非支配排序遗传算法-Ⅱ组合赋权的水体富营养化多维联系云评价

用基于非支配排序遗传算法-Ⅱ组合赋权法的非对称多维联系云模型对24个湖库水体的富营养化程度进行分级评价。结果表明,该方法可综合不同赋权理念的优势,量化权重组合过程的不确定性、不同权重的随机性及其与真实权重的一致性等多重模糊特征,同时能高效准确地寻优求解指标权重,并能适用于多种不同类型水体的评价。扩展的多维联系云也提升了计算效率,集成联系度定量表征了富营养化等级与指标间的多重模糊随机性,实现了对水体富营养状况及其变化趋势的精确评价。     

改进的TLI指数法及其在巢湖营养状态评价中的应用

对巢湖2000—2008年的监测数据运用SPSS做统计分析,得出叶绿素a与总氮、总磷和透明度的相关系数。通过得出的权重结果,分析出与26个湖泊的差异性,构建了改进的综合营养状态指数(TLI)评价方法,并提出评价的4个步骤。以巢湖为例,运用该方法对湖泊的营养状态进行评价,且对巢湖的富营养化程度做了年际和年内变化的综合评价,评价结果显示各营养物指标的相关关系在近30年有了较大变化,巢湖的富营养化现象已日益严重,已从轻度富营养化状态转变为中度富营养化状态。     

湖泊富营养化模型的研究进展

湖泊的富营养化是全球普遍关注的环境问题之一.湖泊的富营养化模型是防治、修复和治理湖泊富营养化的重要决策工具.按研究的侧重点不同,将湖泊富营养化模型分为简单回归模型、水质模型、生态模型和生态-水动力水质模型,并分别回顾了四类模型的研究进展.最后指出湖泊富营养化模型的发展趋势,强调不确定理论、3S技术、耦合模型是今后湖泊富营养化模型研究的重点,应在此基础上建立通用的模拟、预测、评价和优化模型,为湖泊富营养化管理提供科学依据.     

综合权重的集对分析模型在污水处理厂改造决策中的应用

针对污水处理厂升级改造的多目标决策问题,运用集对分析理论,构建了污水处理厂运行效果综合评价模型。通过引入熵权法和层次分析法确定指标权重,构造了一种新的计算指标综合权重的方法。应用该模型对上海市11座污水处理厂进行综合评价,与模糊综合法的评价结果做了比较。结果表明:基于综合权重的集对分析模型具有更高的准确性和合理性,为污水处理厂的升级改造决策提供了一种较为可靠的评价方法。     

湖泊富营养化模型的研究进展

湖泊的富营养化是全球普遍关注的环境问题之一.湖泊的富营养化模型是防治、修复和治理湖泊富营养化的重要决策工具.按研究的侧重点不同,将湖泊富营养化模型分为简单回归模型、水质模型、生态模型和生态-水动力水质模型,并分别回顾了四类模型的研究进展.最后指出湖泊富营养化模型的发展趋势,强调不确定理论、3S技术、耦合模型是今后湖泊富营养化模型研究的重点,应在此基础上建立通用的模拟、预测、评价和优化模型,为湖泊富营养化管理提供科学依据.     

我国湖泊富营养化程度评价方法的探讨

本文通过对我国14个代表性湖泊富营养化调查资料的分析,就我国湖泊富营养化程度的评价参数、标准和模式进行了有益的探讨。所提出的评价方法较好地反映了我国湖泊的实际情况。     

水质评价中模糊-集对分析法的改进

针对水环境的不确定性和模糊性,基于集对分析法和模糊理论相结合的评价模型已被广泛运用到水质评价当中。传统的评价模型在确定水质等级的复合算法中虽引入了权值的概念,但仍会出现指标浓度重复计算、信息丢失和指标权值的影响得不到体现等缺陷,具有局限性。针对这些缺陷,将基于加权后的内梅罗指数法思想应用于传统模糊-集对分析法中的复合算法上,考虑到加权内梅罗指数法兼顾极值的特性及计权性,通过取平均值和极值替代累加的方法来实现减小指标浓度重复计算的影响,同时加强复合算法中权值所占比重使得权值的作用得到充分体现。实验表明,改进的复合算法使得评价结果更为精确、客观。     

