钝顶螺旋藻固定模拟烟道气中的CO_2

研究了钝顶螺旋藻对模拟烟道气中CO2的固定性能,及其对NOx和SOx水溶形态亚硝态氮、亚硫酸氢根的耐受性。结果显示：随CO2浓度的增加,藻细胞达到最大比生长速率的时间缩短,CO2浓度为15%时藻细胞比生长速率达到最大的时间最短,生物量最终达到最大值4.1 g/L;CO2浓度为15%时藻细胞的固碳率为12.34 mg/（L·h）。研究发现,钝顶螺旋藻能够耐受浓度小于10 mmol/L的亚硝态氮,可将其作为钝顶螺旋藻生长的唯一氮源,但藻生长的延迟期增长。钝顶螺旋藻能够耐受8 mmol/L的亚硫酸氢盐,可将其作为生长的唯一硫源,藻细胞6 d后开始快速增长。     

影响钝顶螺旋藻固碳的环境因子优化

为了提高钝顶螺旋藻生长过程中的固碳速率,从CO2浓度、温度和光周期3个主要环境因子进行优化。实验结果表明,钝顶螺旋藻在2 L三角瓶中培养时,最佳培养条件为10%CO2,温度30℃,光周期16/8。最佳培养条件下,钝顶螺旋藻对数生长期内比生长速率与固碳速率均达到峰值0.512 d-1和42.506 mg/(L.h)。此外,钝顶螺旋藻的底物消耗表明培养液中的N、P足量,其初始添加量可以满足藻体的生长需要;生长过程中补加10%CO2一方面补充钝顶螺旋藻可吸收碳源,另一方面有利于缓解培养液pH升高对藻生长的影响。     

洋河水库水华优势种演替的原因分析

针对鱼腥藻和微囊藻这2种洋河水库水华暴发常见优势藻,研究了其在不同温度及硝态氮浓度下的生长情况。结果表明,在温度15～25℃,硝态氮浓度0.05～10 mg/L的范围内,温度的升高、硝态氮浓度的增加,对鱼腥藻的生长影响不明显,却能够明显地促进微囊藻的增长。15℃或0.05 mg/L硝氮条件下,鱼腥藻的比增长速率高于微囊藻,而25℃或10 mg/L硝氮时,微囊藻的比增长速率分别达到了0.425 d-1和0.466 d-1,明显超过鱼腥藻。洋河水库逐年升高的硝态氮浓度以及夏秋季节比较适宜的温度促进了微囊藻的增长,可能是洋河水库水华优势种由螺旋鱼腥藻向微囊藻转变的重要因素。     

青萍(Lemna minor L.)对氮磷的吸收特征

以西部地区优势浮萍品种青萍为实验对象,研究了青萍对不同浓度硝态氮和磷酸盐的吸收特征。结果表明,硝态氮浓度在1～10 mg/L范围内,青萍对硝态氮有较好的吸收效果,M-M方程可以较好地描述硝态氮浓度与青萍对硝态氮的吸收速率之间的关系,通过M-M方程拟合得到青萍对硝态氮的最大吸收速率为0.1167 mg/(g FW.h),亲和力常数为6.9274。磷酸盐浓度在0.1～1.0 mg/L范围内,青萍对磷酸盐也有较好的吸收效果,二次多项式回归可以较好地描述青萍吸收速率与磷酸盐浓度的关系,回归方程得到青萍对磷酸盐的最大吸收速率为0.0193 mg/(g FW.h),对应磷酸盐浓度为0.6 mg/L。     

游离和聚乙烯醇包埋门多萨假单胞菌好氧反硝化脱氮的研究

以从采自温州西片污水处理厂的活性污泥样品中分离的好氧反硝化门多萨假单胞菌(Pseudmonas mendocina)WZUF20为受试对象,以聚乙烯醇(PVA)-海藻酸钙-活性炭包埋固定化,研究游离和固定化细胞在人工硝态氮污水中好氧反硝化去除硝态氮的条件,以及它们对人工氨氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮污水的氨氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮的去除能力。结果表明:(1)游离细胞和固定化细胞去除硝态氮的适宜条件是相似的,适宜碳源为丁二酸钠、乙酸钠和柠檬酸钠,适宜碳源和KNO3质量比为10∶1,适宜温度、转速和pH分别为20~35℃、100~200r/min和6.0~9.5;(2)在适宜条件下,游离细胞和固定化细胞对人工氨氮污水氨氮的去除速率分别为8.79、1.67mg/(L·h),对人工硝态氮污水硝态氮的去除速率分别为8.17、4.54mg/(L·h),对人工亚硝态氮污水亚硝态氮的去除速率分别为16.42、7.67mg/(L·h);(3)在人工硝态氮污水中连续5批次的去硝态氮试验表明,PVA-海藻酸钙-活性炭固定化细胞是稳定的。说明门多萨假单胞菌(Pseudmonas mendocina)WZUF20以及PVA-海藻酸钙-活性炭包埋制备的固定化细胞具有应用于实际废水脱氮的潜力。     

