西部复杂性地貌地区消防规划评估与建设研究 ——以凉山州区域为例

城市消防规划作为城市消防安全体系建设的重要依据,是助力城市现代化进程、推动城市综合安全智慧网络形成的重要基石。通过对凉山州各地貌地区消防现状存在问题的分析,结合凉山州的实际情况及全州建设发展多种形式综合性消防应急救援队伍的需要,提出了能满足全州消防安全需求且能够有效指导城市消防建设的相应对策。     

有机磷阻燃剂的环境暴露与动物毒性效应

有机磷阻燃剂(OPFRs)逐渐替代了危害较大的多溴联苯醚(PBDEs),因此使得人类及其他生物更易暴露于这种有机物中。有研究表明,部分有机磷酸酯具有致癌性,因而使人们对其毒性的问题也日益关注。本文概述了有机磷阻燃剂的环境暴露水平,总结了近年来从体外与体内实验2个方面动物毒性效应的研究。目前研究发现诸多地区的大气、土壤和水体中的有机磷阻燃剂总含量水平相对较低;仅高浓度暴露才会对不同动物体造成一定程度的损伤,而远大于环境浓度的低浓度暴露几乎无损伤效应。最后,对有机磷阻燃剂毒性效应的未来研究重点进行了展望。     

生活垃圾加载介质层填埋法对初期渗滤液污染抑制效果研究

以传统卫生填埋柱R2为对照,通过往生物反应器填埋柱R1内加载可渗透反应介质层1和2进行模拟试验,主要探讨了填埋柱R1垃圾渗滤液COD、总氮、氨氮及总磷的变化趋势,探索一种新型的加载介质层垃圾填埋处理方法。试验结果表明，填埋20周后, R1柱COD浓度基本维持在40 000～45 000 mg/L间,约为R2柱的20%～30%;第24周,R1柱总氮和氨氮分别为206.5 mg/L和167.3 mg/L,在16～24周内,R1总氮和氨氮分别约为R2的14.5%～17.5%和36.2%～43.6%;18周时,R1柱总磷达最大值1.704 mg/L,至第24周降为0.673 mg/L, 整个实验过程R1柱总磷约为R2的0.15%～0.56%。     

Size-fractionation and characterization of landfill leachate and the improvement of Cu2+ adsorption capacity in soil and aged refuse

Leachate was collected from an anaerobic lagoon at Shanghai Laogang refuse landfill, the largest landfill in China, and the sample was separated into six fractions using micro-filtration membranes, followed by ultra-filtration membranes. Several parameters of the samples were measured, including chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), total solids (TS), pH, total phosphate (TP), total nitrogen (TN), fixed solids (FS), NH4+, orthophosphate, color, turbidity, and conductivity. These parameters were then quantitatively correlated with the molecular weight cutoff of the membrane used. Organic matter in the dissolved fraction (MW<1kDa) predominated in the leachate, accounting for 65% of TOC. Thermal infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize the filter residues. Asymmetric and symmetric stretching of methyl and methylene groups, and of functional groups containing nitrogen and oxygen atoms, were observed. In addition, the ability of two different samples to adsorb heavy metals was tested. Cu2+ was chosen as the representative heavy metal in this study, and the samples were soil; aged refuse, which had spent 8 years in a conventional sanitary landfill; and samples of soil and aged refuse treated for 48h with leachate in the ratio of 5g of sample per 50ml of leachate. Cu2+ uptake by the raw soil was approximately 4.60microg/g, while uptake by the leachate-contacted soil and leachate-contacted aged refuse were 5.66 and 5.11microg/g, respectively. These results show that the organic matter in the leachate enhanced the capacity of aqueous solutions to adsorb Cu2+.     

Contamination characteristics of trace metals in dust from different levels of roads of a heavily air-polluted city in north China

Concentrations of eight trace metals (TMs) in road dust (RD) (particles?<?25 μm) from urban areas of Xinxiang, China, were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The geometric mean concentrations of Zn, Mn, Pb, As, Cu, Cr, Ni and Cd were 489, 350, 114, 101, 60.0, 39.7, 31.6, and 5.1 mg kg^?1, respectively. When compared with TM levels in background soil, the samples generally display elevated TM concentrations, except for Cr and Mn, and for Cd the enrichment value was 69.6. Spatial variations indicated TMs in RD from park path would have similar sources with main roads, collector streets and bypasses. Average daily exposure doses of the studied TMs were about three orders of magnitude higher for hand-to-mouth ingestion than dermal contact, and the exposure doses for children were 9.33 times higher than that for adults. The decreasing trend of calculated hazard indexes (HI) for the eight elements was As?>?Pb?>?Cr?>?Mn?>?Cd?>?Zn?>?Ni?>?Cu for both children and adults.     