大气细粒子的快速捕集及化学成分在线分析方法研究

本文介绍了一种新型的大气细粒子快速捕集及其化学成分在线分析方法。该方法中大气细粒子与过饱和水蒸气绝热混和而增长成大粒子 ,并在气流的带动下惯性撞击到一垂直玻璃板上 ,一含有内标物的去离子水流自上而下将撞击到玻璃板上的粒子收集 ,收集液被直接输送到离子色谱、总有机碳分析仪 ,在线分析其中的化学成分。该方法每 12min可完成单个样品分析 ,每小时可连续采集分析 5个样品。离子色谱最低检测限约为 0 .0 5 μg/m3(NH+4 )到 0 .2 0 μg/m3(SO2 -4 ) ,不确定度约为 3 % ,TOC最低检测限为 5× 10 -5μg/m3,不确定度约为 3 %。真实的大气细粒子观测结果表明 ,该方法快速、简捷、灵敏度高 ,是实时监测大气中细粒子化学成分的有效工具     

基于GDM-AHP的模糊评价应用研究

层次分析法在定性定量研究中有着重要的作用,但是其主观性的缺点比较突出,判断者的权重对评价结果影响较大,因此在传统层次分析法的基础上,提出群组决策层次分析法（GDM-AHP）来进行有效改进。该方法根据决策者之间判断结果的相似度,进行聚类分析,来确定不同决策者的权重,再利用模糊综合评价法来进行最终决策,并以实例演算了整个过程。     

基于群决策的层次分析法构建制浆造纸减排技术评价指标体系

采用层次分析法(AHP)构建了漂白硫酸盐木浆造纸工艺减排技术的评价指标体系,利用群决策的方式确定指标层中各子因素对于准则层的层次单排序,以此降低评价过程中专家评价的主观性.专家的权重由其判断矩阵与其他专家的判断矩阵的相似度和差异度确定,并通过加权几何平均法聚合成共识矩阵.评价指标体系由定量评价和定性评价两部分组成,选取...     

基于集对分析的降水酸度及水质相似预测模型研究

应用集对分析法刻画历史样本之间的相似性,用多个最相似的历史样本的加权平均值作为当前样本预测值,建立了基于集对分析的降水酸度及水质相似预测模型(SFM-SPA),并运用该模型进行了降水酸度及水质预测的实例验证。结果表明,在主要影响因子选择适当、历史样本的代表性和相似性较好等限定条件下,利用模型进行环境预测是可行的,它较直观、计算简便,为环境污染预测提供了新的途径。     

小型磷化废水处理成套设备的开发与设计

考虑到机械行业磷化废水的特点 ,利用混凝沉淀与结晶除磷的原理 ,设计成 2t h的磷化废水处理成套设备     

ECOSAR model performance with a large test set of industrial chemicals

The widely used ECOSAR computer programme for QSAR prediction of chemical toxicity towards aquatic organisms was evaluated by using large data sets of industrial chemicals with varying molecular structures. Experimentally derived toxicity data covering acute effects on fish, Daphnia and green algae growth inhibition of in total more than 1,000 randomly selected substances were compared to the prediction results of the ECOSAR programme in order (1) to assess the capability of ECOSAR to correctly classify the chemicals into defined classes of aquatic toxicity according to rules of EU regulation and (2) to determine the number of correct predictions within tolerance factors from 2 to 1,000. Regarding ecotoxicity classification, 65% (fish), 52% (Daphnia) and 49% (algae) of the substances were correctly predicted into the classes "not harmful", "harmful", "toxic" and "very toxic". At all trophic levels about 20% of the chemicals were underestimated in their toxicity. The class of "not harmful" substances (experimental LC/EC(50)>100 mg l(-1)) represents nearly half of the whole data set. The percentages for correct predictions of toxic effects on fish, Daphnia and algae growth inhibition were 69%, 64% and 60%, respectively, when a tolerance factor of 10 was allowed. Focussing on those experimental results which were verified by analytically measured concentrations, the predictability for Daphnia and algae toxicity was improved by approximately three percentage points, whereas for fish no improvement was determined. The calculated correlation coefficients demonstrated poor correlation when the complete data set was taken, but showed good results for some of the ECOSAR chemical classes. The results are discussed in the context of literature data on the performance of ECOSAR and other QSAR models.     