不同DO下亚硝态氮氧化菌硝化系统N 2O减量化研究

采用序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR),在富集亚硝态氮氧化菌(NOB)的基础上,考察了DO对连续进水模式下硝化过程中N_2O减量化的影响。结果表明,在污泥氨氧化菌(AOB)和NOB的比耗氧速率(SOUR)分别为(2.36±0.31)、(7.62±0.43)mg/(L·h)条件下,不外加碳源进行小试实验,氨氮均小于1.0mg/L,亚硝态氮均小于0.5mg/L。DO由0.2mg/L增至3.0mg/L过程中,随着DO增加,积累的硝态氮浓度逐渐上升,而累计产生的N_2O浓度先上升后下降。DO为0.2mg/L时,积累的硝态氮和累计产生的N_2O浓度最低,可以实现N_2O的最大减量化。在进水连续投加氨氮的方式下,氨氮氧化速率不是引起N_2O生成的关键步骤,碳源缺乏的情况下NOB硝化系统中低DO可以有效控制N_2O的释放。     

低C/N比污水反硝化过程中亚硝态氮累积特性研究

以乙酸钠为碳源,采用序批实验研究低C/N比污水在不同温度反硝化过程中的亚硝态氮累积规律。研究结果表明,不同温度下低C/N比污水均能在反硝化过程中累积亚硝态氮。在同一温度下,随着初始C/N比增加,亚硝态氮最大累积率随之增加,温度为15℃时亚硝态氮最大累积率增幅最大,C/N比为1.03时,亚硝态氮最大累积率仅为18.8%,而C/N比为4.16时,亚硝态氮最大累积率高达83.9%;在同一水平的C/N比下,随着温度升高,亚硝态氮最大累积率也随之呈增加的趋势;当C/N比为1左右,温度从15℃上升到25℃时,亚硝态氮最大累积率从18.8%上升到51.7%;在较高温度、较高C/N比下,反应初期由于乙酸钠具有一定弱碱性导致系统pH迅速上升,随着硝态氮逐渐还原成亚硝态氮,乙酸钠被分解成CO_2,pH逐渐下降,待硝酸盐完全去除,进一步发生亚硝态氮还原,系统pH再次上升。     

颗粒污泥反硝化动力学特性及微量NO2的影响

采用批试验方法,研究了颗粒污泥反硝化动力学特性及微量NO2的影响.采用Monod模型描述反硝化反应动力学,得到有机物半饱和常数为4.72 mg/L,亚硝态氮半饱和常数为2.26 mg/L,最大亚硝态氮降解速率为0.0069 mgNO2--N/(mg MLSS·h).微量NO2对反硝化具有抑制作用,采用反竞争性可逆抑制模型描述了微量NO2对反硝化速率的影响,得到微量NO2下的最大反硝化速率为0.006865 mg NO,2--N/(mg MLSS·h),亚硝态氮半饱和常数为0.1 mg/L,NO2抑制系数为1.53 mg/L.在通入51.3、102.7、205.4和308.1 mg NO2/m3时Nox的损失量分别是78.7%～99.4%、81%～99.4%、65.1%～97.9%和38.9%～89.7%,相当部分的Nox损失.     

不同培养模式对钝顶螺旋藻生长和固碳速率的影响

为提高钝顶螺旋藻的生长速率和CO_2固定效率,从钝顶螺旋藻的培养方式,无机碳和有机碳的添加方式两方面进行优化。对比光自养、混养、异养3种培养方式的结果表明,混养培养能获得最高的生物量和固碳速率,分别为1.612g/L和105.431 mg/(L·h)。考察自养-异养的混合培养下3种碳源添加方式的影响,对比2种无机碳源结果得到自养培养每8 h通入5%浓度的CO_2,螺旋藻最高固碳速率和生物量分别达到265.455 mg/(L·h)和2.007 g/L,远大于添加16 g/L Na HCO_3的生物量(1.648 g/L);且自养培养阶段添加1 g/L葡萄糖组较不添加组,生物量和固碳速率分别减小了0.370 g/L和17.902 mg/(L·h);无机碳源的存在对异养培养阶段的影响结果表明,暗培养过程鼓入5%浓度CO_2,培养液的p H下降较快,影响生物量和固碳速率。因此,在自养-异养混合培养螺旋藻时,光暗培养阶段的两种碳源添加量要适当,保证螺旋藻生长和固碳最优。     

以亚硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化除磷过程中N_2O积累的影响因素

接种稳定运行140 d的反硝化除磷污泥,通过批次实验,研究了亚硝态氮投加方式、进水COD浓度和p H对反硝化除磷过程N_2O代谢的影响。结果表明,60 mg/L的亚硝态氮均分3次投加与1次投加相比,系统内N_2O最大积累量从14.23 mg/L降低为2.90 mg/L,经缺氧吸磷后N_2O剩余量由8.20 mg/L降低至0.02 mg/L,表明多次投加亚硝态氮可有效避免N_2O的积累。当初始进水COD浓度为150、300和450 mg/L时,经3 h缺氧代谢后出水中N_2O剩余量分别为11.70和7.59、4.77 mg/L,较高进水COD浓度可有效降低N_2O的产量。不同p H值的实验结果表明,较高p H可促进N_2O的代谢,并最终减少N_2O的产生量。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.