三元复合驱采出水乳化稳定性及破乳的研究

由于三元复合驱原油中新型驱油用化学品的应用以及原油劣质化使得采出水乳化严重.而且三元复合驱采出水经油水分离后含油量升高.基于此.通过对不同类型的破乳剂的分析及其工艺条件的考察,探讨了影响三元复合驱采出水破乳的因素,其中破乳剂FB94具有较好的破乳效果.采用模拟三元复合驱采出水(碱为1 200 mg/L、聚合物为200 mg/L、表面活性剂为400mg/L),投加破乳剂FB94为160 mg/L,控制沉降时问为120 min、温度为45℃,当初始含油量为5 000 mg/L时.破乳后水中含油量降至195 mg/L,脱油率为96.1%,当初始含油量为1 500 mg/L时,破乳后水中含油量降至87 mg/L.脱油率为94.2%.     

油田聚驱采出液乳化特性及其破乳-絮凝

为了解决国内某油田聚驱采出液油水分离的难题,对聚驱采出液的水质特性和乳化特性进行研究,考察了驱油剂聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)对污水乳化程度的影响,针对该污水开发、筛选出最优的高效破乳剂,考察了投加量及温度对污水破乳效果的影响,并进行了破乳-絮凝复配实验研究。实验结果表明,该油田聚驱采油污水油含量、悬浮物、硫含量、Fe2+均较高,乳化程度严重且具有较强乳化稳定性,油水分离困难;HPAM的存在增强了污水的乳化程度;当破乳温度为65℃,停留时间为2 h时,投加6 mg/L的PAM4#时除油效率约为72%,在破乳后的水样中投加100 mg/L的PAS,含油量可降低至27.0 mg/L,悬浮物降低至9.0 mg/L,处理后水样达到该油田回注水的水质标准。     

废弃油基钻井液热化学破乳-离心分离实验

废弃油基钻井液是一种含油量较高的油包水稳定体系,具有回收利用价值。采用热化学破乳-离心分离的方法,考察了破乳剂加量、破乳温度、离心机转速、破乳时间、离心时间和破乳剂浓度对废弃油基钻井液分离的影响。通过实验确定了破乳效果最好的破乳剂为巴斯夫L62,并对热化学破乳-离心分离废弃油基钻井液的影响因素进行了优化实验研究。实验结果表明,在破乳剂加量300 mg/L、离心机转速8 000 r/min、破乳温度80℃、破乳时间3 h、离心时间25 min和破乳剂质量浓度0.25%的条件下,热化学破乳-离心法处理废弃油基钻井液的脱水率达75%、脱油率达72.73%。热化学破乳-离心分离方法回收废弃油基钻井液中的油具有潜在的应用价值。     

物化破乳-脱稳离心处理油罐底泥

油罐底泥是油田主要废弃物之一,具有脱水难、黏度大、毒性大等特点,油罐底泥减量化、资源化处理势在必行。针对油罐底泥较高的含水、含油特性,为了实现油罐底泥资源化利用,提出了物化破乳-脱稳离心处理油罐底泥,实验考察破乳剂种类及加量、破乳助剂种类及加量、破乳温度、破乳时间、离心转速对油罐底泥脱水率、脱油率的影响。通过大量实验筛选出最佳破乳剂WDP-9,最佳破乳助剂聚合氯化铝、聚丙烯酰胺复配。实验结果表明,在破乳剂WDP-9用量500mg·L~(-1)、聚合氯化铝用量75 mg·L~(-1)、聚丙烯酰胺用量75 mg·L~(-1)、破乳温度60℃、破乳时间2 h、离心转速10 000 r·min~(-1)、2次离心时间均为10 min的条件下,物化破乳-脱稳离心处理油罐底泥脱水率为85.70%,脱油率67.10%。     

投加厨余发酵产物强化MBR的脱氮除磷效果

实验中采用一体式膜生物反应器处理低有机负荷校园生活污水,但是碳源不足严重制约了该工艺的生物脱氮除磷效果,故以厨余厌氧发酵产物作为外加碳源,考察投加碳源对MBR处理效果的影响。结果表明,厨余发酵液的投加对COD、NH+4-N的去除效果影响不大,出水浓度分别在20 mg/L、1 mg/L以下;外加碳源促进了营养物质的去除,TN的出水平均浓度由18.7 mg/L降至7.6 mg/L,TP的出水平均浓度由1.8 mg/L降至0.9 mg/L。同时污泥混合液中MLVSS/MLSS由54%提高至65%,污泥沉降性能提升,EPS含量减少,污泥粘度降低。     