利用水泥处理垃圾渗滤液生物处理出水的研究

利用水泥的表面吸附和水化反应性质处理垃圾渗滤液生物处理出水可以取得很好的效果,COD的去除率可达69.5%.处理效果与水灰比、反应时间密切相关,低水灰比和较长反应时间对COD的去除更为有利.对处理前后水样的COD和TOC分析表明,水泥对非TOC贡献的COD有很强的去除效果.     

Indicating landfill stabilization state by using leachate property from Laogang Refuse Landfill

Variation and evolution process of leachate can be applied as a reference for landfill stabilization phase. In this work, leachates with different ages were collected from Laogang Refuse Landfill, and characterized with 14 key parameters. Simultaneously, principal component analysis （PCA） was applied to develop a synthetic parameter-F based on these 14 parameters, and a logarithm equation was simulated for the landfill stabilization process finally. It was predicted that leachates would meet Class I and Class II in standard for pollution control on the landfill site of municipal solid waste （GB 16889-1997） after 32 years and 22 years disposal under the natural attenuation in the humid and warm southern areas of China, respectively. The predication of landfill state would be more accurate and useful according to the synthetic parameter F of leachate from a working landfill.     

重点污染行业实施环境管理体系绩效评价指标体系构建及应用

本文针对重点污染行业特点,从能资源消耗、综合利用、环境污染和社会反响四个方面构建了重点污染行业实施环境管理体系绩效评价指标体系,并以化工行业为研究对象,评估了14家企业体系实施前与实施后的绩效。结果表明,实施环境管理体系,有利于提高企业环境效益。     

生活垃圾填埋场封场后种植植物中重金属迁移研究

在上海老港生活垃圾填埋场填埋单元封场的覆盖土中掺混了矿化垃圾种植植物,分析Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn 4种重金属在土壤和植物中的迁移变化,研究表明:(1)覆盖土土质从一般耕作土变成肥沃土壤;覆盖土和种植混合土重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn中Cd、Pb含量相近,但种植土的Cu含量略大于覆盖原土,Zn含量远大于覆盖原土;(2)植物能富集土壤和垃圾中的重金属,木本植物的根部富集重金属的能力强于草本植物,但重金属在草本植物根、茎、叶中的迁移速度大于木本植物;(3)植物根、茎、叶的Cu、Zn含量均远大于未受污染土壤种植植物相应部位的Cu、Zn含量,种植的植物不能供家养动物食用,以免通过食物链作用危及人体安全.     

Bioaerosol emissions variations in large-scale landfill region and their health risk impacts

● The airborne bacteria in landfills were 4–50 times higher than fungi. ● Bioaerosols released from the working area would pose risk to on-site workers. ● The safe distance for the working area should be set as 80 m. Landfills are widely complained about due to the long-term odor and landfill gas emissions for local residents, while the bioaerosols are always neglected as another threat to on-site workers. In this study, bioaerosols samples were collected from the typical operation scenes in the large-scale modern landfill, and the emission levels of airborne bacteria, pathogenic species, and fungi were quantified and co-related. The corresponding exposure risks were assessed based on the average daily dose via inhalation and skin contact. It was found that the levels of culturable bacteria and fungi in all landfill samples were around 33–22778 CFU/m³ and 8–450 CFU/m³, and the active-working landfill area and the covered area were the maximum and minimum emission sources, respectively, meaning that the bioaerosols were mainly released from the areas related with the fresh waste operation. Acinetobacter sp., Massilia sp., Methylobacterium-Methylorubrum sp. and Noviherbaspirillum sp. were the main bacterial populations, with a percentage of 42.56%, 89.82%, 70.24% and 30.20% respectively in total bioaerosols measured. With regards to the health risk, the health risks via inhalation were the main potential risks, with four orders of magnitude higher than that of skin contact. Active-working area showed the critical point for non-carcinogenic risks, with a hazard quotient of 1.68, where 80 m protection distance is recommended for on-site worker protection, plus more careful protection measures.