Congener profiles of PCB and a proposed new set of indicator congeners

In this study, a new method for calculating total PCB and toxic equivalents (TEQ) of coplanar PCB (Co-PCB) was proposed, called the 'PCB dual method'. This method analysed various kinds of technical PCB, samples contaminated by technical PCB and byproduct PCB. In the PCB dual method, a data set of 15 indicator congeners was utilized for the calculations, having IUPAC nos. #3, #8, #28, #52, #77, #101, #105, #118, #126, #138, #153, #180, #194, #206 and #209. The 15 congener set was chosen from the major congeners, determined by HRGC/HRMS analysis, in 18 technical PCB, Kanechlor, Aroclor, Clophen and Chlorofen, and 20 other samples, such as indoor air, flue gases, emission gases, municipal solid waste (MSW), ash and sealant. To obtain total PCB and TEQ of Co-PCB, the intermediate sum for the concentration of the 15 congeners was multiplied by each multiplication factor. As a result, we obtained the average factor used to calculate total PCB in technical PCB and other samples. For technical PCB, the factor was 3.01, while for indoor air samples, flue and emission gases, MSW, ash and sealants, the factors were 3.92, 4.16, 3.68, 4.52 and 4.77, respectively. Moreover, the factor used to calculate the TEQ of Co-PCB in Kanechlor and other source samples were also obtained. The factors for Kanechlor, indoor air samples and emission gases from a cement plant were in the order of 10(-5), while the factor for flue gases in a MSW incinerator was in the order of 10(-3). These data were valuable for the rough estimation of the TEQ of Co-PCB without separation from other PCB before individual measurements.     

Validation of a Lagrangian model plume rise scheme using the Kincaid data set

Correct prediction of the initial rise of a plume due to momentum and buoyancy effects is an important factor in dispersion modelling. A new plume rise scheme, based upon conservation equations of mass, momentum and heat, for the Lagrangian model, NAME, is described. The conservation equations are consistent with the well-known analytical plume rise formulae for both momentum- and buoyancy-dominated plumes. The performance of the new scheme is assessed against data from the Kincaid field experiment. Results show that the new scheme adds value to the model and significantly outperforms the previous plume rise scheme. Using data from assessments of atmospheric dispersion models using the Kincaid data set, it is shown that NAME is comparable to other models over short ranges.     

A set of constitutive relationships accounting for residual NAPL in the unsaturated zone

Although laboratory experiments show that non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) is retained in the unsaturated zone, no existing multiphase flow model has been developed to account for residual NAPL after NAPL drainage in the unsaturated zone. We developed a static constitutive set of saturation-capillary pressure relationships for water, NAPL and air that accounts for both this residual NAPL and entrapped NAPL. The set of constitutive relationships is formulated similarly to the set of scaled relationships that is frequently applied in continuum models. The new set consists of three fluid-phase systems: a three-phase system and a two-phase system, that both comply with the original constitutive model, and a newly introduced residual NAPL system. The new system can be added relatively easily to the original two- and three-phase systems. Entrapment is included in the model. The constitutive relationships of the non-drainable residual NAPL system are based on qualitative fluid behavior derived from a pore scale model. The pore scale model reveals that the amount of residual NAPL depends on the spreading coefficient and the water saturation. Furthermore, residual NAPL is history-dependent. At the continuum scale, a critical NAPL pressure head defines the transition from free, mobile NAPL to residual NAPL. Although the Pc-S relationships for water and total liquid are not independent in case of residual NAPL, two two-phase Pc-S relations can represent a three-phase residual system of Pc-S relations. A newly introduced parameter, referred to as the residual oil pressure head, reflects the mutual dependency of water and oil. Example calculations show consistent behavior of the constitutive model. Entrapment and retention in the unsaturated zone cooperate to retain NAPL. Moreover, the results of our constitutive model are in agreement with experimental observations.     

The importance of outlier detection and training set selection for reliable environmental QSAR predictions

Empirical QSAR models are only valid in the domain they were trained and validated. Application of the model to substances outside the domain of the model can lead to grossly erroneous predictions. Partial least squares (PLS) regression provides tools for prediction diagnostics that can be used to decide whether or not a substance is within the model domain, i.e. if the model prediction can be trusted. QSAR models for four different environmental end-points are used to demonstrate the importance of appropriate training set selection and how the reliability of QSAR predictions can be increased by outlier diagnostics. All models showed consistent results; test set prediction errors were very similar in magnitude to training set estimation errors when prediction outlier diagnostics were used to detect and remove outliers in the prediction data. Test set prediction errors for substances classified as outliers were much larger. The difference in the number of outliers between models with a randomly and systematically selected training illustrates well the need of representative training data.     

Blind identification of active landslides in urban areas: a new set of comprehensive criteria

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - More than 70% of catastrophic landslides were previously unknown and brought tremendous losses to human life and property in urban regions; therefore,...