强化序批式生物膜反应器脱氮与人工湿地除磷联合工艺初探

为解决脱氮除磷对碳源的竞争及不同泥龄需要等问题,提出强化序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)脱氮与人工湿地除磷联合工艺.通过将SBBR系统分为2格,并采用交替运行的方式(进水和曝气),强化了碳源保存,进一步提高脱氮效率;SBBR系统出水进入栽种菖蒲(Acorus calamus L.)的人工湿地,利用基质和植物吸附等作用进一步除磷.结果表明:(1)2格交替运行SBBR脱氮效果良好,稳定时出水COD均值为34 mg/L,去除率约为93%;出水NH+4-N均值为2.0 mg/L,去除率约为94%;出水TN维持在4.5 mg/L左右,去除率约为86%;出水TP在2 mg/L附近波动,除磷效果并不理想,有时还会出现出水TP高于进水TP的释磷现象.(2)人工湿地除磷效果良好且稳定.当进水TP为0.6～6.7 mg/L时,出水TP维持在0.3～0.7 mg/L.(3)该联合工艺有良好的脱氮除磷效果.系统出水NH+4-N、TN、TP均值分别为2.0、2.4、0.5 mg/L,去除率均值分别为94%、92%、90%.     

改性磁种-活性炭工艺处理油污染深井地下水

采用改性磁种-活性炭工艺处理油污染深井地下水,考察了破乳剂、改性磁种及活性炭投加量对除油效果的影响,并在最佳除油条件下对原水进行除油效果验证.结果表明,采用改性磁种-活性炭工艺处理油污染深井地下水效果较为明显,出水含油质量浓度在1 mg/L以下,除油率平均达96.7%,出水满足<城市污水再生利用工业用水水质标准>(GB...     

氯化物对液体石蜡乳化液破乳的影响

以氯化物为破乳剂,在25℃下对液体石蜡乳化液进行破乳实验。结果表明:一定量的氯化物可以加速液体石蜡乳化液的破乳;氯化物对乳状液破乳的影响与阳离子的价态以及投加量有关;综合各因素考虑,CaCl2投加量为10g/L时,破乳效果最佳。     

污染物负荷对曝气生物滤池处理效果的影响研究

考察了进水有机负荷和氨氮负荷对曝气生物滤池出水水质的影响.结果表明,系统COD、氨氮和TN的去除率随进水有机负荷的增加而下降,在氨氮为28.3～33.6 mg/L、TN为39.0～45.8 mg/L条件下,有机负荷小于3.53 kg/(ms3·d)时,出水COD、氨氮和TN分别小于50、5、15 mg/L,去除率分别在85%、85%和65%以上;氨氮和TN的去除率随氨氮负荷的增加而下降,在COD为287.6～313.4 mg/L、氨氮负荷小于0.56 kg/(m3·d)时,出水氨氮小于8 mg/L,去除率在85%以上,出水TN小于15mg/L,去除率在65%以上.     

复合耐盐微生物菌剂强化MBBR工艺处理高盐废水

在移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)中接种SEM复合耐盐微生物菌剂,研究5％ ～ 10％盐度条件下悬浮填料的挂膜启动及其对高盐废水的强化处理效果.实验结果表明,MBBR在高盐环境下能够顺利挂膜,其挂膜效果受盐度及无机盐种类的影响:较高盐度下成功挂膜所需的周期更长,同一盐度下NaCl体系挂膜效果优于Na2SO4体系.MBBR处理羧甲基纤维素生产废水效果优于活性污泥法:进水盐浓度均为5％～7％,当进水COD 5 343 mg/L时,MBBR出水COD小于300mg/L,经絮凝后低于100 mg/L,容积负荷高达2.67 kg COD/(m3·d),而活性污泥法在进水COD 3 563 mg/L时,出水COD小于400 mg/L,经絮凝后低于150 mg/L,容积负荷仅为1.68 kg COD/(m3·d).MBBR生物膜处理体系稳定性及去除能力更高,能够抵抗较高盐度范围波动、有机负荷等的冲击.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.