2+毒性快速监测新方法研究

采用藻类生长抑制试验和光合活性抑制试验两种方法对蛋白核小球藻受不同浓度Cd2+胁迫作用下叶绿素浓度及藻活性荧光参数进行测量,依据Sigmoidal曲线拟合及单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)的方法对Cd2+不同胁迫时间下藻活性抑制率和96 h比生长率抑制率的相关性进行研究.结果表明,48、53、72、77和96 h的藻活性抑制率和96 h比生长率抑制率间具有较好的S函数关系(R2>0.95),因此可采用藻活性抑制率48 h-EC10和53 h-EC10来代替96 h的藻类半数比生长率抑制率EC50进行Cd2+藻类毒性实验评价.进一步分析了蛋白核小球藻受Cd2+胁迫48 h和53 h藻活性抑制率和Cd2+毒性当量的剂量-效应关系.该方法为实验室内单一Cd2+毒性的监测提供了一种快速有效的新方法,为水环境综合毒性预警提供了一种切实可行的方法依据.     

沙蚕暴露于石油烃、Cu2+和Cd2+毒性效应及乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的响应

采用浓度梯度污染暴露室内模拟方法,研究了沙蚕(Perinereis aibuhitensis Grube)暴露于不同浓度的石油烃和重金属Cu2 、Cd2 的毒性效应及乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的响应.结果表明,石油烃和Cd2 、Cu2 对沙蚕均具有较强的毒性效应.暴露4 d和10 d后,石油烃LC50分别为440和110 μg·L-1,Cu2 分别为1 150和570 μg·L-1,Cd2 分别为5 090和2 500 μg·L-1,相应的生态毒性大小为:石油烃＞Cu2 ＞Cd2 .在Cd2 、Cu2 污染暴露条件下,沙蚕体内乙酰胆碱酯酶活性受到一定程度的抑制,但抑制率均低于50%.而在石油烃污染暴露条件下,沙蚕体内乙酰胆碱酯酶活性受到显著抑制,最高抑制率可达90%以上;而且,其乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的变化与石油烃的浓度显著相关.可见,乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的变化可以作为生物标志物,较灵敏地反映出石油烃对沙蚕的污染效应及其毒害作用.     

生物毒性测试微孔板MTOXPlate的分析性能研究

采用以11种微生物为指示生物的毒性测试微孔板MTOXPlate,以污染物对微生物细胞的脱氢酶活性抑制为测试终点,对重金属Hg2+、Cd2+、Cr6+、Pb2+,酚类化合物2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)、邻氯苯酚(2-CP)、对氯苯酚(4-CP)、邻硝基酚(2-NP)、对硝基酚(4-NP)及地表水、生活污水、印染废水的生物毒性进行分析.结果表明,MTOXPlate生物毒性测试微孔板具有良好的毒性分析性能,Hg2+、Cd2+、Cr6+和Pb2+的EC50值分别为0.617、21.05、35.21和11.22 mg·L-1,2,4-DCP、2-CP、4-CP、2-NP和4-NP的EC50值分别为27.26、64.29、44.19、85.89和33.84 mg·L-1.MTOXPlate分析得到地表水原水的抑制率均小于20%,生活污水的EC50值为62.19%,印染废水的EC50值为16.42%,表明生物毒性测试微孔板MTOXPlate能真实地反映地表水、生活污水和印染废水的毒性情况.     

不同形态P对Cu、Zn、Cd联合生物毒性效应的影响

运用水潘趋光行为的抑制试验研究了水体中不同磷形态和重金属(Cu、Zn、Cd)共同存在时的联合生物毒性效应.结果表明,水体中重金属的生物毒性不仅取决于它们的种类和浓度,也与溶液中共存的P形态有关.重金属对水溞的生物毒性由强至弱依次为Cu2 ＞Zn2 ＞Cd2 ;当溶液中存在不同形态的P时,重金属的生物毒性发生了改变.中等P营养水平(TP为0.05mg·L-1)时,不同形态P的存在可显著降低Cu、Zn、Cd的生物毒性,在某种程度上减轻重金属对生物的伤害.不同形态P对重金属生物毒性的拮抗作用顺序为H2PO-4≈HPO24-＞PO34-.因此,重金属污染与富营养化双重胁迫水体的生物毒性,将可能因水体中P形态的不同而产生差异.     

大型海藻对重金属镉、铜的富集动力学研究

以人工培育的龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)活体为实验材料,在低浓度Cu2+、Cd2+污染水体中,进行龙须菜对Cu、Cd富集的模拟实验,探索龙须菜对Cu、Cd的污染水体的修复,以及龙须菜食品的安全性.应用两箱动力学模型,对实验结果进行了曲线拟合,对拟合优度进行检验.结果表明,在本实验条件下,龙须菜对重金属Cu、Cd的生物累积符合两箱动力学模型,并获得龙须菜富集Cu、Cd的吸收速率常数(Ku)和排出速率常数(Kc).当Cu2+的浓度￡50mg/L、Cd2+的浓度￡20mg/L时,经过28 d的暴露,随Cu2+、Cd2+的暴露浓度以及暴露时间增大,龙须菜中Cu、Cd的含量升高.龙须菜对Cu、Cd的吸收速率常数分别为15.4~51.1和13.9~55.7,基本随实验水体中元素的暴露浓度升高而降低;排出速率常数分别为0.023~0.070和0.030~0.050,与暴露浓度无明显相关性.理论平衡状态下龙须菜中Cu、Cd含量(质量分数)随水体中暴露浓度升高而增加.龙须菜对Cu、Cd的生物富集因子分别为663~1008和463~1113,Cu、Cd的生物半衰期分别为23.1 d和20.1d.     

嗜冷杆菌(Psychrobacter sp.)微生物传感器毒性分析性能研究

采用嗜冷杆菌(Psychrobacter sp.)微生物传感器毒性分析系统,对Hg2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Cr6+、Cd2+、Pb2+、Co2+等重金属和邻氯苯酚(2-CP)、2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)、邻硝基酚(2-NP)、对硝基酚(4-NP)、四环素、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)等有机物的生物急性毒性进行分析.试验结果表明,基于对数生长后期和稳定期的Psychrobacter sp.微生物传感器具有良好的毒性分析性能,呼吸基质盐度低于10%和pH=5～10时,对Psychrobacter sp.微生物传感器的分析性能影响不明显.测试得到Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+、Cu2+、Hg2+和Pb2+对Psychrobacter sp.的半数有效浓度(EC50)分别为47.3、10.9、14.0、2.6、0.8和100.1mg·L-1,Co2+的30%有效浓度(EC30)为56.6mg·L-1;4-NP、2,4-DCP、四环素和LAS的EC50分别为424.4、163.8、103.5和754.6mg·L-1,2-NP和2-CP的EC30值分别为249.23和195.6mg·L-1.     

常见重金属对费氏弧菌的生物毒性研究

以费氏弧菌作为毒性测试物种,研究Hg2+、Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+对费氏弧菌的生物毒性.同时,对相对发光强度和金属离子浓度进行线性回归后计算了EC50值(半数效应浓度值),并比较了该菌种对各金属化合物的敏感度差异.结果表明,发光菌的相对发光强度均与重金属离子浓度呈负相关,线性相关系数为0.8764~0.9730.Hg2+、Pb2+、Cu2+、Cd2+、Zn2+、Cr6+对费氏弧菌的EC50分别为0.045、0.181、0.300、0.117、0.614、23.000 mg/L,毒性大小依次为Hg2+ >Cd2+ >Pb2+ >Cu2+ >Zn2+ >Cr6+,可见Hg2+对费氏弧菌的毒性最大,但该发光菌对Cr6+的敏感性较小.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.